LECTURE 9C ENDOCRINE SYSTEM physiology.ppt
- 1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM
- 2. COMPARISON OF ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS • NERVOUS SYSTEM • “WIRED” • CHEMICAL SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL • RAPID • BRIEF DURATION • CLOSE ANATOMICAL PROXIMITY • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • “WIRELESS” • CHEMICAL SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL • SLOW • LONG DURATION • SPECIFIC RECEPTORS
- 3. CATEGORIES OF HORMONES • PEPTIDES • AMINES • STEROIDS
- 4. PEPTIDES • HYDROPHILIC • DISSOLVED IN PLASMA • RECEPTOR ON CELL SURFACE • cAMP OR CALCIUM AS SECOND MESSENGERS • ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO INITIATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- 5. PEPTIDE HORMONES • HYPOTHALAMIC • PITUITARY • PANREATIC • PARATHYROID • GI • KIDNEY • LIVER • HEART
- 6. AMINES • THYROID HORMONE • CATECHOLAMINES • ALL DERIVED FROM AMINO ACID TYROSINE • UNIQUE SYNTHETIC AND SECRETORY PATHWAYS
- 7. STEROIDS • LIPOPHILIC • RECEPTOR IN CYTOPLASM • ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO INITIATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • ADRENAL CORTICAL • GONADAL • PLACENTAL
- 8. PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF HORMONES • DEPENDS ON RATE OF SECRETION • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES • DIURNAL RHYTHMS
- 9. TYPES OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS • HORMONE EXCESS • HORMONE DEFICIENCY • DECREASED RESPOSIVENESS OF RECEPTORS
- 12. HYPOTHALAMIC-HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM • VESSELS PASS THROUGH STALK OF PITUITARY FROM HYPOTHALAMUS TO ANTERIOR PITUITARY • CARRY HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATORY HORMONES
- 13. HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATORY HORMONES • TROPIC HORMONES • CONTROL THE SECRETION OF OTHER HORMONES BY ACTING ON ENDOCRINE TISSUE
- 14. HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING AND INHIBITING HORMONES • CONTROL THE SECRETION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY TROPIC HORMONES • TRH:THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE • PRH:PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE • PIH:PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE • GHRH:GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE • GHIH: GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE • CRH:CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE
- 15. HIERARCHICAL CONTROL INPUT HORMONE 1 (RELEASING/INHIBITING) HORMONE 2 (TROPIC) HORMONE 3 TARGET CELLS SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION H/H PORTAL SYSTEM HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY ENDOCRINE GLAND
- 16. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INPUT HORMONE 1 (RELEASING/INHIBITING) HORMONE 2 (TROPIC) HORMONE 3 TARGET CELLS SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION H/H PORTAL SYSTEM HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY ENDOCRINE GLAND
- 17. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:TSH • THYROID GLAND • THYROID HORMONES (T3 & T4 )
- 18. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:ACTH • ADRENAL CORTEX • CORTISOL
- 19. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:PROLACTIN • MAMMARY GLANDS • BREAST GROWTH AND MILK SECRETION
- 20. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES: GROWTH HORMONE • LIVER • SOMATOMEDINS • BONE • SOFT TISSUE • GROWTH • MANY TISSUES • INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM • INCREASE OR DECREASE
