Lecture chapter 22 - water pollution upload by raj kumar
- 1. ChapterChapter ## 2222 Water PollutionWater Pollution
- 2. In-class Discussion Readers:In-class Discussion Readers: ChapterChapter ## 1 - Me1 - Me ChapterChapter ## 2 – David Dudley2 – David Dudley ChapterChapter ## 3 – Elizabeth Goodrich3 – Elizabeth Goodrich ChapterChapter ## 4 – James McLeod4 – James McLeod ChapterChapter ## 5 – Labecca Hampton and Jessica Vidal5 – Labecca Hampton and Jessica Vidal ChapterChapter ## 6 – Patrick Grennan and Scott Arnold6 – Patrick Grennan and Scott Arnold ChapterChapter ## 7 – William Arnold7 – William Arnold ChapterChapter ## 8 – Crisy Overgard8 – Crisy Overgard ChapterChapter ## 9 – Juan Rodriguez9 – Juan Rodriguez
- 3. OverviewOverview o Types of Water PollutionTypes of Water Pollution • SewageSewage • Disease-causing agentsDisease-causing agents • Sediment pollutionSediment pollution • Inorganic plant and algal nutrientsInorganic plant and algal nutrients • Organic compoundsOrganic compounds • Inorganic chemicalsInorganic chemicals • Thermal pollutionThermal pollution o Water Quality TodayWater Quality Today o Improving Water QualityImproving Water Quality o Laws Controlling Water PollutionLaws Controlling Water Pollution
- 4. Types of Water PollutionTypes of Water Pollution o Water pollutionWater pollution • Any physical or chemical change in water that adverselyAny physical or chemical change in water that adversely affects the health of humans and other organismsaffects the health of humans and other organisms • Varies in magnitude by locationVaries in magnitude by location o Major water pollution issue globallyMajor water pollution issue globally • Lack of disease-free waterLack of disease-free water o Eight categoriesEight categories • Sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution,Sewage, disease-causing agents, sediment pollution, inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds,inorganic plant and algal nutrients, organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermalinorganic chemicals, radioactive substances, and thermal pollutionpollution
- 5. SewageSewage o The release of wastewater from drains or sewersThe release of wastewater from drains or sewers • Includes human wastes, soaps, and detergentsIncludes human wastes, soaps, and detergents o Causes 2 serious environmental problems:Causes 2 serious environmental problems: • EnrichmentEnrichment • Fertilization of a body of water by high levels of plant and algalFertilization of a body of water by high levels of plant and algal nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) • Increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)Increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) • Amount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decomposeAmount of oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose biological wastesbiological wastes • As BOD increases Dissolve Oxygen (DO) decreasesAs BOD increases Dissolve Oxygen (DO) decreases
- 6. SewageSewage
- 7. Sewage- EutrophicationSewage- Eutrophication o OligotrophicOligotrophic • Unenriched, clear water that supports smallUnenriched, clear water that supports small populations of aquatic organismspopulations of aquatic organisms
- 8. Sewage- EutrophicationSewage- Eutrophication o Eutrophic-Eutrophic- • Slow-flowing stream, lake or estuary enriched bySlow-flowing stream, lake or estuary enriched by inorganic plant and algal nutrients such asinorganic plant and algal nutrients such as phosphorusphosphorus • Often due to fertilizer or sewage runoffOften due to fertilizer or sewage runoff
- 9. Disease-causing AgentsDisease-causing Agents o Infectious organisms thatInfectious organisms that cause diseasescause diseases • Originate in the wastes ofOriginate in the wastes of infected individualsinfected individuals o Common bacterial or viralCommon bacterial or viral diseases:diseases: • Typhoid, cholera, bacterialTyphoid, cholera, bacterial dysentery, polio, anddysentery, polio, and infectious hepatitisinfectious hepatitis
- 10. Disease-causing AgentsDisease-causing Agents o Monitored by testing for presence of E. coli in theMonitored by testing for presence of E. coli in the water via awater via a fecal coliform testfecal coliform test • Indicates the presence of pathogenic organismsIndicates the presence of pathogenic organisms
- 11. Sediment PollutionSediment Pollution o Excessive amounts of suspended soil particlesExcessive amounts of suspended soil particles • Originates from erosion of agricultural lands, forest soilsOriginates from erosion of agricultural lands, forest soils exposed by logging, degraded stream banks, overgrazedexposed by logging, degraded stream banks, overgrazed rangelands, strip mines, and constructionrangelands, strip mines, and construction o ProblemsProblems • Limits light penetrationLimits light penetration • Covers aquatic animals and plantsCovers aquatic animals and plants • Brings insoluble toxins into waterwaysBrings insoluble toxins into waterways
