Lesson11a
- 1. Мэргэжлийн Англи хэл EL310 Oral presentation skills Developed by Uranchimeg .T
- 2. The joy of presentations… • Presentations: – The Three P’s: Preparation, Practice and Presentation
- 3. Contents • The importance of oral presentations • Reasons for Being Afraid of Public Speaking • Preparation • Practice • Presentation • Exercises
- 4. I. PREPARATION AND PLANNING 1. What is the aim 2. What is my title? 3. Who am I speaking to? 4. What are the main points I want to make? 5. What do I want the audience to do after listening to my presentation?
- 6. • When? • What time of day is it? What day is it? Will the audience be more or less receptive • when listening? • How long? • In relation to what the audience knows or time constraints, what can I eliminate if • necessary? • Other • Am I dressed appropriately? Shoes polished? Are my hands and fingernails clean?
- 7. The Importance of Oral Presentations • People use their oral presentations to make informal reports, in-house proposals, sales proposals, recommendations, and informal briefings • Oral communication must be clear and concise because misunderstandings can cost both time and money • Oral presentations by a firm’s representatives affect its reputation and competitive position
- 8. The Importance of Oral Presentations • Informal Reports • In-House Proposals • Sales Proposals • Recommendations • Informal Briefings
- 9. Reasons for Being Afraid of Public Speaking • Why do people fear public speaking? • Robert Flax, president of Motivational Systems, who surveyed 12,000 people and found the top six reasons for being afraid of public speaking. See the following table for the results
- 10. Reasons for Being Afraid of Public Speaking Reasons for being afraid of public speaking % Fear of making embarrassing mistakes 81% Fear of damaging career or reputation 77% Fear of forgetting or freezing, of not being able to say anything at all 63% Fear of being dull or boring 58% Fear of looking nervous or petrified 52% Fear of being stared at 45%
- 11. Reasons for Being Afraid of Public Speaking • A widespread fear of public speaking results from people believing they must be natural born speakers to be effective • Replacing uncertainty with a planned approach, individuals can conquer fear • This planned approach includes preparation, practice and presentation
- 12. Preparation • People don’t make effective presentations just out of the blue, they must spend some time setting a clear purpose • To be effective you must begin by determining the general and specific purposes of your presentation
- 13. Preparation • Determining the purpose involves two steps: – First you must determine the general purpose – Only then can you follow up by choosing a specific purpose • Most authorities recognise three general purposes: – Informing – Persuading – Entertaining
- 14. Preparation • Although you have only three general purposes for making a presentation, your choices for specific purpose can be infinite • Few speeches inform, persuade or entertain entirely; most combine more than one purpose • After you decide your purpose, you need to analyse your audience
- 15. Analysing the Audience • You must find out as much information as possible concerning your audience in order to tailor the message • You need to know: – The makeup of the group – The group’s knowledge base – The cultural diversity of the group (religion, nationality, background, etc.)
- 16. STRUCTURE OF AN ORAL PRESENTATION
- 17. Organising the Presentation • Organise your presentation to provide purpose and direction • Examine your topic and organise the presentation into logical units – do not cover too many topics as you will often have time constraints • A rule of thumb is to have only three main points regardless of the length of your presentation
- 18. Organising the Presentation • Developing a thesis – a clear one sentence statement presenting your central idea • Forming the main ideas – you main ideas should number from two to five, have equal importance, relate to each other and be in logical order • Determining the support material – this clarifies the main idea and makes memorable and interesting points to the audience
- 19. Organising the Presentation • Estimating your time and word constraints – ask yourself “How much time do I have to present and how much can I say in that time?” • Once you find out approximately how much time you have for a presentation, you can begin to estimate how much you can say • One minute equals approximately 110 words spoken at a normal conversational speed
- 20. Organising the Presentation • Construction the introduction – it should include an attention grabber and a preview • Making the conclusion – the conclusion reviews the thesis and main points and gives effective final remarks, and should comprise approximately 10 percent of your presentation • Outlining the presentation – enables you to determine the order in which you will present. See example at the end of this chapter…
