Microprocessors
Download as PPTX, PDF11 likes4,993 views
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors over five generations from 1971 to present. The first generation used PMOS technology and included 4-bit and 8-bit processors like the Intel 4004. The second generation used NMOS technology and had 8-bit processors like the Intel 8080. The third generation used 16-bit processors made with HMOS technology like the Intel 8086. Fourth generation processors were 32-bit like the Intel 80486 and used HCMOS technology. The latest fifth generation includes advanced 32-bit processors like Intel Pentium that can execute multiple instructions per clock cycle and achieve processing speeds over 3GHz.
Microprocessors
- 3. Contents Introduction (Microprocessors) Evolution of microprocessors First generation Second generation Third generation Fourth generation Fifth generation
- 4. Introduction Microprocessor is a program controlled device ,which fetches (from memory),decodes it, and executes information. Used as CPU in computers Most mps are single chipped devices Basic blocks of mp are set of registers, ALU and a control unit. It is identified with the size of the data the ALU can work with at a time. 8085 mp has 8 bit ALU,so it is called 8 bit processor. 8086 has a 16 bit ALU, so it is called as 16 bit processor.
- 5. Evolution Of Microprocessors Abacus were introduced first in 500 BC followed by calculator. Giant computing machines introduced in1940s and 1950s using vacuum tubes and relays. Then transistor and solid state electronics came into existence. Finally the advent of ICs led way to the development of microprocessors and mp based computer systems. First microprocessor developed by Intel in 1971 ,called Intel 4004. Later different generations of computers were developed.
- 6. First generation microprocessors MP s introduced between 1971 and 1973 . Designed using PMOS technology. Provided low cost ,slow speed and low output currents Was not compatible with TTL(transistor transistor logic) levels. Requires a lot of additional support IC’s to form a system. May require as high as 30 IC’s to form a system. 4 bit processors are provided with only 16 pins.But 8 bit and 16 bit are with 40 pins.Due to limitations of pins,the signals are multiplexed.
- 7. Some first generations microprocessors are : Intel 4004 Intel 4004 4 bit processor National IMP-4 Intel8008 8 bit processor National IMP-8 National IMP-16 - 16 bit processor some applications of first generation microprocessor are: Calculators Game machines Home appliances Accounting system
- 8. Second generation microprocessors Period from 1973 to 1977 Manufactured in NMOS technology Offers higher speed and density than PMOS. Compatible with TTL Larger chip size 40 pins Ability to address large memory spaces. Ability to address more I/O ports Faster operation Better interrupt handling capacity
- 9. More powerful instruction set Some second generation mps are Intel 8080 Intel 8085 8 bit processor Zilog Z80 Intersil 6100 -12 bit processor TI TMS 9900 General Instrument CP 1600 General applications are Instrumentation Process control systems Communication preprocessors Military applications Intelligent terminals 16 bit processor
- 10. Third generation microprocessors Period 1978 to 1979 16 bit processors designed using HMOS technology Provided with 40/48/64 pins High speed and very strong processing capability Easier to program Allow for dynamically relocatable programs Size of internal registers Processor has multiply/divide arithmetic hardware Physical memory space :- 1 to 16 bits Has segmented address and virtual memory features
- 11. Flexible I/O port addressing More powerful interrupt handling capabilities Some of the third generation microprocessors are: Intel 8086 Intel 8088 Motorola 68000 Motorola 68010 ZILOG Z8000 Some applications of these microprocessors are : Business and data processing applications Sophisticated real time control Advanced communications Distributed processing networks
- 12. Fourth generation microprocessors Introduced in the year 1980 They are 32 bit processors Fabricated using the low power version of HMOS technology called HCMOS . Increased sophistication that compete strongly with mainframe computers. Physical memory space:- 16 Mb (2^24) Virtual memory space :- 1 Tb(2^40) Floating point hardware is incorporated Supports increased number of addressing modes.
- 13. Some of the fourth generation microprocessors are : Intel 80836 Intel 80486 Motorola MC88100 Bellmac – 32 Some applications are : General purpose computing applications requiring mainframe computing power Multi user ,multi function environments Office information equipments
- 14. Fifth generation microprocessors Microprocessors in their fifth generation, employed decoupled super scalar processing, and their design soon surpassed 10 million transistors . Latest processor by Intel is Pentium is considered as fifth generation microprocessor. It’s a 32 bit processor with 64 bit data bus and available in wide range of clock speeds from 60 MHz to 3.2 GHz. Processing speed increased tremendously Pentium executes two instructions in one clock speed. A mp with 1 GHz clock can execute 2000 million instruction per second(MIPS).
- 15. Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and very recently dual and quad core processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed. Pentium was followed by Pentium Pro CPU and later an extension to it was made and named Pentium II.
- 16. THANK YOU