- 21. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES: LH & FSH: ACT ON GONADS • LH:LETEINIZING HORMONE • SEX HORMONE SECRETION • F: ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE • M: TESTOSTERONE • FSH:FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE • GAMETE PRODUCTION • OVA • SPERM
- 22. CONTROL OF GROWTH • GENETIC • DIET • DISEASE • HORMONES
- 23. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES: GROWTH HORMONE • LIVER • SOMATOMEDINS • BONE • SOFT TISSUE • GROWTH • MANY TISSUES • INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM • INCREASE OR DECREASE
- 24. METABOLIC ACTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE • MOBILIZES TRIGLYCERIDE FAT STORED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE • CONSERVES GLUCOSE FOR BRAIN
- 25. GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE • SOFT TISSUES: STIMULATES CELL DIVISION, INCREASES SIZE OF CELLS • STIMULATES ALMOST ALL ASPECTS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • INHIBITS PROTEIN DEGRADATION • PROMOTES UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS
- 26. GROWTH PROMOTING ACTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE • BONE: PROMOTES GROWTH OF LONG BONES • THICKNESS • LENGTH • AT END OF ADOLESCENCE, SEX HORMONES STOP THIS ACTION
- 27. GROWTH HORMONE ACTS THROUGH SOMATOMEDINS • PEPTIDE MEDIATORS • PRODUCED IN LIVER AND OTHER TISSUES • ALSO PARACRINE EFFECTS
- 28. GHRH AND GHIH • ANTAGONIST IN CONTROL OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • DIURNAL RHYTHM: GH SECRETED AT NIGHT • EXERCISE, STRESS, HYPOGLYCEMIA
- 29. ABNORMAL GH SECRETION • DEFICIENCY: DWARFISM, REDUCED MUSCLE STRENGTH, DECREASED BONE DENSITY • EXCESS:GIGANTISM, ACROMEGLY
- 30. THE THYROID GLAND • OVER TRACHEA • THYROGLOBULIN • TETRAIODOTHYRONINE • TRIIODOTHYRONINE • IODINE REQUIRED FROM DIETARY INTAKE
- 31. THYROID HORMONE’S EFFECTS • METABOLIC RATE: INCREASED BMR • CALOROGENIC: INCREASED HEAT PRODUCTION • SYMPATHOMIMETIC: FLIGHT OR FIGHT • CARDIOVASCULAR:INCREASES RESPONSIVENESS OF HEART • GROWTH: ESSENTIAL FOR NORMAL GROWTH • NERVOUS SYSTEM:DEVELOPMENT AND ADULT ACTIVITY
- 32. REGULATION OF THYROID SECRETION HYPOTHALAMUS TRH ANTERIOR PITUITARY TSH THYROID GLAND TARGET ORGANS THYROID HORMONE STRESS COLD IN CHILDREN - +
- 33. ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID FUNCTION • HYPO • REDUCED BMR • POOR TOLERANCE OF COLD • GAIN OF WEIGHT • FATIGUE • SLOW, WEAK PULSE • SLOW REFLEXES AND MENTATION • MYXEDEMA • GOITER • CRETINISM • HYPER • GRAVE’S DISEASE:TSI • EXOPHTALMOS • GOITER
- 34. THE ADRENAL GLANDS • CORTEX: STEROID HORMONES SECRETED • MEDULLA: CATECHOLAMINES
- 35. CORTEX: STEROID HORMONES SECRETED • MINERALOCORTICOIDS • GLUCOCORTICOIDS • SEX HOMONES
- 36. MINERALOCORTICOIDS • ALDOSTERONE • ELECTROLYTE BALANCE • BLOOD PRESSURE • RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
- 37. GLUCOCORTICOIDS • CORTISOL • GLOCONEOGENESIS • PERMISSIVE ACTIONS • STRESS ADAPTATION • ANTI-INFLAMITORY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT
- 38. REGULATION OF CORTISOL SECRETION HYPOTHALAMUS CRH ANTERIOR PITUITARY ACTH ADRENAL CORTEX TARGET ORGANS CORTISOL STRESS DIURNAL RHYTHM + + - - INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE BLOOD AA BLOOD FATTY ACIDS
- 39. SEX HOMONES • ANDROGENS (TESTOSTERONE) • ESTROGENS • LESS THAN GONADS
- 40. ADRENAL OVERSECRETION • MINERALCORTICOIDS: SODIUM RETENTION, POTASSIUM DEPLETION • CORTISOL:EXCESS GLUCONEOGENESIS- EXCESS GLUCOSE DEPOSITED AS FAT • ANDROGEN:MASCULINIZATION, PSEUDOHERMAPHODITISM, PRECOCIOUS PSEUDOPUBERTY, NO EFFECT IN ADULT MALES
- 41. ADRENAL INSUFFICIENY • CORTEX: ADDISON’S DISEASE • POOR RESPONSE TO STRESS • LACK OF PERMISSIVE ACTION • POTASSIUM RETENTION • HYPOTENSION
- 42. MEDULLA: CATECHOLAMINES • A MODIFIED SYMPATHETIC POST GANGLIONIC NEURON • EPINEPHRINE