- 21. Organising the Presentation • Developing visual aids – visual aids should enhance your presentation, but not replace it • Environmental Pollution – Instead of 4 bulletins points why not give your audience a powerful image of dead birds. Yes – it works they will remember it so will you. • Research has shown that individuals retain more information when presenters incorporate visuals into their presentation • A speakers goals are met 34 percent more often when visuals are used than when they are not
- 22. Organising the Presentation Table 9.2 Retention of Information After 3 Hours After 3 Days Heard Only 70% 10% Seen Only 72% 20% Heard and Seen 85% 65% SOURCE: From Cheryl Hamilton, Communicating for Results, 3rd Ed. 1992 p 85
- 23. Organising the Presentation • Quotations • Analogies • Examples • Statistics • Explanations • Comparisons • Illustrations • Expert Opinions
- 24. Organising the Presentation • Most people feel anxious before giving a presentation, by practicing you can put this anxiety to work for you • Practice to develop your self confidence • Do not read your speech when practicing or presenting it, you will lose eye contact with your audience and speak too quickly
- 25. Practice • Practice in front of a live audience, and dress and act the way you will for the actual presentation • Find out what the audience found interesting, memorable or confusing, ask them to list what they thought was the most important point, to find out if they got your message • If you cannot practice in front of a live audience, tape record or video tape your speech
- 26. Practice • Practice helps to eliminate non-words, such as “ums,” and “ahs”, and helps you to replace them with pauses, which have benefits: – A brief pause enables your listeners to absorb the point you just made and makes listening easier – Pausing gives you the opportunity to take a breath – Framing your ideas in silence adds impact – A pause gives your listeners the gift of silence and allows them to take in what you just said
- 27. Presentation • The top ten “bloopers” of presentations: 1. Distracting mannerisms (verbal and/or physical) 2. Poor intonation, volume or rate 3. Not being prepared 4. Not connecting with the audience 5. Poor visual aids 6. Poor structure or fragmented speech 7. Not practicing and managing time 8. Lack of eye contact 9. Reading the presentation 10. Inappropriate humour
- 28. Presentation • Use up nervous energy – before the presentation push on the arms of a chair for a few seconds and then relax, or clench your fists, then relax. Repeat a few times • Actions during the introduction – smile and keep eye contact with the audience, and do something requiring movement but do not take more than two steps towards your audience as you will appear uneasy and unsure
- 29. Gesture Inhibiting Stances Stance Characteristic The Bear Hug Arms across your chest Ten-Hut! Arms stiff, firmly nailed to the pelvis The Flesh Wound One arm hangs, the other acts as a tourniquet Parade Rest Legs slightly spread, hands behind back The Choir Person Hands clasped at waist, fingers entwined Supplicant Same as above but at chest level The Fig Leaf Demurely crossed hands Sisters of Mercy Hands in praying position
- 30. Gesture Enhancing Stances • Open up your arms – to embrace your audience between your waist and shoulders • Drop your arms – to your side when not in use • Avoid – quick and jerky movements • Vary gestures – switch from hand to hand and at other times use both
- 31. Audience Attitude. The attitude of the audience toward you and your subject can vary in several ways. The audience may: – Like you and like your subject. – Like you but dislike your subject. – Dislike you but like your subject. – Dislike both you and your subject. – Like or dislike you and be neutral about your subject. – Be neutral about you and like or dislike your subject. – Be neutral about you and your subject.
- 32. Audience Knowledge • Use a vocabulary that everyone will understand. • Explain technical terms. • Make your organizational plan obvious, and make transitions clear. • Repeat and emphasize key points.
- 33. In summary then…Hints & Tips • Do use PowerPoint • Be very clear about how much time you have • Be very clear about your key message • first slide should announce the title of your presentation • second slide should seize the attention of your audience • third slide should set out the structure of your presentation - Agenda • Each slide should have a clear heading. • Each slide should normally contain around 25-35 words
- 34. Hints & Tips • No more than 15 slides – 12 to 15 slides is a good number. • No cheesy images. Use professional stock photo images. • No dissolves, spins or other transitions. • Sound effects can be used a few times per presentation, but never use the sound effects that are built in to the program. Instead, rip sounds and music from CDs and leverage the Proustian effect this can have. If people start bouncing up and down to the Grateful Dead, you’ve kept them from falling asleep, and you’ve reminded them that this isn’t a typical meeting you’re running. • Make copies of your slides available.
- 35. So to conclude the presentation… • Becoming an effective speaker requires work • You must develop speaking skills and refine them through practice • Take advantage of opportunities to speak • Apply the adage “practice makes perfect”
- 36. Thank you for your attention