lesson-1.pptx
- 2. At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history; 2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment; and 3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history
- 3. Science and technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life they make difficult and complicated tasks easier t development in this field are not just produts of people’s imagination or one time thought process; they are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods.
- 4. In the ancient times , people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture
- 5. was significant during that time because people were trying to go to places and discover new horizons they also travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked
- 6. was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. they needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. the increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and other basic necessities.
- 7. were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes. at that time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met others with different culture and orientations.
- 8. the early people might have been successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could provide, but their survival posed a great problem different illness and diseases, both antural and man-made, hampered the full potential of the human being.
- 9. in order to integrate their needs-for better transportation, establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and natural disaters,and construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures- people ventured into what is now known as the field of engineering
- 10. the develoopment of engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture. others might see architecture as a mere style, but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization.
- 11. Sumeria is located on the southermost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Summerian are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. they are not contented wit the basic things that life can offer
- 12. one of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the development of the first writing syatem known as cuneiform. it is a system that utilizes word pictures word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.
- 13. another important contribution of the Sumerians is the City of Uruk. it is great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected. there were no building stones in the location of this city and lumber was limited, making the construcrtion a big challenge
- 14. also called as the mountain of god, was built in the same manner that they constructed the city of Uruk. without much building materials, the structure was constructed using sun-baked bricks. the Ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter.
- 15. as population increased, so did the demend for food. the Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. it was difficult to get water from rivers, thus they could noit maintain farmlands.
- 16. another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. at that time, the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.
- 17. in the later part of the history , the Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were already available. thye first wheel were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes.
- 18. another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians. humans evelved from being food gatherers to farm cultivators. however, farmers needed a technology which would enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted.
- 19. iorder to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. with this work, the flow of traffic become faster and more organized.
- 20. it emerges near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. the Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architects. one of their major contributions is the ahnging garden of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the world.
- 21. today people can only mvel at the beauty of the famous hanging gardens of Babylon from stories of historians and paintings that portray the place. it was said to be a structure made up of layers upo layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. according to the legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis.
- 22. another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding the infrastructures established by the pharoahs.
- 23. one of the earlier contributions of Egyptian civilization. although egypt was not the first to devvelop a ssystem of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world.
- 24. when the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving ceased to be used in writing. as a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors
- 25. when the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving ceased to be used in writing. as a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors
- 26. the Egyptians also ninvented the use of cosmetics. although cosmetics in the modern times are used to imprrove and highlight the facial features of a person, their function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons.
- 27. another cosmetic invention of the Egyptians is the wig. wigs are use to nhance the appearence of people who are balding or those who wants to try new hair trends.
- 28. another inportant ancient Egyptian contribution. the device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. the bwater clock was widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient times.
- 29. Greece is an archipelago in the southeasthern part of Europe. known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics.
- 30. one of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented by the ancient Greeks is the alarm clock. although the alarm clock during that time did not resenble the present-day alarm clock, the purpose was same-to tell an individual when to start and stop.
- 31. were also considered as one of most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. conly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary form of food processing during that time.
- 32. Roman Empire was percieved to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. it was considered be the craddle of politics and governance during that period because the Roman Empire was so larg, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws.
- 33. one of the major contribution of Roman empire. the first newspaper known as the gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. these gazettes wee engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed.
- 34. with the invention of newspaper, it became easier for civilizations to write down everything that happened in their time. record-keeping was much easier since pape did not easily break, was lightweight and did not occupy much space.
- 35. is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world. was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance. they were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs because tehy could produce sturdier and stronger infrustructures.
- 36. although other number systems had already been established before teh Ronman numeral, these old systems could not keep up with high calculation requirements due to the increasing rate of communication and trade among nations. since the Roman Empire was expending, it had to deal with many nations to maintain its power.
- 37. is considered to be the oldest civilizatio in Asia, if not the world. also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. it was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk traits.
- 38. one of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk. although it is produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing.
- 39. tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. it was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips.
- 40. once considered the only man- madde structured that could be seen from outer space, the Great Wa of China is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastrusture that the nation built. it was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China.
- 41. the gunpowder is one of the most interesting inventions in China. originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieved immortality. they mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a balck powdre that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
- 42. the start of middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. wars were prevalent during this time. as such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production and health.
- 43. after the Chinese developed woodblock, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a casst type. he utilized woodedn machines taht extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper.
- 44. another invention in the Middle Ages. more and more people transfered to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people getting sick and needing medical attention. guided by the principles usedfor the invention of eyeglasses in eraly years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope.
- 45. sinec the Middle Agea was also known as the Age f Exploration, the ned for nautical inventions was high. considering the vast empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea.
- 46. since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great weaponry technology also occured. all sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments.
- 47. the booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. people neeeded efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance
- 48. as people were able to developed better means of production to meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. the challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorationg was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. Louis Pasteur
- 49. the modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. at first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. however, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later referred to as the “illuminating oil”
- 50. the more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to easily maintain these connection and communicate with each other in real time. the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.
- 51. although an earlier version of the calculator had alrfeady been developed, circumstances in the moderm times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations.
- 52. despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement of science and technology. it is quite remarkable to note the ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources. the Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries iterms of natural disasters.
- 53. it has become ordinary for Filipinos to convert transport vehicles into something more useful. an example is the conversion of American military jeeps used in the World War II into jeepneys.
- 54. one othe major needs in the Philippines, as a developing nation, is electrification. electricity powers various types of machines, including light sources. in many rural areas in the country, activities would cease when it gets dark.
- 55. a common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn babies. one reason for this problem in the 20th century was the lack of available incubators pecially in far-flung rural areas due to lack of available resources and electricity. Dr. Fe de Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman, admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which do not run on electricity.
- 56. dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is endemic in tropical and subtropicaln areas, including the Phillippines. this virus is usually transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant during the rainy season. in 2010, the DOST-ITDI was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap.
- 57. a major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines was the development of the jeepney. This iconic public utility vehicle was built using thye military jeeps left by the Americans after World War II.
- 58. Science Technology and Society book.(Danil Joseph McNamara, SJ, Vida Mia Valverde & Ramon Beleno III)