GLOBAL LANGUAGE PRACTICES INCLUDING ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE .pptx
- 1. GLOBAL LANGUAGE PRACTICES Subject: Sociolinguistics Submitted to: Ma’am Insaf Session: 2021-2025 Semester: 5th MA Submitted by: Group-10 Group-10 • Saman Qayyum (Roll no.11) • Mussaffa Zainab (Roll no.10) • Shafqat Batool (Roll no.14) • Waffa Shahzad (Roll no.21) • Ayesha Ashraf (Roll no.44)
- 2. LANGUAGE “A system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar, or the system of communication used by people in a particular country or type of work.” • There are roughly 6,500 spoken languages in the world today. • However, about 2,000 of those languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers. • The most common language of the world is English, 20% of the world’s population speaks the English language, according to the statistic that was shared by Babbel Magazine. • The 2nd most popular language in the world is Mandarin Chinese. There are 1,213,000,000 people in the world that speak that language
- 4. GLOBAL LANGUAGE “A language which is globally recognized, understood, and having its users scattered everywhere is known as the global language.” • In favor of the status of English language, British Council views that English is now spoken by a quarter of the world’s population, enabling a true single market in knowledge and ideas. • Non-native speakers now substantially outnumber native speakers and as result, English increasingly belongs to the world rather than to any one country
- 5. IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL LANGUAGE • It is often argued that the modern “global village” needs a “global language”, and that in a world of modern communications, globalized trade and easy international travel. • With the advent of large international bodies such as the United Nations and its various offshoots - the UN now has over 50 different agencies and programs from the World Bank, WHO and UNICEF, running throughout the world, hence the pressure to establish a worldwide global language has never been greater.
- 6. Evolution of Global Language Perceptions of linguistic superiority or inferiority are based on power, class, and social status. Historically, it was languages that were swept in with strong political, economic, or religious backing—Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and Chinese in the Eurasian core— that were held to be the oldest, the holiest, and the most perfect in structure, their “classical” status cemented by the received weight of canonical tradition. By the 19th century, the imperial nation-states of Europe were politely shunting them off to the museum and imposing their own equivalents: newly standardized “modern” languages like English and French.
- 7. DEVELOPOMENT OF ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGES English as a Native/First Language Those who use it by birth as their parents do are the first or native speakers. Native speakers are identified by observing their accent, way of pronunciation, extra-linguistic features, and cultural aspects and sometimes by their complexion as well. Eg: USA, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand According to Crystal (2003), the estimation shows that about 320-380 million people (inner circle) use it as native language around the world English as a Second Language Most of the people use English as a second language as well. Regarding English as a second language Kachru as cited in Crystal (2003) views, the outer circle involves the earlier phases of the spread of English in non- native settings, where the language has become part of a country’s chief institutions, and plays an important ‘second language’ role in a multilingual setting Eg: Singapore, India, Malawi and over fifty other territories. As Crystal mentions there are 300-500 million people (outer circle) use English as a second language. This rate has been growing up regularly
- 8. Influenced by Colonial Expansion: The British Empire's vast expansion during the 17th to 20th centuries spread the English language to various regions worldwide. Colonization led to the establishment of English-speaking communities in diverse parts of the world, laying the foundation for English to become a widespread language. Political influence: World war 2 had a major role to make English as a global language, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, in pivotal roles. The involvement of these nations in the wars expanded their global influence and established English as a dominant language in diplomacy and international relations
- 9. ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGES • English as a Foreign Language English as a second and Foreign language have some features common but not as whole. As English is not used as an official language but as means of communication, instruction, tourism, journalism, etc, in such situation, it is termed as the foreign language. Crystal presented, there are more than 500- 1000 million people (expanding circle) who use English as a foreign language. • Before English, French was often considered the premiere international language. The French court was the model for the European aristocracy back in the 1700s, France’s dominated position in European affairs. After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles was written in both French and English, so some scholars point to this first time English started to gain prominence as an international language.
- 11. LINGUA FRANCA ‘’A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.” • It emerged as a practical solution for merchants, sailors, and traders who needed to communicate with people from various linguistic backgrounds. • This pidgin language was a fascinating blend of Italian, French, Arabic, and other languages. It was stripped down to its essentials, making it simple yet effective for basic communication. • This historical lingua franca paved the way for today’s concept of a common bridge language, essential for a globalized world.
