Lesson 3 Ecosystem for gclass.pptx for 2nd year srudents
- 1. ECOSYSTEM
- 2. 1.Everything Is Connected to Everything Else. 2. Everything Must go Somewhere. 3.Nature Knows Best. 4.There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. Law of Ecology:
- 3. What is Ecology? • Ecology is a branch of science, including human science, population, community, ecosystem and biosphere. Ecology is the study of organisms, the environment and how the organisms interact with each other and their environment. It is studied at various levels, such as organism, population, community, biosphere and ecosystem. • An ecologist’s primary goal is to improve their understanding of life processes, adaptations and habitats, interactions and biodiversity of organisms.
- 5. Global Ecology • It deals with interactions among earth’s ecosystems, land, atmosphere and oceans. It helps to understand the large- scale interactions and their influence on the planet.
- 6. Landscape Ecology • It deals with the exchange of energy, materials, organisms and other products of ecosystems. Landscape ecology throws light on the role of human impacts on the landscape structures and functions.
- 7. Ecosystem Ecology • It deals with the entire ecosystem, including the study of living and non-living components and their relationship with the environment. This science researches how ecosystems work, their interactions, etc.
- 8. Community Ecology • It deals with how community structure is modified by interactions among living organisms. Ecology community is made up of two or more populations of different species living in a particular geographic area.
- 9. Population Ecology • It deals with factors that alter and impact the genetic composition and the size of the population of organisms. Ecologists are interested in fluctuations in the size of a population, the growth of a population and any other interactions with the population.
- 10. Organismal Ecology • Organismal ecology is the study of an individual organism’s behaviour, morphology, physiology, etc. in response to environmental challenges. It looks at how individual organisms interact with biotic and abiotic components. Ecologists research how organisms are adapted to these non-living and living components of their surroundings. • Individual species are related to various adaptations like physiological adaptation, morphological adaptation, and behavioural adaptation.
- 11. What Is Ecological Consciousness and Awareness? Ecological awareness •refer to education and knowledge. •To become ecologically aware means to learn about and become better informed, and therefore more knowledgeable, about how our actions impact the environment and the associated ecosystems.
- 12. Ecological consciousness •refers to something slightly different and more nuanced. •Ecological consciousness instead refers to a way of being. •It is not only about becoming better educated in the field of ecology and sustainability, but instead, the term refers to an entirely different way of approaching, perceiving, experiencing and interacting with the natural world.
- 13. ECOSYSTEM •An ecosystem includes all the living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere). In an ecosystem, each organism has its own niche or role to
- 14. ECOSYSTEM •The simplest definition of an ecosystem is that it is a community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific environment.
- 15. ECOSYSTEM •An ecosystem is the basic unit of the field of the scientific study of nature. According to this discipline, an ecosystem is a physically defined environment,
- 16. ECOSYSTEMS
- 17. Ecosystem made up of two inseparable components: • The biotope (abiotic): a particular physical environment with specific physical characteristics such as the climate, temperature, humidity, concentration of nutrients or pH.
- 18. Ecosystem made up of two inseparable components: The biocenosis (biotic): a set of living organisms such as animals, plants or micro-organisms, that are in constant interaction and are, therefore, in a situation of interdependence.
- 19. Ecosystem made up of two inseparable components:
- 20. How Does Energy Flow In An Ecosystem?
- 22. A. Science and art of Geography Ecosystems Terrestrial Ecosystem • A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based population of species that includes biotic and abiotic interactions in a specific area. • Terrestrial ecosystems are those that primarily live on land. The temperature range, average quantity of precipitation, soil type, and amount of light received help to determine the type of terrestrial ecosystem present in a particular location.
- 23. What is a Terrestrial Ecosystem? The type of ecosystems which are predominantly found on land are called the terrestrial ecosystems. Terrestrial ecosystems cover approximately 140 to 150 million km2, which is about 25 to 30 percent of the total earth surface area.
- 24. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Forest 2. Grasslands 3. Tundra 4. Desert
- 25. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Forest - These types of ecosystems include both temperate deciduous forest, plantation forests and tropical rain forests. They serve as a natural habitat for a vast range of living species and also comprise the highest species diversity. Forests cover nearly 30 to 35 million square kilometers of the earth’s surface and more than 300 million species of plants and animals live in forests.
- 26. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Forest a. Forest Biology • is a multidisciplinary field consisting of molecular transmission and population genetics, physical limits of tree height, causes of drought, landscape genomics, forest pathology and entomology, biogeography and ecosystem ecology of the forest.
- 27. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Forest b. Forest Biodiversity or Forest Biological Diversity • refers to the study of life forms found in a forest and their ecological roles. Forest is a diverse natural habitat system representing the most sumptuous biological areas on Earth. Nearly 30% of the Earth’s surface is covered with forests but it is dwindling because of commercial exploitation.
