Lecture on Fish diseases.ppt
- 1. FISH DISEASES AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT PABITRA BARIK
- 2. What is Disease? Definition: any alteration of the body or one of its organs so as to disturb normal physiological function opposite of health = unhealthy or dysfunctional
- 3. Disease free healthy fish shows the following characters: Clean body Erect fins Bright body colour Bright eyed Faster movement Skin and fins intact conditions Common clinical signs shows by a fish affected with disease: Irregular swimming movement Jumping of the fish Rubbing the body against rough substrate Surfacing on water Refusal of feed Excessive mucus secretion Abdominal swelling Cyst formation Fin erosion Body deformities Gasping air
- 4. Fish organs affected with disease: External part- i.e. scale Mouth and anus Nostril Eyes Gills Internal organs- digestive tract, liver, kidney, gonad, etc.
- 5. Host-Pathogen-Environment Relation Host Pathogen Environment Disease In the development of disease, three factors interact Fish Virus, Bacteria Protozoa, Fungus Parasites etc Physico – chemical parameters of pond water and soil
- 6. Factors affecting on the Health of Fish Fluctuating Water & Soil Parameters Quality Fish Seed Quality Feed & Nutritionally Balanced Diet
- 7. Loss of natural Colour Fins and Tail Necrotic Wounds on the Body Breaths with Mouth Loss of Stability & Homeostasis Fish Comes to Surface & Swims slowly very often Eyes Enlarged and Exophthalmic Gills loose natural Red colour –Pale in Colour or Necrotic Heavy Mucous on the Body & Gills Edging Loss of Appetite Distended Abdomen – Colon filled with Fluid
- 8. COMMON TYPE OF DISEASES IN FRESHWATER FISH Parasitic Diseases Fungal Diseases Bacterial Diseases Nutritional Deficiency Problems Environmental Related Problems Crustacean Parasite Helminth Parasite Protozoan Parasites EUS
- 10. Tail Rot & Fin Rot Causative agent: Pseudomonas sp, Aeromonas sp • Tail & Fins Necrotic • Fish become ugly due to total necrosis of fins & tail • Muscles exposed Symptoms
- 12. .Mix OTC @ 100 Gms per ton of Fish per Day for 6-7 days •Reduce stocking Density • Better management of Water Quality Treatment
- 13. Hemorrhagic Septicemia (Infectious abdominal Dropsy) Causative Agent: Aeromonas sp. • Commonly Called as Red Diseases (sores on the body) • Dropsy • Colon, Intestine, Anus become reddish in colour • Eyes protruded • Pus comes out through anus • Common in summer season Symptoms
- 14. Red Disease
- 16. ULCER DUE TO THE AEROMONAS
- 17. •Mix 100 mg teramycine tablet/kg feed of Fish for 5-6 days •Application of 5 ppm Potassium permanganate •Manage Water quality • Infected fish should removed from the pond When dropsy makes its appearance, any dead fish should be collected, and buried. Those which have been ill are never put into hybernation together with healthy fish. After the fish have been removed the tanks should be disinfected with quick lime and are left dry throughout the winter period. Treatment
- 18. Columnaris (Commonly called as Saddle Back Disease ) Causative Agent: Flexibacter columnare 1. Initial stages exhibit small greyish patches over head, on the edges of the scales and on the fins, although the gills and lateral sides of the body may also be affected. A chararacteristic lesion produced by columnaris is a pale white band encircling the body, often referred to as saddle back. 2. In the later stage the pathogen penetrates the epidermis and dermis and forms red ulcerations in the musculature. The gill filaments disintegrating and gill necrosis observed. 3. Mass mortality of Fish particularly Rohu fish 4. Commonly noticed in Winter season Symptoms
- 19. Columnaris
- 20. •Mix OTC @ 100mg per Ton of Fish per day for 6-8 days •Reduce Stocking Density •Water Quality management •Pond bottom management Treatment
- 21. Diseases caused by Fungus (Fungal Diseases) Fish disease caused by fungal infection is encountered in eggs, fry, fingerlings and adult fishes. They are primarily recorded as secondary invader and are known to attack the host when it gets injured either mechanically or as a result of infection other than fungal.
