LECTURE 7.pdf
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The document summarizes the historical evolution of social work in the United States from the colonial period to the present. It outlines the major periods and developments, including early charity organizations in the 17th century, the growth of children's aid societies and organizations preventing cruelty to children during the industrial revolution, the establishment of scientific charity organizations and training schools for social workers in the late 19th century, and the increased professionalization of social work as a discipline along with the creation of federal relief programs during the Great Depression in the 20th century.
LECTURE 7.pdf
- 1. BY AMIT KUMAR MOB NO.: +919435028022 EMAIL-amitranjanfn09@outlook.com PhD Research Scholar DTS, CUJ RANCHI SOCIAL WORK BY AMIT KUMAR PHD RESEARCH SCHOLAR CENTRAL UNIVIERSITY OF JHARKHAND HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL WORK IN USA 1. The earliest forms of social work activities in present form were started in the USA not earlier than 1860. But the period from colonization to the civil war played a large role in the development of social work. 2. The history of social work in the USA can be divided into the following stages. a. The Colonial Period (1620-1776) i. Scots Charitable society was formed in 1657 for the function of charitable aid and mutual benefit on the basis of national origin and church affiliation. They were helping the sick, poor and providing burial for deceased countrymen. ii. The first alms house was established in Massachusetts in1662. It started functioning in 1685 both as an alms house for the disabled and as a work house for the able-bodied paupers (poor persons). iii. Orphan masters were appointed to protect the interest and properties of widows and orphans. First overseers of the poor were appointed in 1691 in the city of Baston. iv. Society of Friends in Pennsylvania cared for members of its own sects later extended services to others also. v. By 1701 there was provision for reimbursement to the town for relief in all cases of unsettled dependent persons ill with dangerous infections of contagious diseases. b. Civil War and Industrial Revolutions (1776-1860) i. The rapid growth of manufacturing industries aggravated the pathetic condition of children, so Children Aid Society (1853) and Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (1857) were started in New York City. c. The Industrialization -The human side (1860-1900) i. The charity organization society movement was started in the USA at Buffalo in 1877. ii. The New York Charity Organization Society made revolution in the field of organized charity work within 15 years by extending its activities to 92 American cities. iii. The Scientific charity approach enabled Charity Organization Societies (COS) to understand and take care of family problems. The charity organization societies started in Boston and Philadelphia in 1878 operated on the following principles:
- 2. BY AMIT KUMAR MOB NO.: +919435028022 EMAIL-amitranjanfn09@outlook.com PhD Research Scholar DTS, CUJ RANCHI 1. Detailed investigation on applications for charity 2. A central system of registration to avoid duplication 3. Co-operation between various relief agencies. iv. Extensive use of voluntary friendly visitors. v. Hull House Model 1. It was founded in 1889 following the visit of Jane Addams to Toynbee Hall. 2. Young students, giving nearby adult education, counselling, day care service and gave solutions to many problems. vi. Marry E. Richmond could be considered the first professional social workers in the United States. She became the assistant treasurer of Baltimore Charity Organisation Society and later on became practitioner, teacher and theoretician of COS. vii. In 1897, there was National Conference of Charities and Corrections in Toronto, where she advocated for the establishment of a training school for professional social worker. viii. In 1898, New York Charity Organisation Society (NYCOS) was the first institution that started training course where, M.E. Richmond was selected as teacher. Currently this training center became Columbia University. d. Social work, seeking professional characteristics (1900-1930) i. The second such institute was Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy established in 1901 and soon affiliated with the University of Chicago. ii. The third school was Simmons College in Boston. This school was the pioneer in the development of medical social work. iii. The book 'Social Diagnosis' by Mary Richmond in 1917 is considered as the foundation for the theoretical basis of social work. iv. The American Association of Schools of Social Work was founded in 1919 to facilitate communication among the schools. v. The great depression came in 1929. e. Highly professionalized discipline (1930-onwards) i. Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) was Approved in 1933 by President Franklin Roosevelt. 1. It was aimed at responding to the fiscal crisis of state and local governments created by the Great Depression – both the collapse of tax revenues and the mounting costs of emergency relief. 2. On the latter front, FERA “was the beginning of a form of partnership arrangement between the Federal government and the States and local governments in meeting the unemployment relief problem, a partnership which was later to continue in somewhat different forms through the Civil Works Administration and the Works Progress Administration” ii. Today more than 600 institutions are running the social work courses in USA.