Lecture1
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This document provides an introduction and overview for a course on programming using C++. The course assumes no prior programming experience. It will cover common C++ syntax, functions, classes, pointers, references, and object-oriented design. The course consists of 10 lectures covering various C++ topics. By the end of the course, students should have a working knowledge of C++ and be able to write their own functions and classes. While not comprehensive, the course aims to provide students with a solid foundation in C++.
Lecture1
- 1. Introduction to Programming using C++ Lecture One: Getting Started Carl Gwilliam gwilliam@hep.ph.liv.ac.uk http://hep.ph.liv.ac.uk/~gwilliam/cppcourse
- 2. Course Prerequisites • What you should already know about C++ NOTHING!! • I have assumed: – You have never encountered C++ before. – You have limited to no programming experience in any language.
- 3. By the end of the course • You should: – Have a working knowledge of all of the common C++ syntax. – Know how to avoid common coding pitfalls. – Be able to use and create your own functions and classes. – Recognise the advantages of using pointers and references. – Be able to understand the fundamental ideas of object oriented (OO) design. • Be aware! – This is not the comprehensive course for C++! – Some advanced topics will not be covered in this course. – Project specific C++ courses are worth attending if you have time. • You are learning a sophisticated language! It will take some time and a fair amount of hands-on experience to become familiar with C++.
- 4. Course format • Lecture 1: Getting Started – Statements, variables, types, operators, I/O, conditional statements • Lecture 2: Further Syntax – For and while loops, increment and logical operators, sorting algorithms • Lecture 3: Functions – Library and user functions, declarations, arguments, overloading • Lecture 4: Pointers and References – References, pointers, passing by reference, pointers and arrays, consts • Lecture 5: Introducing Classes – Declarations, member variables and functions, accessors, overloading
- 5. Course Format • Lecture 6: Classes in Practice – Constructors and destructors, constant functions, memory management • Lecture 7: Designing Classes – Passing by const reference, copy constructors, overloading operators • Lecture 8: Towards OO Design – Inheritance, virtual functions, multiple inheritance, abstract classes • Lecture 9: Templates & the STL – Function & Class Templates, Specialisation, String, Vector, Map • Lecture 10: File I/O and Streams – Reading, writing, formatting, strings as streams
- 6. Why do you need to learn how to write code? "I am not a computer scientist!“ • Software development skills are usually required in every element of your project - from extracting data to getting your results published. • It will be very useful to learn good programming techniques now so you can save a lot of time later.
- 7. Why Learn C++? "I already know how to program in FORTRAN/C/ASSEMBLER so why do I have to bother with C++?“ • In recent times there has been a shift from procedural languages such as FORTRAN to OO-style languages such as C++ and Java. • The language of choice, for now, is C++. • C++ is ideally suited for projects where the active developers are not located in the same place. • Our survey says: almost all of the current HEP Ph.D. students write and execute C++ code on a daily basis. C++ is not the answer, it is a reasonable solution..
- 8. Hello World! • Every C++ program must contain one (and only one) main function. • When the program is executed "Hello World" is displayed on the terminal screen. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello World!"; return 0; } • The first complete C++ program in this course:
- 9. Compiling Hello World • Once the code is written is has to be compiled: g++ -Wall -o Hello.exe HelloWorld.cpp • If the code compiles successfully an object file (HelloWorld.o) is created. • This object file is then linked with other object files and libraries required to create the exe. • The executable can be run at the command prompt, just like any other UNIX command.
- 10. A simple example int a; float b; float c; float d = 10.2; float result; // get two numbers cout << "Enter two numbers" << endl; cin >> a; cin >> b; c = 2.1; result = b * a + c; result = (result + 2)/d; // display the answer cout << "Result of calculation: " << result << endl;
- 11. Statements • Statements are used to control the sequence of execution, evaluate an expression (or even do nothing). • ALL statements are terminated with a semi colon ; cout << "Enter two numbers" << endl; result = b * a + c; result= b* a +c ; //is the same as result = b * a + c; • One statement can trail over several lines. • Code is easier to read with a sensible use of whitespace.
