Lecture 1 The-History-of-English.ppttttttty
- 1. What is a global or world language? Why English?
- 2. What is a ‘global language’? What are some global languages? Why are they considered global languages?
- 3. Number of people who speak it? Aesthetic qualities of ‘beauty, clarity of expression’? Literary tradition and power? Religious standing? Ease of learning? NO!!! POWER! Political Military Economic Technological
- 4. “International language” – the language which is used by people of different nations to communicate with one another. Important assertions regarding THE RELATIONSHIP OF AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE AND CULTURE: - Its learners do not need to internalize the culutral norms of native speakers of that language - The ownership of an international language becomes “de-nationalized” - The educational goal of learning it is to enable learners to communicate their ideas and culture to others
- 5. Greek Latin Arabic Spanish French English Chinese?
- 6. Linguistic power – Will those who speak a global language as a mother tongue automatically be in a position of power compared to those who have to learn it as a second or foreign language? Linguistic complacency – Will a global language eliminate the motivation for adults to learn other languages? (“I’m not good at languages.”) Language death – Will the emergence of a global language hasten the disappearance of minority languages and cause widespread language death? “80% of the world’s 6,000 or so living languages will die out within the next century.”
- 8. 5th c. CE – Old English arrives in England from Northern Europe, displaces Celtic languages of Wales, Cornwall, Cumbria, Scotland Germanic Beowulf ◦ Epic poem, authorship unknown, written in Old English in England circa 8th -11th c. C.E., set in Scandinavia The Lord’s Prayer ◦ Written in the 11th c. C.E.
- 9. 1066 C.E. - Norman Invasion Middle English – 1066-1470 Considerable borrowing from French Nobles from England fled north to Scotland 12th c. Anglo-Norman knights sent to Ireland 1380s-1400 – Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 1420s-30s – Chancery Standard 1470 – Printing press brought to England
- 10. 16th -17th c. C.E. – Early Modern English Great English Vowel Shift Shakespeare & King James Bible Shakespeare’s Sonnet No. 18 (published 1609)
- 11. World status of English is due to: ◦ Expansion of British colonial power, beginning in the 17th century and peaking at the end of the 19th century ◦ Emergence of U.S. as leading economic & military power in the late 20th century The spread of English as three concentric circles ◦ Inner circle ◦ Outer / extended circle ◦ Expanding circle
- 13. Inner Circle: e.g. USA, UK, Austarlia (320-380 million) Outer Circle: e.g. India, the Philippines, Singapore (150-300 million) Expanding Circle: e.g. China, Japan, Germany (100-1000 million)
- 14. (Brutt-Griffler’s model): MACROACQUISITION International language spreads not through speaker migration but rahter by many individuals in a speech community acquiring the language. Language spread by speakers migration results typically in the development of largely monolingual English-speaking communities (US, New Zealand, Australia). Macroacquisition, in reference to Englsih, has occurred largely in Outer Circle countries but even in some Expanding Circles countires. The result is not monolingualism but rather large-scale bilingualism.
- 15. First, it means that the study of E as an international language must involve an investigation of bilingualism in both Outer and Expanding Circle countires, rather than on LANGUAGE SHIFT (moving to the Inner Circle countries); Second, because the current spread of E entails macroacquisition, the focus of investigation must be on bilingual E speech communities rather than on individual language learners.
- 16. There is one type of migratin today that may be a significant factor in the continued growth of E today – urban migration. The most rapid urbanization today is taking place in the developing world where in Asia alone bw 1994 and 2025 there is likely to be an increase of more tha 20% in the urban population. Urban areas are typically the focus for linguistic change. They are also important points for language contact and diversity, and they encourage the growth of a middle class who become consumers of the global material culture. URBANISATION has importan effects on language demography. New languages emerge, others change, some are lost; new patterns of English uses will arise among second-language speakers.
- 17. a) IN THE PAST Colonialism, speaker migration, and new technology - 19th and 20th century British and American coloialism and the migration of English-speaking individuals to other areas - Briatin becoming the world’s leading industrial and trading nation (beginning of the 19th century)
- 18. The current uses of Englsih in various intellectual, economic, and cultural arenas: - International organizations: of 12 500 international organizations listed in the Union of International Associations’ Yearbook, 85% make official use of E. - Motion pictures: in the mid 1990s, the US controlled about 85% of the world film market. - Popular music: of the pop groups listed in The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 99% of the gropus work entirely or predominantly in E. - Publications: more books are published in E than in any other language. - Communications: about 80% of the world’s electronically stored information is in E. - Education: in many countries E plays a significant role in higher education.