- 12. Examples Of Lingua Franca • Mandarin Chinese as a Lingua Franca Mandarin Chinese, the most spoken language in the world, holds a significant place as a lingua franca in East Asia. With over a billion native speakers, it serves as a bridge for communication in countries like China, Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia. Its importance is also growing in global business, where China’s economic influence is expanding. Learning Mandarin has become an invaluable skill for those seeking opportunities in international trade and diplomacy within this dynamic region
- 13. • Spanish as a Lingua Franca Spanish, one of the Romance languages, has established itself as a prominent lingua franca across the Americas and parts of Europe. Beyond its native speakers in Spain and Latin America, Spanish serves as a common language for millions of people. It facilitates communication among diverse cultures, including the United States, where it is the second most spoken language. Spanish plays a pivotal role in international relations, trade, and cultural exchange, making it a vibrant and dynamic lingua franca.
- 14. • Arabic as a Lingua Franca Arabic, with its rich history and cultural significance, serves as a lingua franca across the Arab world, extending from the Middle East to North Africa. While numerous dialects exist, Modern Standard Arabic is commonly used in formal contexts, such as education, media, and diplomacy. Arabic’s status as a lingua franca reflects the shared cultural heritage of Arabic-speaking nations and is instrumental in facilitating cooperation and understanding in this diverse region both in business and politics.
- 15. LINGUA-FRANCA VS. PIDGIN • While lingua franca shares similarities with pidgin languages, it distinguishes itself by serving as a mediator between speakers of diverse native tongues. • Pidgin languages, on the other hand, typically evolve within specific communities as simplified forms of communication. • Lingua franca was a tool of necessity for trade and interaction, whereas pidgin languages often develop organically as a means of intercultural communication within isolated groups. Understanding this distinction helps us appreciate the role lingua franca played in bridging linguistic gaps.
- 16. FACTORS WHY A LANGUAGE BECOMES GLOBAL LANGUAGE 1. Historical Influence: Historical events, such as colonization or the expansion of empires, can play a significant role in spreading a language across different regions. For example, the British Empire's influence led to the widespread use of English in many countries. 2. Economic Power: The economic power and influence of a country or region can also contribute to the global reach of its language. Countries with strong economies often have their language adopted as a global language for business and trade. English, for instance, became prominent due to the economic dominance of the United States and the United Kingdom. 5. Technological Advancements: Technological advancements, such as the internet and social media, have accelerated the spread of languages. The internet has made it easier for people to communicate and share information across borders, leading to the increased use of certain languages like English. 4 International Communication: A language that facilitates international communication and is relatively easy to learn has a higher chance of becoming a global language. English's simplicity, flexibility, and widespread usage make it accessible to people from different linguistic backgrounds. 6. Education and Academia: The prominence of a language in education and academia can also contribute to its global status. Many universities and educational institutions teach courses in English, making it a preferred language for international students 3. Cultural Dominance: The cultural impact of a country can also propel its language to global status. This includes literature, music, movies, and other forms of popular culture. Hollywood movies and British literature, for example, have greatly contributed to the popularity of English worldwide.
- 17. ADVANTAGES OF GLOBAL LANGUAGE 1. Communication: English serves as a common language for people from different countries to communicate and understand each other. For instance, a student from Japan can easily converse with a student from Brazil during an international conference using English. 2. Business Opportunities: English proficiency opens up doors to global business opportunities. For example, a software developer in India can work remotely for a company based in the United States, collaborating with colleagues from around the world. 3. Education Access: English is the language of instruction in many prestigious universities and educational institutions worldwide. This allows students to pursue higher education in countries like the United Kingdom or the United States.
- 18. • 4. Travel and Tourism: English is widely spoken in tourist destinations, making it easier for travelers to navigate and communicate. For instance, a traveler from Spain can easily ask for directions or order food in English while visiting popular tourist spots like New York City • 5. Cultural Exchange: English facilitates cultural exchange and understanding. It allows people to enjoy literature, movies, and music from different English-speaking countries. For example, a fan of British literature can read works by Shakespeare or Jane Austen in their original language. • 6. Global Media and Entertainment: English is the dominant language in the global media and entertainment industry. This enables people to enjoy movies, TV shows, and music from different parts of the world. For instance, a fan of Korean dramas can watch them with English subtitles, reaching a wider audience. • 7. Access to Information: English is the primary language used in scientific research, publications, and online resources. This provides individuals with access to a vast amount of knowledge. For example, a researcher from Germany can access and contribute to scientific journals written in English.
