Lecture 3,4 operating systems
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The document discusses the evolution of operating systems from serial processing to modern developments. Early systems used serial and batch processing with limited multiprocessing. Major OS achievements included the development of processes, virtual memory management, security features, and scheduling. Recent trends involve microkernel architectures, multithreading, symmetric multiprocessing, and distributed/object-oriented designs.
Lecture 3,4 operating systems
- 2. Overview Operating System Evolution Serial Processing Batch processing Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Time Sharing Systems Major Achievements in OS Processes Memory Management Information protection and Security Scheduling and Resource Management Recent Developments Microkernel architecture Multithreading Symmetric multiprocessing Distributed OS and Object Oriented Design
- 3. Serial Processing 1940 to 1950 Programs in machine code were loaded via input device (Card Reader) Errors are indicated through lights Scheduling Time slots are given to users based on the hardcopy sign sheet Setup Time Mounting/dismounting of tapes or setting up card desks will take time to set the inputs like compiler codes, functions, etc.
- 5. Batch Processing Jobs with similar requirements were batched together Tapes/cards were used Example: In one ForTran, one Cobol and another fortran programs are scheduled. To reduce the operator time, two fortran compiler Tapes can be loaded and later the COBOL tapes can be loaded.
- 6. Multiprogramming Used to increase the resource utilisation, Allows more than one job (program) to utilize CPU time at any moment. More number of programs competing for system resources, better will be resource utilisation
- 10. Multiprogramming
- 11. Major Achievements in OS
- 12. Overview Operating System Evolution Serial Processing Batch processing Multiprogrammed Batch Systems Time Sharing Systems Major Achievements in OS Processes Memory Management Information protection and Security Scheduling and Resource Management Recent Developments Microkernel architecture Multithreading Symmetric multiprocessing Distributed OS and Object Oriented Design
- 13. Processes A program in execution An instance of a program running on a computer The entity that can be assigned to and executed on a processor A unit of activity characterized by a single sequential thread of execution, a current state, and an associated set of system resources
- 14. Processes Challenges for processes Multiprogramming batch operation Time Sharing Real Time Transaction Systems Errors Encountered if the above challenges are not met Improper synchornisation Failed mutual exclusion Non determinate program operation Deadlocks
- 15. Memory Management Responsibilities Process isolation Automatic allocation and Management Support for Modular Programming Protection and Access Control Long Term Storage
- 16. Virtual Memory
- 17. Virtual Memory Pages Processes to be comprised of a number of fixed sized blocks called pages Real Address or physical address Address of the main memory Virtual Address A page number and an offset Address to be located from the secondary memory
- 18. Information protection Availability: Concerned with protecting the system against interruption. Confidentiality: Assures that users cannot read data for which access is unauthorized. Data integrity: Protection of data from unauthorized modification. Authenticity: Concerned with the proper verification of the identity of users and the validity of messages or data.
- 19. Scheduling and Resource Management Resources are processors, I/O Devices, Memory, etc Resource allocation and scheduling policy must consider these Fairness Allocate resources to all process fairly Differential responsiveness Each process needs different services, which has to be provided by the OS Efficiency Maximize throughput, minimize response time
- 20. OS Structure Level Name Objects 13 Shell User programming Environment 12 User Processes User processes 11 Directories Directories 10 Devices External devices like printers, etc OS Level components 9 File System Files 8 Communications Pipes 7 Virtual Memory Segments, pages 6 Local Sec. Memory Blocks of data, device channels 5 Primitive processes Semaphores. Ready list 4 Interrupts ISRs 3 Procedures Call stack, procedures Hardware Level 2 Instruction Set Evaluation stack, scalar data 1 Electronic Circuits Registers, gates, buses
- 22. Microkernel Architecture Monolithic kernels are in demand today Large kernels includes scheduling, file system, networking, device drivers, memory mgmt. and more. Implemented as a single process with all elements sharing the same address space Microkernel Assigns only few essential functions in the kernel Other OS services are provided by Servers or processes treated like any other application running under user mode. This decouples kernel and server development.
- 23. Multithreading Threads can run concurrently Threads are also called as sub tasks or sub processes Threads are process controlled entity wheresas the processes are kernel controlled entity Threads of the same process share the common memory space available to that process
- 24. Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) The OS of an SMP schedules processes or threads across all of the processors. SMP has the advantages Performance All the processes will work together for a given application Availability Even if one processor fails, the other will take care of the system with reduced performance Incremental Growth User can enhance by adding a new processor Scaling Vendors provides extra functionality based on the number of processors