Micro controller and dsp processor

Submitted to
Er. Suryaprakash Dwivedi
Faculty of engineering and technology
M.G.C.G.V. Chitrakoot, Satna
(M.P.) – 485334
Submitted by
Name - Shubham Mishra
Roll N. - 5
Branch- I.T.
Semester- 6th
Date- 16/05/2018
Presentation on
Topic- Microcontroller & DSP Processor

What is Microcontroller
• A microcontroller is an electronic device belonging to the microcomputer
family. These are fabricated using the VLSI technology on a single chip. There
are microcontrollers available in the present market with different word
length starting from 4 bit, 8 bit, 64 bit to 128 bit.
• Basically, a device which integrates a number of the components of a
microprocessor system onto a single chip. Generally Microcontroller combines
on the same chip: The CPU core, I/o and Memory etc.
• The microcontroller is a microprocessor with some basic modules.• Only need to be supplied power and clocking
• It is a single-chip computer.
• Microcontrollers are used in various
automatically controlled devices such as remote
controls, automobile engine control systems,
medical devices, power tools, office machines,
toys, and other embedded systems.

Features of a Microcontroller
1. The main advantage of a CISC (complex instruction set computer)
architecture, with which the modern microcontrollers are built, is
the macro-type instructions. A macro instruction can be used in a
program replacing a number of instructions.
2. Latest microcontrollers are operated at lesser power consumption.
Usually, they can support a working voltage of 1.8-5.5 V.
3. Advanced memory is another feature of a microcontroller. Use of
ROM memories like EEPROM and EPROM (flash memory) make it
more reliable and user-friendly. While EEPROM is a relatively slow
memory, EPROM is faster. Fact that it allows more erase/write
cycles also makes it more usable.
4. Microcontrollers are available with extra features such as analog-
to-digital converters (ADCs), pulse-width modulation (PWM),

Types of Microcontrollers
Categorization based on bit size - To simplify greatly, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit
means the size of each instruction the CPU executes. Since all code will be compiled down to these
instructions it means the final size will also increase.
1. 8-bit microcontroller which executes basic functions such as arithmetic and logic operations.
Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller. Most 8-bit processors are old and run on old
architectures, so they tend to be slower. They are also made more cheaply, since that is where
the competition is at the 8-bit point, and this makes them tend towards slowness. They also tend
to have a low limit on supported RAM/other storage, but the actual amount depends on the
family.
2. 16-bit microcontroller are more accurate and provide better performance compared to the 8-
bit microcontrollers. Example of 16 bit microcontroller a is Intel 8096. 16-bit microcontroller are
generally restricted to 64K of memory, but may also use paging techniques to get around this.
32-bit microcontrollers of course have no such restrictions and can address up to 4GB of
memory. 16-bit processors tend to focus on price as well, but there is a large range of parts
available, some of which have fairly high performance and large amounts of on-chip peripherals.
These parts usually perform faster than 8-bit parts on math where the precision is greater than 8
bits, and tend to have more addressable memory.
3. 32-bit microcontrollers are used to execute higher functions where precise automatic control
is required. The best example of such a microcontroller application is implantable medical

Categorization based on
Instruction Set
There are two classifications based on the instruction set.
They are CISC and RISC.
1. CISC - A complex instruction set computer is a
computer where single instructions can perform
numerous low-level operations like a load from memory,
an arithmetic operation, and a memory store or are
accomplished by multi-step processes or addressing
modes in single instructions, as its name proposes
“Complex Instruction Set ”.
It is a CPU design plan based on single commands, which
are skilled in executing multi-step operations. CISC
computers have small programs. It has a huge number of
compound instructions, which takes a long time to
perform. Here, a single set of instruction is protected in
several steps; each instruction set has additional than 300

2. RISC - A reduced instruction set computer is a
computer which only uses simple commands that
can be divided into several instructions which
achieve low-level operation within a single CLK
cycle, as its name proposes “Reduced Instruction
Set”.
It is a CPU design plan based on simple orders and
acts fast.
This is small or reduced set of instructions. Here,
every instruction is expected to attain very small
jobs. In this machine, the instruction sets are
modest and simple, which help in comprising more
complex commands. Each instruction is of the
similar length; these are wound together to get
compound tasks done in a single operation. Most

BASIS FOR COMPARISON RISC CISC
Emphasis on Software Hardware
Includes Single clock Multi-clock
Instruction-set size Small Large
Instruction formats fixed (32-bit) format Varying formats (16-64 bits each instruction).
Addressing modes used Limited to 3-5 12-24
General purpose registers used 32-192 8-24
Memory inferences Register to register Memory to memory
Cache design Split data cache and instruction
cache.
Unified cache for instructions and data.
Clock rate 50-150 MHz 33-50 MHz
Cycles Per Instruction Single cycle for all instructions and
an average CPI < 1.5.
CPI between 2 and 15.
CPU Control Hardwired without control memory. Microcoded using control memory (ROM).
Comparison between RISC and CISC