- 43. ACTIONS OF EPINEPHRINE • MIMICS SYMPATHETIC NS • MOBILIZES STORED FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE • HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
- 44. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME • FLIGHT OR FIGHT • EPINEPHRINE • CRH-ACTH-CORTISOL • RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE • VASOPRESSIN • COORDINATED BY HYPOTHALAMUS • CAN BE INDUCED PSYCHOSOCIALLY
- 45. CONTROL OF FUEL METABOLISM • GLYCOGENESIS • GLYCOGENOLYSIS • GLUCONEOGENESIS • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • PROTEIN DEGRADATION • FAT SYNTHESIS • FAT BREAKDOWN
- 46. ANABOLISM VS CATABOLISM • BUILD UP VS BREAKDOWN OF LARGE MOLECULES • ANABOLISM REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) • CATABOLISM:ENERGY PRODUCTION
- 47. PANCREATIC HORMONES • INSULIN • GLUCAGON
- 48. INSULIN: ACTION ON BLOOD SUGAR • BETA CELLS IN ISLETS OF LANGERHANS: INSULIN • FACILITIES GLUCOSE ENTRY INTO CELLS • STIMULATES GLYCOGENESIS • INHIBITS GLYCOGENOLYSIS • INHIBITS GLUCONEOGENESIS
- 49. INSULIN: ACTION ON FAT • INCREASES TRANSPORT INTO ADIPOSE CELLS • PROMTES TRIGLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS • INHIBITS LIPOLYSIS
- 50. INSULIN: ACTION ON PROTEIN • PROMOTES UPTAKE OF AA BY MUSCLE AND OTHER TISSUE • PROMOTES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • INHIBITS PROTEIN DEGRADATION
- 51. CONTROL OF INSULIN SECRETION • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: BLOOD SUGAR • BLOOD AA • GI HORMONES • PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY
- 52. TWO TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS • TYPE I: AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTION OF BETA CELLS, LACK OF INSULIN SECRETION • TYPE II: REDUCED SENSITIVITY OF INSULIN RECEPTORS
- 53. ACUTE EFFECTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS • EXTRACELLULAR GLUCOSE EXCESS • GLUCOSE IN URINE • EXCESS FLUID LOSS • CIRCULATORY FAILURE • RENAL FAILURE • NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFUNCTION DUE TO DEHYDRATION • EXCESSIVE FOOD INTAKE • PROGRESSIVE WEIGHT LOSS • MOBILIZTION OF FAT • KETOSIS • ACIDOSIS • COMA AND DEATH
- 54. GLUCAGON • PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS • GENERALLY OPPOSES ACTIONS OF INSULIN • DECREASE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS • PROMOTE GLYCOGENOLYSIS • STIMULATE GLUCONEOGENESIS • PROMOTES FAT BREAKDOWN • ONLY IN LIVER: PROTEIN CATABOLISM
- 55. EPINEPHRINE, CORTISOL, AND GROWTH HORMONE • ALL INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS • CORTISOL INCREASES BLOOD AA AND DECREASES MUSCLE PROTEIN • GH DECREASES BLOOD AA AND INCREASES MUSCLE PROTEIN
- 56. CONTROL OF CALCIUM METABOLISM • PARATHYROID HORMONE • CALCITONIN • VITAMIN D
- 57. PARATHYROID HORMONE • RAISES FREE PLASMA CALCIUM • FROM BONE • CONSERVATION IN KIDNEYS • INCREASES INTESTINAL ABSORPTION (VIA VITAMIN D ACTIVATION) • REGULATED BY FREE CALCIUM IN PLASMA (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK)
- 58. CALCITONIN • C CELLS OF THYROID GLAND • DECREASE IN CA MOBILIZATION FROM BONE • NOT AS IMPORTANT AS PTH AND VITAMIN D
- 59. VITAMIN D • ACTUALLY A HORMONE • RELEASED FROM SKIN BY SUNLIGHT • TWO STEP ACTIVATION: LIVER AND KIDNEYS • INCREASES CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN INTESTINE
- 60. PTH HYPOSECRETION • LOW CALCIUM AND HIGH PHOSPHATE • MUSCLE SPASMS • MENTAL CHANGES
- 61. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY • IMPARED ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM • PTH MAINTAINS PLASMA LEVEL AT EXPENSE OF BONES • RICKETS IN CHILDREN • OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS