Lecture5 microprocessor (Microprocessor).ppt

Computer Fundamentals
Lecture # 5:
Microprocessor

Today’s Objectives:
 To study Microprocessor and its various
Subsystems

Microprocessor:
 The Brain of the computer
 Silicon Chip (IC)
 Latest Pentium-4 has around 125 million transistors
 Performs Billions of Instructions per second
 Combines with other devices such as Memory and
I/O to form a “Microprocessor system”

Microprocessor Models:
 The “Calculator” Model
 Should be able to
 Take Data
 Decode
 Execute
 Give Results

Components Required for the
“Calculator” Model
 Control Unit; for decoding signals and
activate the devices (memories, buses,
registers) in a proper sequence
 Arithmetic Unit; to perform mathematical
calculations

Machine Cycle
 The series of steps taken by the CPU to
execute an instruction is called ‘Machine
Cycle’
 Two smaller Cycles
 Instruction Cycle
 Execution Cycle
 Instruction Cycle
1. Fetching: Fetching a command from memory
2. Decoding: Map the command to Instructions

Machine Cycle
 Execution Cycle
1. Executing: CPU converts the instructions into
microcode and carries them out
2. Storing: (Optional) The CPU stores the result
somewhere in the memory

Components of a Microprocessor
 Memory; stores data and instructions
 Bus Interface Unit; transfers data in and out of the
Processor, instructions into the Processor
 Instruction Decoder; Decodes Instructions
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit; Performs Math,
Comparisons and Logical Operations on Integers
 Control Unit; Controls and Manages all the
Processing

The Memory Bottleneck:
 Accessing RAM for Data/Instructions is slow
 Solution:
 Registers attached to the ALU (for data currently
in use)
 Cache Memory (for most frequently used data)
 Internal Cache (on processor chip)
 Instruction Cache
 Data Cache
 External Cache (on motherboard)

The “Real Numbers” Processing:
 Real Numbers
 Use in Computing
 Floating Point Unit; Processes the Real
Numbers faster than an ALU

The Final Picture:
Registers
Registers
Instruction
Cache
Arithmetic
& Logic
Unit
Control
Unit
Bus
Interface
Unit
Data
Cache
Instruction
Decoder
I/O
RAM
Memory
Bus
System
Bus Floating
Point
Unit

The Instruction Set:
 A Microprocessor’s Language; Low-Level, Single Step
Instructions
 Also called Program code, Binary code or Machine code
 Difficult to change after implementation
 Architecture dependant
 Design Issues:
 Silicon Real Estate
 Cost
 Expandability
 Legacy Support
 Complexity
 Power Consumption
 Deign Types
 CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Microcontroller
(A Microprocessor system):
 Basic components of a microprocessor
system combined on a single chip
 The CPU core
 RAM and ROM
 I/O ports (Parallel & Serial)
 Timers and Interrupts
 Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC), etc

Microcontrollers
 Used in Autonomous Systems
 ovens, ATMs, vehicles
 Advantage:
 Compact integrated design on single chip
 Reduced interface

Lecture5 microprocessor (Microprocessor).ppt

Microprocessor, Yesterday and Today:
 Busicom’s Desk Calculators
 1971, Intel’s 1st Microprocessor-4004
 2250 Transistors
 740 KHz, 60,000 Op/sec
 16 pins
 10 Microns
 As Powerful as ENIAC
 2001, Intel’s P4 – Today’s Processor
 55 Million Transistors
 32-bit Word size
 2.2 GHz
 2 ALUs
 128 bit FPU
 0.13 Micron

Moore’s Law:
 Presented by Gordon
Moore, 1965, Intel
Corp.
 No. of Transistors on
the Processor Chip Will
Double in 18 months

Better Future Processors?
 Capabilities should Include:
 Higher Clock Frequency
 Greater Word Width
 More Functioning Units
 Better Caching Algorithm
 Right Cache Size
 What else?

Lecture5 microprocessor (Microprocessor).ppt

More Related Content

Similar to Lecture5 microprocessor (Microprocessor).ppt (20)

More from engrkarimullah5806 (7)

Recently uploaded (20)

Lecture5 microprocessor (Microprocessor).ppt