![Example: Vinyl Chloride
Distribute the chemicals (Cont’d)
– Only 60% of the C2H4Cl2 is converted to C2H3Cl with a byproduct of HCl, according to Eqn. (4.4).
– To satisfy the overall material balance, 158,300 lb/h of C2H4Cl2 must produce 100,000 lb/h of C2H3Cl and 58,300 lb/h of HCl.
– But a 60% conversion only produces 60,000 lb/h of VC.
– The additional C2H4Cl2 needed is computed by mass balance to equal:
[(1 - 0.6)/0.6] x 158,300 or 105,500 lb/h.
– Its source is a recycle stream from the separation of C2H3Cl from unreacted C2H4Cl2, from a mixing operation, inserted to combine the two sources, to give a total 263,800 lb/h.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture-2-250210060859-6aec40f1/85/Lecture-2_Heuristics-of-the-process-design-ppt-22-320.jpg)
Lecture-2_Heuristics of the process design.ppt
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- 2. Chemical Process Design and Simulation Dr. Imran Nazir Unar Department of Chemical Engineering MUET Jamshoro Lecture No. 2 – Process Creation Process Creation
- 3. Lecture 2 – Objectives Understand how to go about assembling design data and creating a preliminary data base. Be able to implement the steps in creating flowsheets involving reactions, separations, and T-P change operations. In so doing, many alternatives are identified that can be assembled into a synthesis tree that contains the most promising alternatives. Know how to select the principal pieces of equipment and to create a detailed process flowsheet, with a material and energy balance and a list of major equipment items.
- 4. Lecture 2 – Outline • Preliminary Database Creation – to assemble data to support the design • Experiments – often necessary to supply missing database items or verify crucial data • Preliminary Process Synthesis – top-down approach – to generate a “synthesis tree” of design alternatives – illustrated by the synthesis of a process for the manufacture of VCM • Development of Base-case Design – focusing on the most promising alternative(s) from the synthesis tree
- 5. Preliminary Database Creation • Thermophysical property data – physical properties – phase equilibria (VLE data) – property prediction methods • Environmental and safety data – toxicity data – flammability data • Chemical Prices – e.g. as published in the Chemical Marketing Reporter • Experiments – to check on crucial items above
- 6. Preliminary Process Synthesis • Synthesis of Chemical Processes – Selection of processing mode: continuous or batch – Fixing the chemical state of raw materials, products, and by- products, noting the differences between them – Process (unit) operations - flowsheet building blocks – Synthesis steps Eliminate differences in molecular types Distribute chemicals by matching sources and sinks Eliminate differences in composition Eliminate differences in temperature, pressure and phase Integrate tasks (combine tasks into unit operations)
- 7. Preliminary Process Synthesis • Continuous or Batch Processing Continuous Batch Fed-batch Batch-product removal
- 8. The Chemical State • Decide on raw material and product specifications – Mass (flow rate) – Composition (mole or mass fraction of each chemical species having a unique molecular type) – Phase (solid, liquid, or gas) – Form (e.g., particle-size distribution and particle shape) – Temperature – Pressure
- 9. Process Operations • Chemical reaction – Positioning in the flowsheet involves many considerations (conversion, rates, etc.), related to T and P at which the reaction are carried out. • Separation of chemicals – needed to resolve difference between the desired composition of a product stream and that of its source. Selection of the appropriate method depends on the differences of the physical properties of the chemical species involved. • Phase separation • Change of temperature • Change of pressure • Change of phase • Mixing and splitting of streams and branches
- 10. Synthesis Steps Onion Model for Process Design A reactor is needed before the separation and recycle system can be designed and so on.