- 22. Saprolegniasis (Water mold, Skin Fungus, Cotton Wool Disease) Saprolegniasis is mainly a secondary infection seen after damage to the fish integument (skin and gills) caused by parasites, viruses, bacterial infections and other skin damage. Other predisposing factors include water pollution and over crowding. Less commonly saprolegnia can act as a primary pathogen infecting fish that haven’t shown signs of previous damage. It is believed that such attacks are temperature-dependant, usually occurring at low temperatures, possibly as a consequence of a reduced immune response. As well as being a threat to fish, Fungus can also affect fish eggs. It is usually the infertile eggs that are first infected, but if untreated the fungus soon spreads to nearby, healthy eggs. Causative Agent: Saprolegnia parasitica
- 23. Symptoms of Saprolegniasis 1. Fish fungus appears as grey/white patches on the skin or gills of host fish or eggs that resemble tufts of cotton-wool. At a later stage they may become brown or green as they trap sediment or green algae. 2. Microscopic examination shows broad, non-septate (no dividing cell walls) hyphae of varying diameters. 3. Gills necrotic 4. Brushing against solid objects 5. In severe cases Saprolegnia may actually penetrate into the muscle tissue. 6. Fishes become lethargic, listless and less responsive to external stimuli
- 26. •Dry the pond and remove the silt •Reduce the stocking density •Reduce Organic Matter •Apply Formalin @ 1lt + 100 Gms of Malachite Green per Acre •Mix Salt @ 50-60 Kgs per ton of Feed for 5-6 days Treatment
- 27. Branchiomysis (Gill Rot) Causative Agent: Branchiomyces sanguinis for carp Branchiomyces demigrans for Pike & Tench
- 28. Symptoms of Branchiomycosis 1. The gills lose their normal red colour and turn yellowish brown 2. The affected gill filaments die, decompose, and fall off. 3.The fish become lethargic, gasp for air, breath with difficulty, and finally suffocate
- 30. Effect on Host: The pathogenic fungus forms long tubule in the gill epithelium of the fish. The hyphae displace the host tissue and stop the blood supply to the gills by causing swelling and destruction of the blood vessels. Large patches of the destroyed gills become necrotic and fall off.
- 31. •Dry the pond and remove the silt •Reduce the stocking density •Reduce Organic Matter •Liming the pond @ 50kg/ha •Apply Formalin @ 1lt + 100 Gms of Malachite Green per Acre •Mix Salt @ 50-60 Kgs per ton of Feed for 5-6 days •Bath treatment of the affected fish with Sodium Chloride @ 3- 5% Treatment
- 33. PROTOZOAN DISEASES Protozoans constitute one of the most important group of animal parasites affecting fish. Protozoans are one –celled organisms that consist of a cell nucleus enclosed by a cell membrane. Many of them cause fatal disease if the fish are not treated in time
- 34. Icthyophthiriasis (White spot disease, Sand grain or gravel disease or Ich) Causative Agent: Ichthyopthirius multifilis Symptoms: 1. Minute white spots, nodular in form and in size are visible on the skin, fins and gills 2. Affected fishes show irritation, erratic movement and restlessness with tendency to rub on the sides. 3. Heavy Mucous Secretion 4. Gills Necrotic 5. Looses natural colour and stops Feeding
- 35. Treatment: •Reduce Stocking Density •Apply Formalin @ 1 lt + 100 Gms malachite Green per acre
- 36. Trichodiniasis Causative Agent: Trichodina reticulata Symptoms: 1. Colour of the gills turn pale and there is a creamish coating due to excessive mucus secretion. 2. Heavily infested fishes gradually become sluggish and lose weight, and very often, there is asphyxia. 3. Fish Glides and Swims erratically and Dies 4. Gills necrotic 5. More acute during summer months
- 37. Treatment: •Reduce Stocking Density •Apply Formalin @ 1 lt + 100 Gms malachite Green per acre •Sodium chloride bath treatment @ 2-3% till the fishes are stressed •Reduce Organic Manure & Load
- 38. Myxosporidians Causative Agents: Myxobolus sp Symptoms: 1. Lives in Alimentary canal & Gills 2. Spores are spindle/ Oval shaped 3. Cysts are commonly seen in Gills as white spots 4. Each cyst contains lakhs of Spores 5. Commonly noticed in winter season -causes respiratory problem 6. Poor Growth