Categorization based on Memory
Architecture
Many years ago, in the late 1940's, the US Government asked
Harvard and Princeton universities to come up with a
computer architecture to be used in computing distances of
Naval artillery shell for defense applications. Princeton
suggested computer architecture with a single memory
interface. It is also known as Von Neumann architecture after
the name of the chief scientist of the project in Princeton
University John Von Neumann
1. Harvard Memory Architecture
Microcontroller: The Harvard architecture offers
separate storage and signal buses for instructions and data.
This architecture has data storage entirely contained within
the CPU, and there is no access to the instruction storage as
data. Computers have separate memory areas for program
instructions and data using internal data buses, allowing
simultaneous access to both instructions and data.
Programs needed to be loaded by an operator; the processor
could not boot itself. In a Harvard architecture, there is no
need to make the two memories share properties. The point
when a microcontroller unit has a dissimilar memory address

2. Von Neumann or Princeton
Memory Architecture
Microcontroller: The Von Neumann
architecture was first proposed by a
computer scientist John von Neumann. In
this architecture, one data path or bus
exists for both instruction and data. As a
result, the CPU does one operation at a
time. It either fetches an instruction from
memory, or performs read/write operation
on data. So an instruction fetch and a data
operation cannot occur simultaneously,
sharing a common bus. The point when a
microcontroller has a common memory
address for the program memory and data

Categorization based on memory
• According to the memory space inside the microcontroller, the
microcontrollers are classified as external memory
microcontroller and embedded memory microcontroller.
1. External memory microcontroller: It does not have all
the integral parts fabricated on a single chip, especially the
memory. Intel 8031 is such a device which does not have the
program memory on the chip.
2. Embedded memory microcontroller : As the name
indicates it has all the functioning bocks including the
program and data memory fabricated on a single chip. 8051
is an example.

HOW DOES THE MICROCONTROLLER
OPERATE
Even though there is a large number of different types of
microcontrollers and even more programs created for their use
only, all of them have many things in common. Thus, if you learn
to handle one of them you will be able to handle them all. A typical
scenario on the basis of which it all functions is as follows:

• Power supply is turned off and everything is still…the program is
loaded into the microcontroller, nothing indicates what is about to
come…
• Power supply is turned on and everything starts to happen at high
speed! The control logic unit keeps everything under control. It
disables all other circuits except quartz crystal to operate. While the
preparations are in progress, the first milliseconds go by.
• Power supply voltage reaches its maximum and oscillator frequency
becomes stable. SFRs are being filled with bits reflecting the state of
all circuits within the microcontroller. All pins are configured as
inputs. The overall electronis starts operation in rhythm with pulse
sequence. From now on the time is measured in micro and
nanoseconds.
• Program Counter is set to zero. Instruction from that address is sent
to instruction decoder which recognizes it, after which it is executed

Microcontroller architecture
• CPU: Being regarded as the brain of the
microcontroller, central processing unit
fetches, decodes and executes the
instructions. It coordinates various
activities taking place in the
microcontroller.
• I/O ports: There are several parallel
input/output ports in a microcontroller.
They are used to interface various
peripherals such as printers, external
memories, LEDs and LCDs to the
microcontroller. Apart from parallel ports,
there are serial ports to interface serially
connected peripherals with the

Memory: As in the case of a microprocessor, a microcontroller
has spaces for memories such as RAM, ROM including EEROM
and EPROM. It also allocates a certain amount of flash memory to
store program source code.
• Timers And Counters: These are the fascinating constituent
parts of a microcontroller. Timers and counters are used in
operations which include modulation, clock functions,
frequency generation and measuring and pulse generation.
• Analog To Digital Converters (ADC): Such converters are useful
while converting the output of a sensor which would be in
analog form.
• Digital to analog converter (DAC): the working of a DAC is just
the reverse of an analog to digital converter. As it is obvious,
the output will be an analog signal which can be used to

Applications of Microcontroller
1. Peripheral controller of a PC
2. Robotics
3. In bio-medical equipment
4. In communication system
5. In automobiles
6. In fire detection devices
7. In light and temperature sensing and controlling devices
8. Process control and industrial automation devices
9. In measuring devices such as volt and current meters

Microcontrollers used in
 Engine management systems in automobiles
 Keyboard of a PC
 Electronic measurement instruments
 Printers
 Motor controls
 Security systems
 Cordless and cellular phones
 Televisions, radios, CD players, tape recording equipment
 Hearing aids
 Security alarm systems, fire alarm systems, and building services
systems
 Microwave ovens
 Handheld tools

Various manufacturers of
Microcontroller
1. Analog devices- 8051 microcontrollers with the 12-bit analog
to digital converter.
2. Atmel- 8051, AT91, AVR, AVR32
3. Freescale semiconductor-family of microcontrollers ranging
from 8-bit to 32-bit
4. Infineon technologies- 8-bit microcontrollers based on 8051
and 16-bit ROM and OTP microcontrollers
5. Maxim Integrated Products- 75 MHz single-cycle flash 8051
microcontrollers, some low power 16-bit microcontrollers
6. Microchip – wide array of 8-bit microcontroller families
including PIC12, PIC16, PIC18, 16- bit PIC 24 microcontroller
and PIC32 which is 32-bit microcontrollers.