- 13. Inorganic Plant and AlgalInorganic Plant and Algal NutrientsNutrients o Chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus thatChemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate the growth of plants and algaestimulate the growth of plants and algae • Harmful in large concentrationsHarmful in large concentrations o Sources:Sources: • Human and animal wastes, plant residues, atmosphericHuman and animal wastes, plant residues, atmospheric deposition, and fertilizer runoffdeposition, and fertilizer runoff o Causes:Causes: • Enrichment, bad odors, and a high BODEnrichment, bad odors, and a high BOD
- 14. Inorganic Plant and Algal Nutrient-Inorganic Plant and Algal Nutrient- The Dead ZoneThe Dead Zone
- 16. The Great PacificThe Great Pacific Patch of GarbagePatch of Garbage
- 17. Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds o Chemicals that contain carbon atomsChemicals that contain carbon atoms • Natural examples: sugars, amino acids, and oilsNatural examples: sugars, amino acids, and oils • Human-made examples: pesticides, solvents, industrialHuman-made examples: pesticides, solvents, industrial chemicals, and plasticschemicals, and plastics
- 18. Inorganic ChemicalsInorganic Chemicals o Contaminants that contain elements other thanContaminants that contain elements other than carboncarbon • Examples: acids, salts, and heavy metalsExamples: acids, salts, and heavy metals o Do not degrade easilyDo not degrade easily o LeadLead • Found in old paint, industrial pollutants, leaded gasolineFound in old paint, industrial pollutants, leaded gasoline o MercuryMercury • Mercury bioaccumulates in the muscles of top predatorsMercury bioaccumulates in the muscles of top predators of the open oceanof the open ocean
- 19. Radioactive SubstancesRadioactive Substances o Contain atoms of unstable isotopes thatContain atoms of unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiationspontaneously emit radiation o SourcesSources • MiningMining • Processing radioactive materialsProcessing radioactive materials • Nuclear power plantsNuclear power plants • Natural sourcesNatural sources
- 20. Thermal PollutionThermal Pollution o Occurs when heated waterOccurs when heated water produced during industrialproduced during industrial processes is released intoprocesses is released into waterwayswaterways o Organisms affectedOrganisms affected • Temperature affectsTemperature affects reproductive cycles,reproductive cycles, digestion rates, anddigestion rates, and respiration ratesrespiration rates • Warm water holds less DOWarm water holds less DO than cold waterthan cold water
- 21. Water Quality TodayWater Quality Today o Two Types of Water PollutionTwo Types of Water Pollution o -Point Source Pollution-Point Source Pollution • water pollution that can be traced to a specific originwater pollution that can be traced to a specific origin • Discharge via pipes, sewage, and ditchesDischarge via pipes, sewage, and ditches o -Non-point Source Pollution-Non-point Source Pollution • Pollutants that enter bodies of water over large areasPollutants that enter bodies of water over large areas rather than being concentrated at a single point of entryrather than being concentrated at a single point of entry • Diffuse, but its cumulative effect is very largeDiffuse, but its cumulative effect is very large • Ex: runoff from agricultural fields or parking lotsEx: runoff from agricultural fields or parking lots
- 22. Water Pollution from AgricultureWater Pollution from Agriculture o Agriculture is leading source of water pollution inAgriculture is leading source of water pollution in USUS • Animal wastes and plants residues have high BODAnimal wastes and plants residues have high BOD • Chemical pesticides can leach into groundwaterChemical pesticides can leach into groundwater o Almost all streams and rivers are polluted withAlmost all streams and rivers are polluted with agricultural pesticidesagricultural pesticides
- 23. Municipal Water PollutionMunicipal Water Pollution
- 24. Industrial Wastes in WaterIndustrial Wastes in Water o Different industries generate different pollutantsDifferent industries generate different pollutants • Food processing plants- high BODFood processing plants- high BOD • Paper mills- High BOD and toxic compoundsPaper mills- High BOD and toxic compounds o Many industries recover toxins before they go intoMany industries recover toxins before they go into the waste streamthe waste stream
