Microprocessor and Interfacing Lab 01.pptx

Introduction to Microprocessor
Course Instructor:
Mr. Shamim Forhad
Course Name: Microprocessor and
Interfacing
Course code:
EEE 311
Credit hours: 3
credits
Prerequisite: EEE
207, EEE 208,
CSE 101 and, CSE
102
Contact hours: 3
hours/week
Chapter-1
Contact Information
Phone: +8801954404547
Email: mrshamimforhad@gmail.com
Website:
https://sites.google.com/view/shamimforhad

Course
Summary
Importance of Microprocessor Knowledge for EEE Graduates
Understanding microprocessors is essential for Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
graduates, serving as a foundation for careers in Automation, Robotics, and Embedded
systems.
Microprocessors are integral to modern life, embedded in everyday devices such as digital
TVs, washing machines, mobile phones, microwave ovens, refrigerators, and more. In
today’s tech-driven world, where artificial intelligence and robotics increasingly perform
tasks with greater precision and efficiency, knowledge of microprocessors is crucial.
This course provides in-depth knowledge of microprocessors and interfacing devices,
covering their construction, operation, and practical applications. It emphasizes hands-on
learning in areas such as assembly language programming, system design, and
performance analysis of microprocessor-based systems.
Graduates will be well-prepared to contribute to real-world applications in automation and
robotics, including:
• Microcontroller-based robotics
• Industrial automation and control systems
• Automatic product testing
• Motor speed control
• Traffic light automation
Additionally, this course builds a strong foundation for advanced studies in areas like:
• VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) Design
• Biomedical Electronics
• Advanced Microprocessor Systems
• Final Year Projects or Thesis

Course Objectives
To provide the required
knowledge to analyze the
performance of a
microprocessor-based
system.
To give students an
understanding of assembly
language programming
with the embedded system
architecture.
To introduce basic
concepts and theory of
operation, construction,
and application of
microprocessors and
interfacing devices.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) At the end of the course,
the student will be able to
CLO1
Describe the types of microprocessors and the architecture of
microprocessors.
CLO2
Explain the configurations and operations of a microprocessor-
based system.
CLO3
Analyse microprocessor functions using assembly language
programming and microprocessor interfacing devices.
CLO4
Design microprocessor-based system and interface devices like
PPI, PIC, PIT, etc.

Marks Distribution
Assessment methods Marks
Class Attendance 10%
Continuous Internal
Assessments
Class tests 5%
Assignments 10%
Online quizzes 5%
Term Examinations
Midterm examination 30%
Semester end
examination
40%
Total 100%

Course Contents
CLO1
Describe the types of microprocessors and the architecture of
microprocessors.
CLO2
Explain the configurations and operations of a microprocessor-based
system.
 Different types of microprocessors (8 bits and 16 bits etc)
 Hardware organization: Basic block diagram of a computer
system, Key concepts of Von-Neumann Machine, Buses,
Registers, ALU
 Evolution of Microprocessors
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to-

What is a Microprocessor?
It is a programmable, multipurpose, clock -driven, register-based
electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device
called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data
according to those instructions and provides results as output.
The microprocessor contains millions of tiny components like transistors,
registers, and diodes that work together.
Computer's Central Processing
Unit (CPU) built on a single
Integrated Circuit (IC) is called
a microprocessor.
A digital computer with one
microprocessor which acts as a
CPU is called microcomputer.
Block Diagram of a Basic Microcomputer

What is a Microprocessor?
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
performs arithmetic and logical
operations on the data received
from an input device or
memory.
Control unit controls the
instructions and flow of data
within the computer.
Register array consists of
registers identified by letters like
B, C, D, E, H, L, and accumulator.
A microprocessor consists of an ALU, control unit and register array.

Components of Microprocessor
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): ALU is a digital circuit that provides
arithmetic and logic operations. It is the fundamental building block of
the central processing unit of a computer. In addition to ALU modern CPU
contains a control unit and a set of registers. Most of the operations are
performed by one or more ALUs, which load data from the input register.
Examples of arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division.
Examples of logical operations: comparisons (e.g., greater than, equal
to), AND, OR, NOT.
It takes input from the registers and outputs the result to a register.
🧠 Think of the ALU as the "calculator" of the CPU.

