Lecture2_IntroductionToPHP_Spring2023.pdf

IS333 Web based information systems
By. Shaimaa Mohamed Galal
PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor

Outline
What is PHP?
What can PHP do?
Why PHP?
Setup your PHP on your own PC.
PHP Basic syntax.
PHP Variables scope.
PHP Arrays.
PHP Forms.
PHP Functions.

What is a PHP?
⦁ PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
⦁ PHP files can contain text, HTML, JavaScript code,
and PHP code
⦁ PHP code are executed on the server, and the result
is returned to the browser as plain HTML
⦁ PHP files have a default file extension of ".php"

What Can PHP Do?
⦁ PHP can generate dynamic page content
⦁ PHP can create, open, read, write, and close files on
the server
⦁ PHP can collect form data
⦁ PHP can send and receive cookies
⦁ PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
⦁ PHP can restrict users to access some pages on
your website
⦁ PHP can encrypt data

Why PHP?
⦁ PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux,
Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
⦁ PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today
(Apache, IIS, etc.)
⦁ PHP has support for a wide range of databases
⦁ PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP
resource: www.php.net
⦁ PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the
server side

Set Up PHP on Your Own PC
⦁ We use local computer and PHP is a server sider
language:
⦁ You need to install a web server (Localhost)
⦁ Install XAMPP (https://www.apachefriends.org/)
⦁ XAMPP provide MySQL DB engine
⦁ YouTube video of how
to install XAMPP
⦁ https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=mXdpCRg
R-xE

XAMPP control panel and configuration

PHPMyAdmin (localhost/phpmyadmin/)

PHP Editors
⦁ A lot of PHP are available online.
⦁ RapidPHP: is a lightweight PHP editor and IDE
30 Days
Trial

PHP Editors
⦁ Atom: is a lightweight PHP editor
Free

Basic PHP Syntax
A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the
document. A PHP script starts with <?php and ends
with ?>:
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

Comments in PHP
⦁ Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
//This is a PHP comment line
/*
This is a PHP comment
block
*/
?>
</body>
</html>

PHP Variables
⦁ Variable can have short names (like x and y) or more
descriptive names (age, carname, totalvolume).
⦁ Rules for PHP variables:
▪ A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of
the variable
▪ A variable name must begin with a letter or the
underscore character
▪ A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric
characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
▪ A variable name should not contain spaces
▪ Variable names are case sensitive ($y and $Y are two
different variables)

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables
⦁ PHP has no command for declaring a variable.
⦁ A variable is created the moment you first assign a
value to it:
⦁ $txt="Hello world!";
$x=5;
⦁ After the execution of the statements above, the
variable txt will hold the value Hello world!, and the
variable xwill hold the value 5.
⦁ Note: When you assign a text value to a variable,
put quotes around the value.

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language
⦁ In the example above, notice that we did not have to
tell PHP which data type the variable is.
⦁ PHP automatically converts the variable to the
correct data type, depending on its value.
⦁ In a strongly typed programming language, we will
have to declare (define) the type and name of the
variable before using it.

PHP Variable Scopes
⦁ The scope of a variable is the part of the script
where the variable can be referenced/used.
⦁ PHP has four different variable scopes:
⦁ local
⦁ global
⦁ static
⦁ parameter

Local Scope
⦁ A variable declared within a PHP function is local
and can only be accessed within that function:
⦁ Example
<?php
$x=5; // global scope
function myTest()
{
echo $x; // local scope
}
myTest();
?>

Global Scope
⦁ A variable that is defined outside of any function,
has a global scope.
⦁ Global variables can be accessed from any part of
the script, EXCEPT from within a function.
⦁ To access a global variable from within a function,
use the global keyword:

Global Scope
⦁ Example
⦁ <?php
$x=5; // global scope
$y=10; // global scope
function myTest()
{
global $x,$y;
$y=$x+$y;
}
myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>

PHP Superglobals (Global Variables)
• Predefined variables in PHP are "superglobals“.
• They are always accessible, regardless of
scope - and you can access them from any
function, class or file without having to do
anything special.
• The PHP superglobal variables are:
•$GLOBALS
•$_SERVER
•$_REQUEST
•$_POST
•$_GET
•$_FILES
•$_ENV
•$_COOKIE
•$_SESSION

Static Scope
⦁ When a function is completed, all of its variables are
normally deleted. However, sometimes you want a
local variable to not be deleted.
⦁ To do this, use the static keyword when you first
declare the variable:

Static Scope
⦁ Example
<?php
function myTest()
{
static $x=0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>
🞂 OUTPUT ?