- 28. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Forest c. Forest Ecosystem • Study of interdependent relations of flora and fauna in a forest. In such ecosystems, the entire interaction happens naturally between all abiotic and biotic components. The ecological potential of any species depends on their habitat requirements like temperature, climate, frugality, their lifespan and, reproducing capacity.
- 29. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 1. Forest d. Types of Forest Ecosystem 1.Temperate Forest Ecosystem 2.The Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem 3.Boreal or Taiga Forests
- 30. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems e. Forest Biome - Forests can be divided into 5 main categories, depending on the types of trees found in them Categories Description 1) Coniferous Forest As the name suggests, the trees found in these forests mainly consists of cone-bearing trees like the spruce, pine, fir, and hemlock. These are found mostly in the northern parts of North America, Asia, and Europe. 2) Deciduous Forest The trees of these forests are broadleaved and are shed between late summer to early autumn. The leaves are usually green but later acquires yellow, red and orange colours gradually. These forests are found in America, Western and Central Europe, and Northeastern Asia where the winters are cold and summers are warm.
- 31. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems e. Forest Biome - Forests can be divided into 5 main categories, depending on the types of trees found in them Categories Description 3) Mixed Forests Deciduous and Coniferous trees as both types constitute mixed forests, which are mostly found in mountainous areas. These are found almost every part of the world. 4) Mediterranean Forests They are also called scrublands as its temperature is suitable for short oaks and pines to grow. The Mediterranean forest contains a wide variety of wildflowers and insect-eating birds. This forest is also termed as “maquis”. 5) Tropical Rainforest These forests are situated in the areas with hot temperatures like South America, Africa, Asia and Australia. Thus they are called Tropical and due to continuous rainfall throughout the year, they are called Rainforests. It is a habitat for various insects, colourful birds and mammals.
- 32. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems e. Forest Biome - Forests can be divided into 5 main categories, depending on the types of trees found in them 1) Coniferous Forest 2) Deciduous Forest
- 33. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 3) Mixed Forests 4) Mediterranean Forests 5) Tropical Rainforest
- 34. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 2. Grasslands • Grasslands are the most dominant type of vegetation and these types of environments occur naturally in several parts of the world. These types of terrestrial ecosystems serve as a home for a wide diversity of animal species, such as elephants, giraffes, hyenas, jackrabbits, lions, rhinos, warthogs and zebras. Other types of grasslands include|: –Tropical Grasslands –Temperate Grasslands
- 35. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 2. Grasslands • Grasslands are the most dominant type of vegetation and these types of environments occur naturally in several parts of the world. These types of terrestrial ecosystems serve as a home for a wide diversity of animal species, such as elephants, giraffes, hyenas, jackrabbits, lions, rhinos, warthogs and zebras. Other types of grasslands include|: –Tropical Grasslands –Temperate Grasslands
- 37. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 3. Tundra • Tundra denotes polar regions, which are characterized by harsh environmental conditions similar to deserts and is usually windswept, snow-covered and treeless. Compared to deserts, this type of ecosystem is completely filled with frozen soil throughout the year and in summer, the snow melts and shallow ponds are produced. This gives rise to lichens and a few plants with small and colorful flowers.
- 38. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 4. Desert • is a barren region of the landscape, which has extremely high or low temperatures and has scarce vegetation. Depending on the climate and temperature, deserts can be classified into hot deserts and cold deserts. There are many lives that are well-adapted to life in the desert. Animals include – Camels, foxes, hyenas, jackals, scorpions, a few varieties of snakes and lizards. The common plants are acacia, cactus and date palms.
- 39. Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems 4. Desert • Sahara is an example of a hot desert, which is categorized by high temperatures associated with little rainfall and complicated life for both plants and animals. • Ladakh is an example of a cold desert, which is found on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir near the Great Himalayas.
- 40. A. Science and art of Geography Ecosystems
- 41. A. Science and art of Geography Ecosystems •Aquatic Ecosystem
- 42. A. Science and art of Geography Ecosystems
- 43. Aquatic Ecosystem • An aquatic ecosystem includes freshwater habitats like lakes, ponds, rivers, oceans and streams, wetlands, swamp, etc. and marine habitats include oceans, intertidal zone, reefs, seabed and so on. The aquatic ecosystem is the habitat for water- dependent living species including animals, plants, and microbes. • are diverse and encompass a wide range of environments, from freshwater lakes and rivers to saltwater oceans and estuaries. They are characterized by several key features and components that set them apart from terrestrial ecosystems.
- 44. Aquatic Ecosystem Some of the main characteristics of aquatic ecosystems •Freshwater or saltwater can be used to make them. •They serve as a home for a variety of aquatic animals. •The majority of the vegetation is made up of algae and corals. •They have a lot of biological diversity, which makes them the most productive and wealthiest ecosystems on the planet.