Advantages and Disadvantages of
Microcontroller
Advantages
• The main advantage of a microcontroller is that the low cost with all
the integral parts mounted together on a single chip. The design
makes it more compact and easy to use. The easiness of using a
microcontroller and the relatively easy maintenance process also
make it more reliable. Almost all the pins in a microcontroller are
programmable and it makes the microcontroller a lot user-friendly.
Simplicity while interfacing ROM, RAM, and I/O ports. Easiness of
troubleshooting and a minimal time requirement for various
operations are other crucial advantages.
Disadvantages
• Since it contains all the components on a single chip,
microcontrollers are having relatively complex architecture.
Microcontrollers are not suitable to interface high power devices
directly and they can only perform the limited number of operations

Comparing microcontroller and
microprocessor
Microcontroller
1. In a microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM,
and other peripherals are embedded
on a single chip.
2. At times it is termed a mini computer
or a computer on a single chip.
3. Some giants in the manufacturing
business of microcontrollers are
ATMEL, microchip, TI, Freescale,
Philips, Motorola etc.
4. Designed to perform specific tasks. ie,
the relationship between the input and
output is defined.
5. Since the applications are very
specific, they need small resources like
RAM, ROM, I/O ports and hence can be
embedded on a single chip.
Microprocessor
1. It has only the CPU inside; ie the
processing powers such as Intel’s
Pentium 1,2,3,4 core 2 duos, i3, i5 etc.
2. Don’t have RAM, ROM and other
peripheral on the chip. The system
designer has to add them externally to
make them functional.
3. Application includes desktop PCs,
laptops, notepads etc.
4. Applications are where tasks are
unspecific like developing software,
games, websites, photo editing,
creating documents etc.
5. Since microprocessors cannot be used
stand alone as it needs RAM, ROM and
other peripherals the system that uses

DSP PROCESSOR
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR

What is DPS Processor
• Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the processing of analog signals in the
digital form.
• DSP is an integrated circuit designed for high-speed data manipulations, and is
used in audio, communications, image manipulation, and other data acquisition
and data-control applications. ion that have been digitized and then
mathematically manipulate them.
• Most general-purpose microprocessors can also execute digital signal processing
algorithms successfully, but dedicated DSPs usually have better power efficiency
thus they are more suitable in portable devices such as mobile phones because of
power consumption constraints.
• DSPs often use special memory
architectures that are able to fetch
multiple data or instructions at the same
time.
• 1980s, signal processing was mainly
performed using analog electronics.

Components of DSP
1. Program Memory: Stores the
programs the DSP will use to process
data
2. Data Memory: Stores the information
to be processed
3. Compute Engine: Performs the math
processing, accessing the program
from the Program Memory and the
data from the Data Memory
4. Input/Output: Serves a range of
functions to connect to the outside
world

Advantages and disadvantages of
DSPAdvantages
1. In this digital circuits can be reproduced easily in large quantities at
comparatively lower cost.
2. The digital circuits are less sensitive to tolerances of component values.
3. These are easily transported because the digital signals can be processed off
line.
4. Digital signal processing operations can be changed by changing the program
in digital programmable system.
5. It has a better control of accuracy in digital systems compared to analog
systems.
6. Sophisticated signal processing algorithms can be implemented by DSP
method.
7. Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media such as magnetic tape
without loss of quality of reproduction of signal.
Disadvantages
1. The digital communications require a greater bandwidth than analogue to

Application of DSP
1. Digital Image processing
2. Audio Signal Processing
3. Image /Video compression
4. Digital Communication
5. Biomedical Imaging & Signaling Analysis
6. Speech recognition
7. Medical science

APPLICATIONS OF DSP
1. Communications
(a) Multiplexing
(b) Echo reduction
(c) Noise reduction
(d) Audio/image/video compression
2. Medicine
(a) Diagnostic tests
(b) Monitoring patient biosignals
(c) Medical image
enhancement/compression
3. Science
(a) Remote sensing
(b) Spectral analysis
(c) System identification
(d) Seismic data analysis
4. Manufacturing
(a) Oil exploration
(c) Process monitoring and quality
control
5. Military
(a) Radar
(b) Sonar
(c) Secure communication
6. Entertainment
(a) Digital audio
(b) Special effects
(c) Electronic music synthesis
7. Education
(a) Educational toys (Speak and
Spell)
(b) Multimedia software
8. Speech processing
(a) Speech synthesis
(b) Speech recognition
(c) Speech compression
(d) Speech enhancement
(e) Text to speech

Micro controller and dsp processor

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