- 25. Case-In-Point Green ChemistryCase-In-Point Green Chemistry
- 27. Water Pollution in Other CountriesWater Pollution in Other Countries o Lake Maracaibo, VenezuelaLake Maracaibo, Venezuela • 10,000 oil wells tap lake bottom10,000 oil wells tap lake bottom • Leak oil into lakeLeak oil into lake • Agricultural wastesAgricultural wastes from local fieldsfrom local fields • Unit recently rawUnit recently raw human wastehuman waste polluted the lakepolluted the lake
- 28. Water Pollution in Other CountriesWater Pollution in Other Countries o Po River, ItalyPo River, Italy • Similar to Mississippi River • Pollutants: Sewage, industrial wastes, sediment • >16 million Italians depend on the river for drinking water • Pollution is high • Swimming and fishing prohibited • Cleanup will require a national management plan and may take decades
- 29. Water Pollution in Other CountriesWater Pollution in Other Countries o Ganges River, IndiaGanges River, India • Used for bathing and washingUsed for bathing and washing clothingclothing • Sewage and industrial wasteSewage and industrial waste discharged into riverdischarged into river • Ganga Action Plan initiated byGanga Action Plan initiated by governmentgovernment • Construction of 29 sewageConstruction of 29 sewage treatment plantstreatment plants
- 30. Improving Water Quality-Improving Water Quality- Purification of Drinking WaterPurification of Drinking Water o In US most municipalIn US most municipal water supplies arewater supplies are treatedtreated o Collected from waterCollected from water or reservoiror reservoir o TreatedTreated
- 31. o Treated waterTreated water distributed to customersdistributed to customers o Sewer lines bringSewer lines bring sewage to treatmentsewage to treatment plantplant o Sewage treated atSewage treated at sewage treatment plantsewage treatment plant Improving Water Quality-Improving Water Quality- Purification of Drinking WaterPurification of Drinking Water
- 32. Purification of Drinking WaterPurification of Drinking Water o Chlorine DilemmaChlorine Dilemma • Chlorine kills disease causing organismsChlorine kills disease causing organisms • Chlorine byproducts are linked to numerous cancers,Chlorine byproducts are linked to numerous cancers, miscarriages and birth defectsmiscarriages and birth defects • Peru stopped using chlorinePeru stopped using chlorine • 1991- huge cholera epidemic that infected 300,000 people1991- huge cholera epidemic that infected 300,000 people o FluoridationFluoridation • Prevents tooth decayPrevents tooth decay • Linked to cancer, kidney diseaseLinked to cancer, kidney disease
- 33. Municipal Sewage TreatmentMunicipal Sewage Treatment o Primary treatmentPrimary treatment • Removing suspended and floating particles by mechanicalRemoving suspended and floating particles by mechanical processesprocesses o Secondary treatmentSecondary treatment • Treating wastewater biologically to decompose suspended organicTreating wastewater biologically to decompose suspended organic material; reduces BODmaterial; reduces BOD
- 34. Municipal Sewage TreatmentMunicipal Sewage Treatment o Sewage SludgeSewage Sludge • Solids remaining after primary and secondary sewageSolids remaining after primary and secondary sewage treatment has been completedtreatment has been completed o Tertiary treatmentTertiary treatment • Advanced wastewater treatment methods that areAdvanced wastewater treatment methods that are sometimes employed after primary and secondarysometimes employed after primary and secondary treatmentstreatments • Reduce phosphorus and nitrogenReduce phosphorus and nitrogen
- 35. Municipal Sewage TreatmentMunicipal Sewage Treatment
- 36. Individual Septic System-Individual Septic System- Septic TankSeptic Tank
- 37. Individual Septic System-Individual Septic System- Drain FieldDrain Field
- 38. Laws Controlling Water PollutionLaws Controlling Water Pollution o Citizen Watchdogs to Monitor PollutionCitizen Watchdogs to Monitor Pollution o Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) • Set uniform federal standards for drinking waterSet uniform federal standards for drinking water • Maximum contaminant levelMaximum contaminant level o Clean Water Act (1972)Clean Water Act (1972) • EPA sets up and monitors National EmissionsEPA sets up and monitors National Emissions LimitationsLimitations • Effectively improved water quality from point sourcesEffectively improved water quality from point sources
- 39. Laws that Protect GroundwaterLaws that Protect Groundwater o Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Act o Resource, Conservation and Recovery ActResource, Conservation and Recovery Act