- 45. • Lotic Ecosystems – They mainly refer to the rapidly flowing waters that move in a unidirectional way including the rivers and streams. These environments harbor numerous species of insects such as beetles, mayflies, stoneflies and several species of fishes including trout, eel, minnow, etc. Apart from these aquatic species, these ecosystems also include various mammals such as beavers, river dolphins and otters. • Lentic Ecosystems – They include all standing water habitats. Lakes and ponds are the main examples of Lentic Ecosystem. The word lentic mainly refers to stationary or relatively still water. These ecosystems are home to algae, crabs, shrimps, amphibians such as frogs and salamanders, for both rooted and floating-leaved plants and reptiles including alligators and other water snakes are also found here. • Wetlands – Wetlands are marshy areas and are sometimes covered in water which has a wide diversity of plants and animals. Swamps, marshes, bogs, black spruce and water lilies are some examples in the plant species found in the wetlands. The animal life of this ecosystem consists of dragonflies and damselflies, birds such as Green Heron and fishes such as Northern Pike. Aquatic Ecosystem
- 47. NATURAL RESOURCES : Renewable and Non-renewable resources Natural resources and associated problems. a) Forest resources : Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies. Timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forest and tribal people. b) Water resources : Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems. c) Mineral resources : Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies. d) Food resources : World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies.
- 48. NATURAL RESOURCES : Renewable and Non-renewable resources Natural resources and associated problems. e) Energy resources : Growing energy needs, renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. Case studies. f) Land resources : Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification.
- 49. RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES Natural resources and associated problems –The unequal consumption of natural resources –Planning Land use –The need for sustainable lifestyles –Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources. –Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles. The quality of human life and the quality of ecosystems on earth are indicators of the sustainable use of resources. There are clear indicators of sustainable lifestyles in human life. • Increased longevity • An increase in knowledge • An enhancement of income. These three together are known as the ‘Human development index’.
- 50. Forest Resources: FOREST FUNCTIONS Watershed protection: • Reduce the rate of surface run-off of water. • Prevent flash floods and soil erosion. • Produces prolonged gradual run-off and thus prevent effects of drought. Atmospheric regulation: • Absorption of solar heat during evapo-transpiration. • Maintaining carbon dioxide levels for plant growth. • Maintaining the local climatic conditions. Erosion control: • Holding soil (by preventing rain from directly washing soil away) Land bank: • Maintenance of soil nutrients and structure.
- 51. FOREST FUNCTIONS Local use - Consumption of forest produce by local people who collect it for subsistence – (Consumptive use) • Food - gathering plants, fishing, hunting from the forest. (In the past when wildlife was plentiful, people could hunt and kill animals for food. Now that populations of most wildlife species have diminished, continued hunting would lead to extinction.) • Fodder - for cattle. • Fuel wood and charcoal for cooking, heating. • Poles - building homes especially in rural and wilderness areas. • Timber – household articles and construction. • Fiber - weaving of baskets, ropes, nets, string, etc. • Sericulture – for silk. • Apiculture - bees for honey, forest bees also pollinate crops. • Medicinal plants - traditionally used medicines, investigating them as potential source for new modern drugs
- 52. FOREST FUNCTIONS Market use - (Productive use) • Most of the products used for consumptive purposes are also sold as a source of income for supporting the livelihoods of forest dwelling people. • Minor forest produce - (non-wood products): Fuelwood, fruit, gum, fiber, etc. which are collected and sold in local markets as a source of income for forest dwellers. • Major timber extraction - construction, industrial uses, paper pulp, etc. Timber extraction is done in India by the Forest Department, but illegal logging continues in many of the forests of India and the world
- 53. Deforestation • is when humans remove or thin forests for lumber or to use the land where the trees stood for crops, grazing, extraction (mining, oil, or gas), or development as the population increases and people migrate. FOREST FUNCTIONS
- 54. Sustainable water management: ‘Save water’ campaigns are essential to make people everywhere aware of the dangers of water scarcity. A number of measures need to be taken for the better management of the world’s water resources. These include measures such as: • Building several small reservoirs instead of few mega projects. • Develop small catchment dams and protect wetlands. • Soil management, micro catchment development and afforestation permits recharging of underground aquifers thus reducing the need for large dams. • Treating and recycling municipal waste water for agricultural use. Water Resources
- 55. Sustainable water management: • Preventing leakages from dams and canals. • Preventing loss in Municipal pipes. • Effective rain water harvesting in urban environments. • Water conservation measures in agriculture such as using drip irrigation. • Pricing water at its real value makes people use it more responsibly and efficiently and reduces water wasting. • In deforested areas where land has been degraded, soil management by bunding along the hill slopes and making ‘nala’ plugs, can help retain moisture and make it possible to re-vegetate degraded areas. Water Resources