- 11. Synthesis Steps Synthesis Step Eliminate differences in molecular types Distribute chemicals by matching sources and sinks Eliminate differences in composition Eliminate differences in temp, pressure and phase Integrate tasks (combine tasks into unit operations) Process Operation Chemical reaction Mixing and splitting Separation Temperature, pressure and phase change
- 12. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types – Chemicals participating in VC manufacture Chemical Molecular weight Chemical formula Chemical structure Acetylene 26.04 C2H2 H - C C - H Chlorine 70.91 Cl2 Cl-Cl 1,2-Dichloroethane 98.96 C2H4Cl2 Cl Cl | | H-C-C-H | | H H Ethylene 28.05 C2H4 H H C = C H H Hydrogen chloride 36.46 HCl H-Cl Vinyl chloride 62.50 C2H3Cl H Cl C = C H H
- 13. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d) – Selection of pathway to VCM (1) Direct chlorination of ethylene Advantages: – Attractive solution to the specific problem denoted as Alternative 2 in analysis of primitive problem. – Occurs spontaneously at a few hundred o C. Disadvantages: – Does not give a high yield of VC without simultaneously producing large amounts of by-products like dichloroethylene – Half of the expensive chlorine is consumed to produce HCl by- product, which may not be sold easily. HCl Cl H C Cl H C 3 2 2 4 2 (4.1)
- 14. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d) – Selection of pathway to VCM (2) Hydrochlorination of acetylene Advantages: – This exothermic reaction is a potential solution for the specific problem denoted as Alternative 3. It provides a good conversion (98%) of C2H2 to VC in the presence of HgCl2 catalyst impregnated in activated carbon at atmospheric pressure. – These are fairly moderate reaction conditions, and hence, this reaction deserves further study. Disadvantages: – Flammability limits of C2H2 (2.5 100%) Cl H C HCl H C 3 2 2 2 (4.2)
- 15. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d) – Selection of pathway to VCM (3) Thermal cracking of C2H4Cl2 from chlorination of C2H4 Advantages: – Conversion of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane in exothermic reaction (4.3) is 98% at 90C and 1 atm with a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as FeCl3. This intermediate is converted to vinyl chloride by thermal cracking according to the endothermic reaction (4.4), which occurs spontaneously at 500C with conversions as high as 65% (Alternative 2). Disadvantages: – Half of the expensive chlorine is consumed to produce HCl by-product, which may not be sold easily. 2 4 2 2 4 2 Cl H C Cl H C HCl Cl H C Cl H C 3 2 2 4 2 HCl Cl H C Cl H C 3 2 2 4 2 (4.3) (4.4) (4.1)
- 16. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d) – Selection of pathway to VCM (4) Thermal cracking of C2H4Cl2 from oxychlorination of C2H4 Advantages: – Highly exothermic reaction (4.5) achieves a 95% conversion to C2H4Cl2 in the presence of CuCl2 catalyst, followed by pyrolysis step (4.4) as Reaction Path 3. – Excellent candidate when cost of HCl is low – Solution for specific problem denoted as Alternative 3. Disadvantages: – Economics dependent on cost of HCl (4.5) (4.4) (4.6) O H Cl H C O HCl 2 H C 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 4 2 HCl Cl H C Cl H C 3 2 2 4 2 O H Cl H C O HCl H C 2 3 2 2 2 1 4 2
- 17. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d) – Selection of pathway to VCM (5) Balanced Process for Chlorination of Ethylene Advantages: – Combination of Reaction Paths 3 and 4 - addresses Alternative 2. – All Cl2 converted to VC – No by-products! (4.5) (4.3) (4.7) O H Cl H C O HCl 2 H C 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 4 2 HCl 2 Cl H C 2 Cl H C 2 3 2 2 4 2 (4.4) 2 4 2 2 4 2 Cl H C Cl H C O H Cl H C 2 O Cl H C 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 2
- 18. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d) – Evaluation of alternative pathways • Due to low selectivity Reaction Path is eliminated • Remaining four paths compared first in terms of Gross Profit Chemical Cost (cents/lb) Ethylene 18 Acetylene 50 Chlorine 11 Vinyl chloride 22 Hydrogen chloride 18 Water 0 Oxygen (air) 0 Chemical Bulk Prices
- 19. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in molecular types (Cont’d) – Computing Gross Profit Reaction path C2H4 + Cl2 = C2H3Cl + HCl lb-mole 1 1 1 1 Molecular weight 28.05 70.91 62.50 36.46 lb 28.05 70.91 62.50 36.46 lb/lb of vinyl chloride 0.449 1.134 1 0.583 cents/lb 18 11 22 18 Gross profit = 22(1) + 18(0.583) - 18(0.449) - 11(1.134) = 11.94 cents/lb VC Reaction Path Overall Reaction Gross Profit (cents/lb of VC) C2H2 + HCl = C2H3Cl -9.33 C2H4 +Cl2 = C2H3Cl + HCl 11.94 C2H4 + HCl + O2 = C2H3Cl + H2O 3.42 2C2H4 + Cl2 + O2 = 2C2H3Cl + H2O 7.68