- 39. Treatment: • Drying of Pond • Mix Salt @ 50 kgs per ton of feed for 5 days •Formalin @ 1.5 Lts per Acre
- 40. Helminth Parasites Helminths of the group Monogenea parasite various fish species causing their growth retardation and mortality. Their body is dorsoventrally flattened. They have attachment organ, called haptor at the posterior end, with varying number of median and marginal hooks. They are ectoparasites. Generally host specific. Live on the skin and gill of fish. The grasping hooks on the posterior end serve to hold on to the skin of the host
- 41. Helminth Parasites Dactylogyrus Gyrodactylus Haptor with 14 marginal hooks, squamodisc absent Haptor with 16 marginal hooks, squamodisc present The anterior end is provided with two pairs of eye spots No eye spots Oviparous, laying eggs and live as parasites, particularly in gills Viviparous and liberates live young worms Head is scalloped V shaped head (bilobed) Parasitize particularly the gills Parasitize the skin and more rarely the gills
- 42. External symptoms of Dactylogyrus infection: 1.The colour of gills fade and there is excessive secretion of mucus causes reparatory problems. 2. At the site of attachment, gill tissue erosion occur 3. Growth reduction of affected fishes 4. In heavy infestation fishes become feeble and rest near the pond side Treatment: •Drying of Pond •Low Stocking Density •Application of 15 ppm formalin in pond •Sodium chloride bath treatment @ 3- 5% for 10 – 15 minutes
- 43. GYRODACTYLOSIS
- 44. External symptoms of Gyrodactylus infection: 1.Fading of the normal body colur 2. Dropping of scales 3. Excessive mucus secretion 4. Growth reduction of affected fishes 5. In heavy infestation fishes become feeble and rest near the pond side Treatment; •Drying of Pond •Low Stocking Density •Application of 15 ppm formalin in pond •Sodium chloride bath treatment @ 3- 5% for 10 – 15 minutes
- 45. Crustacean Parasites Crustaceans are almost without exception aquatic animals which breath by means of gills . The grater part of the crustaceans undergo a metamorphosis with frequently includes a nauplius stage. Sexual dimophism is common among parasitic crustaceans. Crustacean parasites are frequently found to infest fishes. Infestation of fishes in confined water very often causes serious diseases outbreak.
- 46. Argulosis (Fish lice) Causative Agent: Argulus foliaceous
- 47. External Symptoms: 1. The adult parasite is oval, flat, transparent to whitish with two conspicuous black spots. It attaches to the skin and fins of the fish via suckers and feeds on blood. 2. It is visible moving freely on the surface of the host fish. 3. Affected fishes are restless with erratic swimming behaviour 4. Loss of appetite 5. Attachment sites shows sign of ulceration 6. In case of severe infection, growth retardation and sometimes mortality occur. 7. Flickering and Gliding of Fish . Infested fish rub on submerged objects or bottom substrates in an attempt to dislodge the parasite from their skin 8. Heavy mucous on the body
- 48. Fish Lice
- 49. Propagation: Mature Argulus sp inhabit the host fish. After copulation the female leaves the host and lays sticky eggs (20 – 250) on the submerged vegetation, rocks objects etc. Eggs hatch into larva and develops into adult form after a few days. The entire life cycle Takes 40 – 100 days depending on the water temperature. All the Free living stages are parasitic to fish.
- 50. •Reduce Organic Matter • Apply Cypermethrin @ 100 ml per acre • Apply 1 – 2 ppm dichlorves (Nuvan) • Mix Ivermectin ( 0.1 %) in Feed @100-125 Gms per ton of Fish for 5days Treatment
- 52. Symptoms: 1.Infestation occurs in gills, buccal cavity, operculum and fins. 2. They look like whitish, elongated objects on the gill filaments. 3. They damage the fish by digesting its epithelial cells 4.Surfacing, lethargy and restlessness of affected fish occur 5. Since the parasites often change position on the fish, the gills Suffer widespread damage. 6. Secondary infections often occur, particularly with fungus. 7. Heavily infected fish suffer from anemia, become emaciated, and are susceptible to many other diseases.