Control Unit (CU)
• The Control Unit directs and coordinates most of the
operations in the computer.
• It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and
sends control signals to other parts of the CPU (like the ALU,
registers, and memory).
• It doesn't process data itself but controls how data moves.
🧠 Think of the Control Unit as the "brain" or "traffic controller"
that tells everything else what to do.

Register
• Registers are small, fast memory locations inside the CPU.
• They temporarily hold data, instructions, or addresses that the CPU is
currently working with.
Common types of registers:
• Accumulator (ACC) – stores results from the ALU.
• Program Counter (PC) – keeps track of the next instruction.
• Instruction Register (IR) – stores the current instruction.
• General Purpose Registers – used for temporary data storage.
🧠 Think of registers as the CPU’s “scratchpad” – small but super quick to
access.

How does a Microprocessor
Work?
The microprocessor follows a sequence:
Fetch, Decode, and then Execute.
Initially, the instructions are stored in
the memory in a sequential order.
The microprocessor fetches those
instructions from the memory, then
decodes it and executes those
instructions till STOP instruction is
reached.
Later, it sends the result in binary to the
output port. Between these processes,
the register stores the temporarily data
and ALU performs the computing
functions.

Type of Microprocessor
A microprocessor can be classified into three categories −
Reduced Instruction Set
Computer
Complex Instruction Set
Computer
Special Purpose
Processors

Type
of
(Con..)
Microprocessor
RISC – Reduced Instruction Set Computer
RISC is a type of microprocessor architecture which uses small,
general purpose and highly optimized instruction set rather than
more specialized set of instructions found in others. RISC offers
high performance over its opposing architecture CISC (see below).
In a processor, execution of each instruction require a special
circuit to load and process the data. So, by reducing instructions,
the processor will be using simple circuits and faster in operation.
• Simple instruction set
• Larger program
• Consists of large number of registers
• Simple processor circuitry (small number of transistors)
• More RAM usage
• Fixed length instructions
• Simple addressing modes
• Usually, fixed number of clock cycles for executing one
instruction

Type
of
(Con..)
Microprocessor
CISC – Complex Instruction Set Computer
CISC is the opposing microprocessor architecture for RISC. It is
made to reduce the number of instructions per program,
ignoring the number of cycles per instruction. So complex
instructions are directly made into hardware making the
processor complex and slower in operation.
This architecture is designed to reduce the cost of memory by
reducing the program length.
• Complex instruction set
• Smaller program
• Less number of registers
• Complex processor circuitry (more number of transistors)
• Little RAM usage
• Variable length instructions
• Variety of addressing modes
• Variable number of clock cycles for each instructions

Special Purpose Processors
There are some processors which are designed to handle some
specific functions.
Type
of
(Con..)
Microprocessor
Digital Signal Processors(DSP): The DSP or digital signal processor is a
type of microprocessor specifically designed to process any signal. The
architecture of DSP is fairly optimized to process signals in applications
such as audio processing, speech recognition, image processing, radar,
sonar, smartphones, etc. The main objective of DSP is to convert between
analog and digital signal (known as ADC & DAC) and process them by
filtering, compressing & applying various algorithms in digital format. It
can process multiple signals at a time in parallel operation.
Coprocessors: The coprocessor is a type of special-purpose processor
that helps the main or primary processor in processing complex tasks. It
increases the performance of the primary processor by lend its
processing power to reducing the load off the primary processor. These
are used in graphic, complex arithmetic operation, single processing and
I/O interfacing operations. The coprocessor is physically separate from
the main processor (CPU), and it works independently. They are very fast
in executing a specific task because of its limited instruction set.
Therefore, they cannot be used for general purpose applications like CPU.

• Input/Output processors: Input/output Processor or IOP is a special
type of processor designed to control and manages the input and
output tasks of a computer. They have direct access to the memory
and are similar to the CPU except they only process I/O peripherals
such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, display unit, etc.
• Transputer: The transputer is the first general-purpose computer
designed by Inmos to perform parallel computing. It also incorporates
internal memory with serial communication links to communicate
between processors for parallel operation. The name Transputer is the
combination of “transistor” and “computer”. The name was chosen
due to its similarity with a transistor as the building block in the
computer. It is the building block of parallel computer & multiple
transputers connect together to form a fully functioning parallel
computer.
• Graphics Processors: The graphic processor or Graphics Processing
Unit (GPU) is a special type of processor specifically designed to
accelerate the process of creation of images. The graphic processor
executes the instructions in parallel which is the reason it is faster than
the CPU. They are mostly used for rendering images in CGI (computer-
generated imagery) or in video games. They are used in display devices
such as smartphones, computers, gaming consoles, etc.
Type
of
(Con..)
Microprocessor

• Bit-Slice Microprocessors (BSM): Bit-Slice Microprocessor or
BSM is a special type of microprocessor whose main purpose is
to form a microprocessor of desired word size by combining
identical BSMs. It is available in 2-bit, 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-
bit word size. And two or more than two identical BSMs are
cascaded together to form a processor of conventional
(8,16,32) or unconventional (6,10,12) word size. Bit-Slicing
means that the microprocessor is made from modules of
identical microprocessors with a smaller bit size. Its main
purpose is to increase the bit size of a microprocessor to our
desired width.
• Scalar and Superscalar Microprocessors: The scalar
microprocessor can process one set of data at a time. It can
execute only one instruction in a single clock cycle. The
Superscalar microprocessor is a type of microprocessor that
can execute more than one instruction or task at a single time.
It has multiple execution units that are used to process multiple
instructions in parallel. These execution units are not
processors, but they are various ALUs inside the superscalar
microprocessor.
Type
of
(Con..)
Microprocessor

Generation/ Evolution of
Microprocessors
We can categorize the microprocessor according to the generations or according to the
size of the microprocessor:
First Generation – 4bit Microprocessors
The Intel corporation came out with the first generation of microprocessors in 1971. They were
4-bit processors namely Intel 4004. The speed of the processor was 740 kHz taking 60k
instructions per second. It had 2300 transistors and 16 pins inside.
Built on a single chip, it was useful for simple arithmetic and logical operations. A control unit
was there to understand the instructions from memory and execute the tasks.
Second Generation – 8bit Microprocessor
The second generation began in 1973 by Intel as the first 8 – bit microprocessor. It was
useful for arithmetic and logic operations on 8-bit words. The first processor was 8008
with a clock speed of 500kHz and 50k instructions per second.
Followed by an 8080 microprocessor in 1974 with a speed of 2 MHz and 60k instruction
per second. Lastly came the 8085 microprocessor in 1976 having an ability of 769230
instruction per second with 3 MHz speed.

Third Generation – 16bit Microprocessor
The third generation began with 8086-88 microprocessors in 1978 with 4.77, 8 & 10
MHz speed and 2.5 million instructions per second. Other important inventions were
Zilog Z800, and 80286, which came out in 1982 and could read 4 million instructions per
second with 68 pins inside.
Fourth Generation – 32bit Microprocessors
Intel was still the leader as many companies came out with 32-bit microprocessors
around 1986. Their clock speed was between 16 MHz to 33 MHz with 275k transistors
inside.
One of the first ones was the Intel 80486 microprocessor of 1986 with 16-100MHz clock
speed and 1.2 Million transistors with 8 KB of cache memory. Followed by the PENTIUM
microprocessor in 1993 which had 66 MHz clock speed and 8-bit of cache memory.
Generation/ Evolution of Microprocessors(Con..)
Fifth Generation – 64bit Microprocessors
Began in 1995, the Pentium processor was one of the first 64-bit processors with 1.2 GHz
to 3 GHz clock speed. There were 291 Million transistors and 64kb instruction per second.
Followed by i3, i5, i7 microprocessors in 2007, 2009, 2010 respectively. These were some
of the key points of this generation.

Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann in 1945.
instruction data and program data are
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic
Unit (ALU)
• Memory Unit
• Registers
• Inputs/Outputs
His computer architecture design
consists of a,
Von Neumann architecture is based on the
stored-program computer concept, where
stored in the same memory. This design is still used in most computers produced
today.

Von Neumann Architecture(con..)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the
electronic circuit responsible for executing
the instructions of a computer program. It
is sometimes referred to as the
microprocessor or processor. The CPU
contains the ALU, CU and a variety
of registers.
Registers
Registers are high speed storage areas in
the CPU. All data must be stored in
a register before it can be processed.
MAR
Memory
Address
Register
Holds the memory
location of data that needs
to be accessed
MDR Memory Data
Register
Holds data that is being
transferred to or
from memory
AC Accumulator
Where intermediate
arithmetic and logic
results are stored
PC
Program
Counter
Contains the address of
the next instruction to be
executed
CIR
Current
Instruction
Register
Contains the current
instruction during
processing

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The ALU allows arithmetic (add, subtract etc) and logic (AND, OR, NOT etc) operations to be carried
out.
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit controls the operation of the computer’s ALU, memory and input/output devices,
telling them how to respond to the program instructions it has just read and interpreted from the
memory unit.
The control unit also provides the timing and control signals required by other computer
components.
Buses
Buses are the means by which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another,
connecting all major internal components to the CPU and memory. A standard CPU system bus is
comprised of a control bus, data bus and address bus.
Address Bus Carries the addresses of data (but not the data) between the processor and memory
Data Bus Carries data between the processor, the memory unit and the input/output devices
Control Bus Carries control signals/commands from the CPU (and status signals from other
devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within the computer

Memory Unit
The memory unit consists of RAM, sometimes referred to as
primary or main memory. Unlike a hard drive (secondary
memory), this memory is fast and directly accessible by the CPU.
RAM is split into partitions. Each partition consists of an address
and its contents (both in binary form).
The address will uniquely identify every location in the memory.
Loading data from permanent memory (hard drive), into the faster
and directly accessible temporary memory (RAM), allows the
CPU to operate much quicker.

Instruction Set − It is the set of instructions that the microprocessor can understand.
Bandwidth − It is the number of bits processed in a single instruction.
Clock Speed − It determines the number of operations per second the processor can
perform. It is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).It is also known as
Clock Rate.
Word Length − It depends upon the width of internal data bus, registers, ALU, etc. An
8-bit microprocessor can process 8-bit data at a time. The word length ranges from 4
bits to 64 bits depending upon the type of the microcomputer.
Data Types − The microprocessor has multiple data type formats like binary, BCD,
ASCII, signed and unsigned numbers.
Cache memory - Cash memory is a random-access memory that is integrated into
the processor. So, the processor can access data in the cache memory more quickly
than from a regular RAM. It is also known as CPU Memory. Cache memory is used to
store data or instructions that are frequently referenced by the software or program
during the operation. So, it will increase the overall speed of the operation.
List of Terms Used in a Microprocessor

Register: Registers are temporary storage locations
inside the CPU that hold data and addresses. The register
file is the component that contains all the general-
purpose registers of the microprocessor.
The Program Counter (PC) is a register structure that
contains the address pointer value of the current
instruction. Each cycle, the value at the pointer is read
into the instruction decoder and the program counter is
updated to point to the next instruction.
List of Terms Used in a Microprocessor (Con..)
• SIMD – Single Instruction Multiple Data
• PGA – Pin Grid Array
• FPU – Floating Point Unit
• ALU – Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• MMX – MultiMedia eXtensions
• MMU – Memory Management Unit

Features of a Microprocessor
Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and
results its low cost.
Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by using metal
oxide semiconductor technology, which has low power consumption.
Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same chip in
a few applications by configuring the software program.
Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low, hence it is
reliable

Microprocessor and Interfacing Lab 01.pptx

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