- 20. Example: Vinyl Chloride • Preliminary Flowsheet for Reaction Path – 800 MM lb/year @ 330 days/yr 100,000 lb/hr VC – From this principal sink, the HCl sink and reagent sources can be computed (each flow is 1,600 lbmol/h) – Next step involves distributing the chemicals by matching sources and sinks. Cl2 113,400 lb/hr C2H4 44,900 lb/hr Direct Chlorination Pyrolysis C2H4Cl2 HCl 58,300 lb/hr C2H3Cl 100,000 lb/hr HCl C2H3Cl C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H3Cl + HCl C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2
- 21. Example: Vinyl Chloride Distribute the chemicals – A conversion of 100% of the C2H4 is assumed in the chlorination reaction
- 22. Example: Vinyl Chloride Distribute the chemicals (Cont’d) – Only 60% of the C2H4Cl2 is converted to C2H3Cl with a byproduct of HCl, according to Eqn. (4.4). – To satisfy the overall material balance, 158,300 lb/h of C2H4Cl2 must produce 100,000 lb/h of C2H3Cl and 58,300 lb/h of HCl. – But a 60% conversion only produces 60,000 lb/h of VC. – The additional C2H4Cl2 needed is computed by mass balance to equal: [(1 - 0.6)/0.6] x 158,300 or 105,500 lb/h. – Its source is a recycle stream from the separation of C2H3Cl from unreacted C2H4Cl2, from a mixing operation, inserted to combine the two sources, to give a total 263,800 lb/h.
- 23. Example: Vinyl Chloride Distribute the chemicals (Cont’d) – The effluent stream from the pyrolysis operation is the source for the C2H3Cl product, the HCl by-product, and the C2H4Cl2 recycle.
- 24. Example: Vinyl Chloride Distribute the chemicals (Cont’d) – Reactor pressure levels • Chlorination reaction: 1.5 atm is recommended, to eliminate the possibility of an air leak into the reactor containing ethylene. • Pyrolysis reaction: 26 atm is recommended by the B.F. Goodrich patent (1963) without any justification. Since the reaction is irreversible, the elevated pressure does not adversely affect the conversion. Most likely, the patent recommends this pressure to reduce the size of the pyrolysis furnace, although the tube walls must be considerably thicker and many precautions are necessary for operation at elevated pressures. • The pressure level is also an important consideration in selecting the separation operations, as will be discussed in the next synthesis step.
- 25. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in composition – The product of the chlorination reaction is nearly pure C2H4Cl2, and requires no purification. – In contrast, the pyrolysis reactor conversion is only 60%, and one or more separation operations are required to match the required purities in the C2H3Cl and HCl sinks. – One possible arrangement is given in the next slide. The data below explains the design decisions made. Boiling point (oC) Critical constants Chemical 1 atm 4.8 atm 12 atm 26 atm Tc,C Pc, atm HCl -84.8 -51.7 -26.2 0 51.4 82.1 C2H3Cl -13.8 33.1 70.5 110 159 56 C2H4Cl2 83.7 146 193 242 250 50
- 26. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in composition (Cont’d) Boiling point (oC) Critical constants Chemical 1 atm 4.8 atm 12 atm 26 atm Tc, C Pc, atm HCl -84.8 -51.7 -26.2 0 51.4 82.1 C2H3Cl -13.8 33.1 70.5 110 159 56 C2H4Cl2 83.7 146 193 242 250 50 Other, possibly better configurations, will be discussed in Lecture 4 (Chapter 8).
- 27. Example: Vinyl Chloride Eliminate differences in T, P & phase
- 28. Example: Vinyl Chloride Integrate tasks (tasks unit operations)
- 29. Example: Vinyl Chloride • Assembly of synthesis tree Reaction path Distribution of chemicals Separations T, P and phase changes Task integration Algorithmic methods are very effective for the synthesis, analysis and optimization of alternative flowsheets. These will be covered later
- 30. Example: Vinyl Chloride • Development of Base Case Design
- 31. Summary – Process Creation • Preliminary Database Creation – to assemble data to support the design • Experiments – often necessary to supply missing data or verify crucial data • Preliminary Process Synthesis – top-down approach – to generate a “synthesis tree” of design alternatives – illustrated by synthesis of for VCM process • Development of Base-case Design – focusing on most promising alternative(s) from the synthesis tree
- 32. Thank You