- 19. DANGERS OF GLOBAL LANGUGAES • Linguistic Power- People who don't have English as their mother tongue, but have it instead as their second or foreign language, will have a disadvantage in front of those, who do have it as a mother tongue. • Linguistic Demise- Introduction of a global language might lead to discrimination of other languages. Losing a language equals losing identity. • A Feeling of Loss- A worry that if we only had one language, they would feel "poor" when it comes to expressing feelings and emotions in a language that is not their mother tongue.
- 20. • Threat of Social Clash- The use of one single language in a community is no guarantee for social harmony or mutual understanding. • Threat of Losing Identity- It is important for people to remember their root, and language is a very integral part of one's identity. English is closely linked to the British and the American cultures and history and is therefore not a neutral" language. People whose languages are being lost because of the dominance of the English language, may lose their identities
- 21. PAKISTANI ENGLISH • English language public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the rule of the East India Company (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions of the world). In 1837, English replaced Persian as the official language of the Company. Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and western concepts to education in India. • Indian English is any of the forms of English characteristic of the Indian sub-continent. • English has slowly become one of the lingua fracas of the Indian subcontinent (including Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka), and is the language of their cultural and political elites, offering significant economic, political, and social advantage to fluent speakers.
- 22. PAKISTANI ENGLISH • Pakistani English is heavily influenced by Pakistan's regional languages as well as English of other nations. According to Mahboob (2004: 1045), says that Pakistani English (PakE) is one of the less well researched varieties of English. The largest body of research on PakE is focuses on its historical and political status. • Lexical and Semantic features of PE Background:- Anthropologist had observed that socio-historical forces determine cultural patterns, it appears that culture determine language and language in turn determines consciousness. With this in mind, it is possible to understand the lexical and semantic changes English has had to undergo in order to refer to the distinctive culture of PE as it has taken shape after the separation from India in 1947.
- 23. Features:- According to Weinreich, words can be • Borrowed • Semantically changed • Translated • Hybridized Semantic changes:- According to Weinreich 'if two language have semantics, or units of content, which are partly similar, the interference consists in the identification and adjustment of the semantics to fuller congruence.
- 24. Examples: 1. Chips Used for potato and French fries in PE. Chips means a piece, or bit or to cut a small piece from large. 2. Family In BE, family can be referred to only husband and wife, but in PE family refers to parents, grandparents, even aunts and uncles in variety B. 3. Give examination The term is used in PE by students for taking their exams which is actually direct translation from Urdu or Hindi language "Imtehan dena’’. 4. Hail used for 'come' e.g, I hail from PK. This meaning is almost obselete in BSE. 5. Sir/Madam Used in varieties C and D to refer to teachers and administrative superiors in place of their names and title e.g, Sir in on leave today.
- 25. Hybrids:- Urdu words may also be joined with English words to form new hybrid words. This process of hybridization is used productively in PakE. PakE has many hybrids where South Asian items are taken as head and modifiers. Examples; 1. Police thana 2. Lathi-charge 3. Usher tax 4. Walima ceremony 5. Eid card 6. Bed-tea Hybrized innovative phrase: Some lexical items are created in non-native English. Examples: 1. Mullahism or Islamaization (coined through affixation 'ism, ation'). 2. Gullu Butts (gulluism) 3. Chaiwala's gaze 4. Khilafat committee 5. Purdah-women, purdah-system, purdah lady 6. Korbani meat 7. Hookah party 8. 8. Angrezi speech
- 26. CONCLUSION English is a global language. It connects the people from different linguistic backgrounds who reside within or across the nations to each other so that they could fulfill their needs. The way it is used and considered in different countries, its status is maintained as native, second, foreign, official, or international language. Whatever the forms and status, it is globally used for various purposes. Its people can get different opportunities since it has the high coverage and influential scopes in the different fields like; business, trading, education, communication, science and technology, media, computer, publication, internet, and so on. So, it is said that survival is impossible unless there is English language with each of us.