lexical relation-2.pptx meanings of language
- 1. Presented by: Abeer Almohamadi LEXICAL RELATIONS
- 2. Points: - Definition of lexical relations - Types of lexical relations: *Synonymy *Antonym *Hyponymy *Homonymy *Polysemy * Meronymy *Collection *Portial-mass
- 3. Identifying the meaning of a word with a relation of the other word. LEXICAL RELATIONS
- 4. 1 - Synonymy
- 5. two or more words with very closely related meanings. They are different phonological words that have the same or similar meanings.
- 6. Some examples almost/nearly , big/large , broad/wide , buy/purchase , cab/taxi , car/automobile , coach/sofa , boy/lad , lawyer/attorney , toilet/lavatory , fiddle/violin , freedom/liberty.
- 7. *They can often , though not always, be subtitled for each other in sentences. Ex • What was his answer? ✓ • What was his reply? ✓
- 8. *• The idea of “sameness” of meaning is not necessarily ‘total sameness’. • In many occasions, one word is appropriate in a sentence, but its synonym is odd. • Sandy had only one correct answer on the test. ✓ • Sandy had only one correct reply on the test. ×
- 9. • Some words may belong to different formal literary or registers and colloquial { slangs and informal language}, so synonyms are different according to the speaker’s way of speaking, • ex: fire=dismiss , yeah=yes , water=H2O.
- 10. 2 – Antonym
- 11. two forms with opposite meanings.
- 12. Examples: Alive/ dead, big/small, fast/slow, happy/sad, hot/cold, long/short, male/female, married/single, old/new, rich/ poor, true/false ,young/ old , hit/miss.
- 13. There are number of relations that seem to involve words which are at the same time related in meaning yet incompatible or contrasting, we list some of them :
- 14. 1 – Complementary antonyms: This is a relation between Words such that the negative of one implies the positive of the other.( direct opposite) ex: dead/ alive , pass/fail , hit/miss . my father is not alive . this means he’s dead.
- 15. 2- Gradable antonyms: This is a relation between Opposites where the positive of one doesn’t implies the negative of the other one.{ Opposites along a scale}. Ex : rich/poor , fast/slow , young/old , beautiful/ugly , long/short , tall/short , clever/ stupid , near/far , interesting/ boring.
- 17. 3 – Reverses: This is a relation between terms describing movement, where one term describes movement in one direction and the other the same movement in the opposite direction. ex: push/pull , come/go , go/return , up/down , in/out , left/right .
- 18. 4 – Converses: These are terms which describe a relation between two entities from alternative view-points, as in the pairs: own/belong to , above/below. Ex : Ahmed owns this pen. This pen is belong to Ahmed. * My bedroom is a above the kitchen. The kitchen is below my bedroom. * Ali is Manal’s husband. Manal is Ali’s wife. { used to describe the same situation}
- 19. 3- Hyponymy
- 20. when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another.
- 21. Examples animal/dog , dog/poodle , vegetable/carrot, flower/rose. • The concept of ‘inclusion’ involved in this relationship is the idea that if an object is a rose, then it is necessarily a flower • rose is a hyponym of flower. • The relationship of hyponymy = the concept of ‘is kind of’ • e.g. “an asp is a kind of snake”
- 22. 4- Homonym
- 23. Two or more words with the same form and pronunciation that are unrelated in meaning.
- 24. • Examples: bank (of a river) bank (financial institution) mole (on skin) mole (small animal) pupil (at school) pupil (in the eye) race (contest of speed) race (ethnic group).
- 26. 5-Polysemy
- 27. Two words or more with the same form and pronunciation, and with related meanings. { words that have multiple meanings}.
- 28. Examples • Head = the object on top of your body • Head = the person at the top of a company or department. • Foot = of person/ of bed/ of mountain • Run= person does/ water does/ colors does.
- 29. 6 - Meronymy
- 30. This term is used to describe a part-whole relationships between lexical terms. {container–contents relation} . Ex: * connection can be based on a container–contents relation ( bottle /water , can /juice ), *a whole–part relation (car/wheels, house/roof) or a representative–symbol relationship (king/crown, the President /the White House).
- 32. There are a number of other lexical relations that seem similar to meronymy. As in 7 & 8
- 33. Thank you