- 19. The dominance of E: many individuals learn E because they want access to such things as scientific and technological information global economic trade, and higher education. Many concerns are raised in relation to the negative economic repercussions of the spread of English. One of the primry concerns in this regard is the strong relationship btw economic wealth and proficiency in the language, and the role that language education policy and practices play in promoting this.
- 20. …“Knowing English is like possessing the fabled Aladdin’s lamp, which permits one to open, as it were, the linguistic gates to international business, technology, science and travel. In short, E provides lingustic power.”
- 21. 17th c. – the first settlements ◦ 1607 – Jamestown (VA) settlement ◦ 1620 – Plymouth (MA) settlement 18th c. – immigration from northern Ireland, but also ◦ Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Africa 19th c.- massive increase in immigration ◦ Irish (famine of 1840) ◦ Germans, Italians (failed 1848 revolutions) ◦ Central European Jews (1880 Pogroms) 2000 – Over 80% of Americans speak only English at home
- 22. 1497 – John Cabot to Newfoundland 1520 – J. Cartier to Nova Scotia, Quebec 18th c. – French defeated ◦ Queen Anne’s War (1702-13) ◦ French & Indian war (1754-63) ◦ 1750s – French expelled from Nova Scotia Louisiana – Cajun Creole, Cajun food 1776 – U.S. Independence ◦ British loyalists flee to Canada 21st c. – French a co-official language
- 23. 1517 – Spanish bring first African slaves to the West Indies 17th c. – start of the ‘Atlantic triangle’ of slave trade ◦ 1619 – first 20 slaves brought to Virginia ◦ 1776 – half million slaves in N.A. ◦ 1865 – 4 million slaves in N.A. Rise of pidgins ◦ Gave rise to creole English, but also ◦ Creole French, Spanish, Portuguese
- 24. Australia 1770 – James Cook to Australia By 1838 – 130,000 prisoners sent to Australia By 1850 – 400,000 ‘free’ settlers in Australia 2002 – Australian population at 19 million New Zealand 1769-70 – Cook explores N.Z. 1840 – Official colony established in N.Z. 2002 – N.Z. population at 3.8 million South Africa 1652 – Dutch colonists to South Africa 1820 – First British settlement 1822 – English made the official language 1993 – English, Afrikaans, 9 indigenous languages are ‘official’ English spoken by less that 10% of pop. Afrikaans seen as language of repression
- 25. 1652 – Dutch colonists to South Africa 1820 – First British settlement 1822 – English made the official language 1993 – English, Afrikaans, 9 indigenous languages named as ‘official’ English spoken by less that 10% of pop. Afrikaans seen as language of repression
- 26. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan 1612 – First trading station at Surat, India 1765-1947 – the Raj (period of British sovereignty) ◦ 1835 – English education system in India ◦ 1857 – Universities of Bombay, Calcutta, Madras 1960s – ‘Three language’ formula ◦ English an ‘associate’ official language 21st c. – 200 million speakers of English(?) Pakistan – English an ‘associate’ official language
- 27. 18th c. – only Dutch had a permanent settlement in Africa By 1914, Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Belgium had colonized almost all of Africa. After WWII – realignment of colonial powers in Africa 1960s – most gain independence West vs. East Africa
- 28. The rise of English-based creoles - Krio Sierra Leone Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) Gambia Nigeria Cameroon Liberia ◦ Founded in 1822 as homeland of former slaves ◦ Republic since 1847
- 29. From 1880s – European powers vie for influence/ colonies in East Africa English as a Language of International Communication in ◦ Botswana ◦ Kenya ◦ Lesotho ◦ Malawi ◦ Namibia ◦ Tanzania (formerly Zanzibar & Tanganyika) ◦ Uganda ◦ Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) ◦ Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia)
- 30. Spanish-American War ◦ Guam, Northern Marianas, (Puerto Rico) ◦ The Philippines Hawai’i 1940s- Trust Territories of the Pacific ◦ Palau, the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia Malay Peninsula ◦ Malaysia, Singapore Hong Kong Papua New Guinea Other Pacific former colonies ◦ Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, The Solomon Islands ◦ American Samoa
- 31. What is necessary for a language to be an international language? Who does an international language belong to? When does a language achieve a global status and how is it achieved? The categorisation of the countries where E is spoken is…(Kachru)? What is the role of E in those countires? What are the features of an international language? What is the educational goal of learning it? What is EIL in a local and global sense? What is a language spread by migration? What is a microacquisition? What is a language shift? What is urban migration? What are historical and current reasons for the spread of English? What are the negative effects? What are the concerns raised in relation to the negative economic repercussions of the spread of English (Tollefson) – explain!?