Lesson-3-UCSP-pptx.pdf
- 1. CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
- 2. CULTURE is the process by which a person becomes all that they were created capable of being. -Thomas Carlyle
- 4. 10. CULTURE is a composite or multifarious areas that compromise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as member of society.
- 5. A product of human interaction A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted Provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social needs A distinguishing factor An established pattern of behavior Cumulative Meaningful to human beings
- 6. Non- material CULTURE Ideas Language and Symbols 8. Religion 7. Behavior, gesture & habits
- 7. Material CULTURE 9. Technological Tools Architectural Structures 5. Fashion & Accessories 6. Food
- 8. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE • 4. KNOWLEDGE – refers to any information received and perceived to be true. • 3. BELIEFS – the perception of accepted reality. 2. REALITY refers to the existence of things whether material or non-material. • 1.SOCIAL NORMS – these are established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to act depending on the requirements of the time, place, or situation.
- 9. FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS: • Folkways – the patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual & conventional part of living • Mores – the set of ethical standards and moral obligations as dictates of reason that distinguishes human acts as right or wrong or good or bad
- 10. FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS: • Values – Anything held to be relatively worthy, important, desirable, or valuable • Technology – the practical application of knowledge in converting raw materials into finished products
- 12. CULTURALVARIATION refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.
- 13. 2 Important perceptions on cultural variability:
- 14. Ethnocentrism – It is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures, differ and each culture defines reality differently. - Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture.
- 15. Cultural Relativism – The attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context. - The principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.
- 16. LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION
- 17. EVOLUTION is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generations.
- 18. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Habilis Species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is associated with speech in modern humans and was the 1st to make stone tools. The ability to make and use tools is a unique quality to humans such that the species is recognized to be the first true human. The species name means “Handy Man.” Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food.
- 20. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Rudolfensis Species characterized by a longer face, larger molar and premolar teeth, and having a larger braincase compared to habilis particularly larger frontal lobes, areas of the brain that processes information. The species lived about 1.9 ton to 18 million years ago.
- 22. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Erectus Species name means “Upright Man” with body proportions similar to that of modern humans Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot climates and mostly spread in Africa and Asia. They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as axes and knives, and were the 1st to produce fire.
- 24. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Heidelber- genesis Species w/ large brow ridge and short wide bodies that lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago in Europe and Africa. They were the 1st of early human species to live in colder climates, 1st to hunt large animals on routine basis using spears, and 1st to construct human shelters.
- 26. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Floresiensis Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small stature with a height of more or less 3 feet & lived 95,000 to 17,000 yrs ago in the island of Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed animal species.
- 28. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Sapiens Neandertha- lensis Subspecies w/ short yet stocky in body build adapted to winter climates especially in icy cold places in Europe & Asia. The subspecies, also known as “Neanderthal Man,” is the closest relative of modern humans.
- 29. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Sapiens Neandertha- lensis The first to practice burial of their dead, hunting and gathering food, & sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles. They lived about 200,000 to 28,000 years ago.
- 31. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS Homo Sapiens Sapiens Subspecies known as Cro- magnon characterized to be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. They were the 1st to produce art in cave paintings & crafting decorated tools & accessories.
- 34. CULTURAL PERIOD TIME FRAME CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) Traditionally coincided w/ the 1st evidence of tool construction & use by Homosome 2.5 million years ago Use simple pebble tools Learned to live in caves Discovered the use of fire Developed small sculptures; & monumental painting, incised designs, & reliefs on the walls of caves. “Food-collecting cultures”
- 35. CULTURAL PERIOD TIME FRAME CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Occurred sometime about 10,000 BCE Stone tools were shaped by polishing or grinding Settlement in permanent villages Dependence on domesticated plants or animals Appearance of such crafts as pottery & weaving “Food-producing cultures”
- 36. Simple Differentiation of the Cultural Evolution
- 37. PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE Unpolished Stone Tools Hunting and Gathering Nomadic Way of Living Polished Stone Tools Domestication of plants and animals Living in permanent places
- 38. Characteristics of Human Society 1.It is a social system. 2.A society is relatively large. 3.A society recruits most of its members from within. 4.A society sustains itself across generations.
- 39. Characteristics of Human Society 5. A society’s members share a culture. 6. A society occupies a territory.
- 40. TYPES OF SOCIETIES Type of Human Societies Characteristics 1. Hunting and Food Gathering Societies • The earliest form of human society • People survived by foraging for vegetable foods and collecting shellfish. • They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available. • They used tools made of stones, woods, and bones.
- 41. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 2. Horticultural Societies SUBSISTENCE FARMING: • Involves only producing enough food to feed the group • The settlements are small • Neighborhood is solid
- 42. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 2. Horticultural Societies SUBSISTENCE FARMING: • Political organization is confined in the village. • Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship system.
- 43. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 2. Horticultural Societies SURPLUSFARMING: • Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlements. • there was occupational specialization w/
- 44. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 2. Horticultural Societies SURPLUSFARMING: • Social stratification was well established. • The community tended to be structured by kinship relations that are male dominated.
- 45. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 3. Pastoral Societies • It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group.
- 46. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 3. Pastoral Societies • Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herd in a never-ending quest for pasture and water.
- 47. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 3. Pastoral Societies • It was organized along male-centered kinship groups. • It was usually united under strong political figures. However, centralized political leadership did not occur.
- 48. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 4. Agricultural Societies • These societies were characterized by the use of the plow in farming. • Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough surplus for the community.
- 49. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 4. Agricultural Societies • Ever-growing populations came together in broad river-valley system. • Those who controlled access to arable land and its use became rich & powerful since they could demand the payment of taxes & political support.
- 50. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 4. Agricultural Societies • By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political leaders could make bureaucracies implement their plans and armies to protect their privileges.
- 51. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 4. Agricultural Societies • Social classes became entrenched, and the state evolved.
- 52. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 5. Industrial Societies • It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical means of production.
- 53. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 5. Industrial Societies • It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled ,and well- coordinated labor force.
- 54. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 5. Industrial Societies • Creates a highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers.
- 55. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 5. Industrial Societies • Industrial societies are divided along class lines. • Industrialism brought about a tremendous shift f populations
- 56. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 5. Industrial Societies • Kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs. • Industrial societies are highly secularized
- 57. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 5. Industrial Societies • The predominant form of social and political organization in industrial societies is the bureaucracy.
- 58. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 6. Post-industrial Societies • It depends on specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology.
- 59. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 6. Post-industrial Societies • It is characterized by the spread of computer industries. • Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society.
- 60. Type of Human Societies Characteristics 6. Post-industrial Societies • It resulted in the homogenization of social relations among individuals and the interaction between humans and the natural environment.