- 53. Treatment: •Application of 5 ppm Potassium permanganate •Provide Balanced Diet •Reduce Stocking Density •Sodium chloride bath treatment @ 2-3% for 15 minutes
- 54. Lernaeosis (Anchor Worm) Causative Agent: Lernaea sp
- 55. Symptoms: 1. Fish body cavity and head region is affected by Lernaea sp 2. In light infestation the fishes are restless and rub against the sides and bottom of the pond due to irritation. 3. Heavily infested fishes become moribund with erratic movement and emaciation. 4. Parasite penetrates in the body and swallows the tissues and make host weaker and emaciated 5. More acute in winter season
- 56. Treatment: •Sodium chloride bath treatment @ 2- 5% for 15 minutes • Provide balanced highly vitaminised Feed • Reduce Stocking Density
- 57. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Mixed Infection of Bacteria, Fungus, Protozooans Black & White fish are affected in winter season Reddish & Grayish wounds are noticed on the Body Mass mortality of Fish noticed
- 59. • Apply Quicklime @ 50 kgs + 30 kgs salt per acre •Sulphadiazine application in feed @ 100mg/kg of feed • Mix OTC( 10 %) @100 Gms + Furazolidon @ (20%) @50 Gms per ton of Fish per day for 6-7 days •Application of CIFAX gives good result Treatment
- 61. Nutritional Deficiency Problems Problem Symptoms Deficiency Lordosis Wrinkle of Body Vit. C ,A, P,Mg Catract Fatty Layer in Retina Methionine,Vit.A Necrotic Fin & Tail Rot Lysine,Vit. A&C Fatty Liver High Fat in Liver Cholin, Stale feeds Blood Spots Blood spots at Fin Riboflavin & bases Pantothenic Acid
- 62. Environmental problems 1. High Nitrite: > 01 ppm of Nitrite in the water Toxic to fishes – causes Respiratory problem Gills become Chocolate colour Treatment: •Water Exchange •Apply Quicklime @ 30-40 Kgs + 40 kgs per acre •Use Bioremediators
- 63. >0.1 Free ammonia is Toxic to Fish Fish Becomes lethargic Surfacing during early morning Stops Feeding Mass Mortality Treatment: •Water Exchange •Apply Zeolite @ 10-15 Kgs per Acre Ammonia Toxicity
- 64. Oxygen Deficiency < 2 ppm of Oxygen is harmful to Fish Surfacing & Air Gulping during early morning Mass level Mortality Fish Colour fades and become pale Treatment: • Exchange with freshwater • Apply Calcium Peroxide @ 500-600 Gms per Acre • Apply Hydrogen Peroxide @ 500-750 ml per Acre
- 65. Disease Prevention Measures • Good water & Soil Characteristics • Quality and balanced Diet Protein: 18-20 % Fat : 3-4 % Energy: 3500-4500 Kcal per kg Feed • Better management Practices • Drying of Pond and Removal of Silt in everyyear • High stocking Density should be avoided • Removal of / Prevention of Entry of Molluscs ,Weed Fish • Selection of Quality Fish Seed • Treatment of Fish seed with 1% salt and Potassium permanganate before stocking
- 66. Probiotics are dietary supplements of live microorganisms thought to be healthy for the host organism. According to the currently adopted definition by FAO/WHO, probiotics are: "Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host". Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics; but also certain yeasts and bacilli are available. PROBIOTICS
- 67. SOME USEFUL CHEMICALS AND MEDICINE TO CONTROL FISH DISEASES
- 68. Formalin • Aqueous solution of of 37 – 40% by weight of formaldehyde gas • It kills protozoan, fungal and helminth parasites • Formalin is highly toxic to phytoplankton and oxygen depletion may occur in pond due to algal death BKC (Benzalkonium Chloride) • It is a compound of mixture of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides. • It has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal property • This compound is available as 50% and 20% solution commercially. • Dosage for treatment of pond water is 0.5 – 1.0 ppm for 50% solution and 1.0-2.0 ppm for 20% solution
- 69. Potassium Permanganate •It is a strong oxidising agent with good antimicrobial activity • It releases nascent oxygen while desolving in water. •The nascent oxygen destroys micro organisms as well as organic organic substances, through its oxidising action •Do not use Potassium permanganate frequently since the manganese metal and manganese dioxide may settle on the gill surface of fish/ prawn and interfere with their respiration Malachite Green • It is greenish crystal with metalic lusture. It is very soluble in water The water solution appears as blue-green * It is very effective against fungal disease.
- 70. Zeolite •It occurs naturally in sedimentary and volcanic rocks •Commercially it is found in the form of grayish-powder form •The cations in zeolite are mobile and capable of undergoing ion exchange. Therefore zeolite act as a cation exchanger. It can selectively absorb NH4 + in water Acriflavine • It is also known as 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride • It is an antiseptic, protozoacide.
- 71. Oxytetracycline (OTC) • It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic against gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria • It is also effective against some protozoan infections • It inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins. Thus the growth of bacteria is controlled • It is readily absorbed from the intestinal tract and can get into bacterial cell quickly. Hence it is more effective when given orally
- 72. VACCINATION