Parameter Scope
⦁ A parameter is a local variable whose value is
passed to the function by the calling code.
⦁ Parameters are declared in a parameter list as part
of the function declaration:
⦁ Example : <?php
function myTest($x)
{
echo $x;
}
myTest(5);
?>

PHP echo and print Statements
⦁ In PHP there is two basic ways to get output:
echo and print.
⦁ There are some differences between echo and
print:
⦁ echo - can output one or more strings
⦁ print - can only output one string, and returns always 1
⦁ Tip: echo is marginally faster compared to print
as echo does not return any value.
<?php
echo "<h2>PHP is fun!</h2>";
echo "Hello world!<br>";
echo "This", " string", " was", " made", " with multiple
parameters.";
?>

PHP Arrays
⦁ An array stores multiple values in one single
variable:
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " .
$cars[2] . ".";
?>

Create an Array in PHP
• In PHP, the array() function is used to create an
array:
• Example :
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
• In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
▪ Indexed arrays - Arrays with numeric index
▪ Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
▪ Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more
arrays

PHP Indexed Arrays
⦁ There are two ways to create indexed arrays:
⦁ The index can be assigned automatically (index
always starts at 0):
⦁ $cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
OR
⦁ The index can be assigned manually:
$cars[0]="Volvo";
$cars[1]="BMW";
$cars[2]="Toyota";

PHP Associative Arrays
⦁ Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys
that you assign to them.
⦁ There are two ways to create an associative array:
⦁ $age=array("Peter"=>"35","Ben"=>"37","Joe"=>"43
");
OR
⦁ $age['Peter']="35";
$age['Ben']="37";
$age['Joe']="43";

PHP Associative Arrays
⦁ Example
<?php
$age=array("Peter"=>"35","Ben"=>"37","Joe"=>"43");
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
// Output : Peter is 35 years old.

PHP Multidimensional Arrays
➢ An array can also contain another array as a value,
which in turn can hold other arrays as well. In such a
way we can create two- or three-dimensional arrays:
Example
<?php
// A two-dimensional array:
$cars = array
(
array("Volvo",100,96),
array("BMW",60,59),
array("Toyota",110,100)
);
?>

The foreach Loop
• The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used
to loop through each key/value pair in an array.
foreach ($array as $value)
{
code to be executed;
}
For every loop iteration, the value of the
current array element is assigned to
$value (and the array pointer is moved by
one) - so on the next loop iteration, you'll
be looking at the next array value.

The foreach Loop
Example:
<?php
$x=array("one","two","three");
foreach ($x as $value)
{
echo $value . "<br>";
}
?>

The foreach Loop
In PHP, we have the following loop types:
• while - loops through a block of code as long as
the specified condition is true
• do...while - loops through a block of code once,
and then repeats the loop as long as the specified
condition is true
• for - loops through a block of code a specified
number of times
• foreach - loops through a block of code for each
element in an array

PHP Form Handling
<p>Guessing game...</p>
<form>
<p><label for="guess">Input
Guess</label>
<input type="text" name="guess"/></p>
<input type="submit"/>
</form>
form1.php

$_GET and $_POST
• PHP loads the values for the URL parameters into
an array called $_GET and the POST parameters
into an array called $_POST
• There is another array called $_REQUEST which
merges GET and POST data

<form>
Guess</label>
<input type="text" name="guess"></p>
</form>
<?php
print_r($_GET);
?>
form2.php

<form method="post">
Guess</label>
<input type="text" name="guess"
size="40"/></p>
</form>
<pre>
$_POST:
<?php
print_r($_POST);
?>
$_GET:
<?php
print_r($_GET);
?>
form3.php

PHP $_GET Variable
• The predefined $_GET variable is used to collect
values in a form with method="get"
• Information sent from a form with the GET method is
visible to everyone (it will be displayed in the
browser's address bar) and has limits on the amount
of information to send.
• Example
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
Age: <input type="text" name="age">
<input type="submit">
</form>

• When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL sent
to the server could look something like this:
http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php?fname=Peter&age=37
• The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET variable
to collect form data as follow:
PHP $_GET Variable
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["fname"]; ?>.<br>
You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!

The $_POST Variable
• The predefined $_POST variable is used to collect
values from a form sent with method="post".
• Information sent from a form with the POST method
is invisible to others and has no limits on the amount
of information to send.
• Note: However, there is an 8 MB max size for the
POST method, by default (can be changed by
setting the post_max_size in the php.ini file).

PHP Functions
⦁ PHP Defined Functions
⦁ Built-in PHP functions,
⦁ A function will be executed by a call to the function.

PHP Functions – Built in Functions

PHP Functions
⦁ PHP User Defined Functions
⦁ Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can create our own
functions.
⦁ A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a
program.
⦁ A function will not execute immediately when a page loads.
⦁ A function will be executed by a call to the function.
⦁ Create a User Defined Function in PHP
⦁ A user defined function declaration starts with the word "function":
Syntax
function functionName(arg1, arg2…)
{
code to be executed;
}
⦁ Note: A function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a
number).

PHP Functions – User Defined Functions

PHP tutorials
W3schools
https://www.w3schools.com/php/
YouTube Channel (Dani Krossings) Procedural PHP
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVU3V0A05k8&list
=PL0eyrZgxdwhwBToawjm9faF1ixePexft-

Lecture2_IntroductionToPHP_Spring2023.pdf

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