- 12. Comments • Comments are useful for you and other developers! // get two numbers // display the answer • A comment begins with // and ends with a line break. • Comments indicate the purpose of the surrounding code. • They can be placed anywhere in the program, except within the body of a statement: // this is a valid comment result = b * a; // this is also valid result = // this is NOT valid (result + 2)/d; /* You may also use this „C‟ style comment to span multiple lines */
- 13. Variables • Variable ‘a’ has a type integer associated with some object of type integer. • Variable ‘d’ has a type float associated with some object of type float with a value of 10.2 • A variable is a name associated with a location in computer memory used to store a value. • In order to use a variable in C++, we must first declare it by specifying which data type we want it to be. int a; float d = 10.2;
- 14. Variable Types • The compiler needs to know how much memory to set aside for the object associated with the variable. • Each type requires a specific amount of space in memory. • What does it mean to say a variable has a type? • The C++ built-in types are: int a; //integer float b; //real double c; //real bool d; //boolean (o or 1) char e; //character (ASCII value)
- 15. The Built-in Types • That is all? How does C++ deal with complex numbers? • C++ has the capacity to create user defined types. This is a fundamental concept of the language. Type Size (bytes) Range bool 1 true/false char 1 256 chars int 2 or 4 (see below) short int 2 ± 32,768 long int 4 ± 2.1*109 float 4 ±3.4*1038 double 8 ±1.8*10308 1 byte = 8 bits = 28 possible combos. Size determined by the compiler. Range can be doubled by using unsigned int
- 16. Initialisation • When declaring a variable, it’s value is by default undetermined. • We can give the variable a value at the same moment it is declared • There are two ways to do this in C++. – The more used c-like method: – The constructor method: • It is good practice to always initialise a variable to a value // type identifier = initial_value int a = 0; // type identifier (initial_value) int a(0);
- 17. Assignment • Do not mistake the above statements for algebra! • Value of the expression to the right of the assignment operator (rvalue) is assigned to the variable on the left (the lvalue). Remember assignment is right-to-left: c = 2.1; //assignment operator result = b * a + c; c = 2.1; //c assigned the value 2.1 2.1 = c; //incorrect! • A variable can be assigned (or reassigned) to a particular value with the assignment operator (=).
- 18. Arithmetic Operators • Be careful applying the division operator when assigning a variable with a different type: • There are five primary mathematical operators: int a = 8; int b = 5; float c = a / b; // c is 1 c = (float)a / (float)b; // c is 1.6 Addition + Subtraction - Multiplication * Division / Modulus % the modulus is the remainder from integer division (e.g. 33%6 is equal to 3). Casting an integer to a float (‘c’-style)
- 19. Multiple Operators and Precedence • Do not assume that an expression is evaluated from left to right by the compiler. In C++, an operator has a precedence value. result = b * a + c; result = (result + 2)/d; • There are no restrictions on the amount of operators in an expression. float a = 6 * 4 + 4 * 2; // answer is 32 float b = 6 * (4+4) * 2; // answer is 96 // expression is incomprehensible float c = b+c * 2/d + 3 + b/c + d - b *c/d; // still unclear! float d = b + ((c*2)/(d+3)+(b/(c+d))-(b*c/d)); * / % + - PRESEDENCE
- 20. Input and Output • For now, you can use these statements without fully appreciating the syntax. • cin reads information from the keyboard and cout prints information to the terminal (they’re defined in the header iosteam). cin >> a; cout << "Enter two numbers" << endl; float a = 13.3; cout << "This is a string" << endl; cout << "Value of a: " << a << endl; cout << "a: " << (int) a << endl; cout << "a =t" << a << "n"; This is a string Value of a: 13.3 a: 13 a = 13.3 New line n Horizontal tab t Backspace b Alert a Backslash
- 21. Equality example float a, b, c = 0; cout << "Enter two numbers“ << endl; cin >> a; cin >> b; c = a - b; if (a == b) cout << "Two numbers are equaln"; if (!c) { cout << "Two numbers are equaln"; return 0; } if (a > b) { cout << "The first number is greatern"; } else { cout << "The second number is greatern"; } return 0;
- 22. Conditional Statements • Apply the condition in the expression to determine if the statement will be executed. • The capability of altering the program flow depending on a outcome of an expression is a powerful tool in programming. • The expression is a conditional statement is always evaluated as false (0) or true (non-0). if (expression) statement;
- 23. Conditional Statements • A statement will be included in the program flow if the condition is true. • The greater than symbol > and the equivalence symbol == are relational operators. if (a > b) statement; if (a == b) statement; int x = 4; int y = 3; if (x = 4) cout << “x equals 4n”; if (y = 4) cout << “y equals 4n”; x equals 4 y equals 4 Condition is always true • Remember the difference between the assignment (=) and equivalence (==) operators!
- 24. Relational Operators • Relational operators are used to evaluate if an expression is true or false. • The negation operator ! inverts the logic of the result. if (!(x > y)) cout << “x less than y”; x < y Less than x <= y Less than or equal to x > y Greater than x >= y Greater than or equal to x == y equal x != y Not equal
- 25. Boolean Logic • Conditional statements use boolean logic to determine whether the expression is true or false. • A non-zero value is true, a zero value is false. if (!c) int x = 2; int y = 0; if (x) cout << “x equals 2” << endl; if (!y) cout << “y equals 0” << endl; x equals 2 y equals 0 Boolean logic is used frequently in C++ so be prepared!
- 26. Compound Statements • Compound statements (or blocks) act as a single statement. • They enable multiple statements to be attached to one condition. • Blocks are started and ended with braces { } • A ; is not placed at the end of a block { statement 1; : statement n; }
- 27. If-else Statements • Note, else block is only executed if none of above is true if (expression) { block a; } else { block b; } if (a > b) { : } else if (a < b) { : } else { : } if (a > b) { if (a >= c) { : } else { : } } • A true condition in the if expression will result in block a being executed otherwise block b will be executed. • The if statement can be used for multiple conditions and nested conditions: