![POLYSEMES
● Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings
● (e.g., "bank" can mean a financial institution or the side of a river).
● Bat: 1] A nocturnal flying mammal
● 2]An equipment used in baseball / cricket to hit the ball
● Context is key in determining the intended meaning.
● Can you think of other polysemous words and their meanings?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation-university1-250207101248-68bd457a/85/Presentation-university-1-pptx-grammar-13-320.jpg)
Presentation - university (1).pptx grammar
- 1. Sense Relations in Linguistics
- 2. Introduction to Sense Relations ● Sense relations explore how meanings of words relate to each other. ● Understanding these relations is crucial for semantics and language comprehension. ● Key types include synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy.
- 4. Synonymy
- 5. TYPES OF SYNONYMS ● 1.Absolute Synonyms • Definition:Words that have exactly the same meaning and can be used interchangeably in all contexts. • Examples: "car" and "automobile", "big" and "large". ● 2.Partial Synonyms • Definition:Words that have similar but not identical meanings.They can be used interchangeably in some contexts but not all. • Examples: "start" and "begin", "finish" and "end".
- 6. ● 3.Near Synonyms • Definition:Words that have meanings that are very close but not identical.They often have subtle differences in connotation or usage. • Examples: "house" and "home", "job" and "occupation". ● 4.Contextual Synonyms • Definition:Words that can be synonymous in certain contexts but not in others. • Examples: "bright" can mean "intelligent" or "shining" depending on the context, so it may be synonymous with "clever" in one context and "luminous" in another.
- 7. ● 5.Dialectal Synonyms • Definition:Words that are synonymous but used in different dialects or regions. • Examples: "apartment" (American English) and "flat" (British English), "truck" (American English) and "lorry" (British English). ● 6.Euphemistic Synonyms • Definition:Words that are used to soften or avoid the direct expression of something considered harsh or unpleasant. • Examples: "pass away" instead of "die", "restroom" instead of "toilet". ● 7.Emotional Synonyms • Definition:Words that are synonymous but have different emotional or connotative shades of meaning. • Examples: "youthful" (positive connotation) and "juvenile" (negative connotation), "slim" (positive connotation) and "skinny" (negative connotation). ● Understanding these different types of synonymic relations can help you choose the most appropriate word for any given context
- 8. ANTONYMS ● This is the sense relation whereby words are related by having opposite meaning.According to Leech, (1981), antonymy is the standard technical term .for opposite meaning between lexemes. ● There are three types of antonyms (Cruse, 2004:164-5). ● i. Polar antonyms This is the type of oppositeness which can be easily modified with degree modifiers such as very, rather, quite, slightly, extremely, and the like. Example:The essay is very long.The test is quite easy. His performance is not extremely bad. ● ii. Equipollent antonyms This type of antonym refers to subjective sensation as hot: cold, bitter: sweet, painful: pleasurable, or emotions as happy: sad, proud of: ashamed of. ● iii. Overlapping Antonyms Kind of antonym where by pairs have an evaluative polarity as part of their meaning as good: bad, cruel: kind and clever: dull. Cruse (2004) generally explains the words which have opposite meaning hence it is quite meaningful connection to the definition given by Leech (1981) which is that antonym is the sense relation whereby words are related by having opposite meaning. By considering their idea, antonym concerns words or pairs of opposite meaning.
- 9. ● iv. Gradable Antonyms ● Gradable antonyms are pairs of words that represent opposite ends of a spectrum.They allow for varying degrees of intensity. For example, "hot" and "cold" are gradable antonyms, as one can be "warm" or "cool," which are intermediate states between the two extremes. ● Examples: • Hot Cold ↔ • Big Small ↔ • Happy Sad ↔ ● v. Complementary Antonyms ● Complementary antonyms are pairs of words where the presence of one quality means the absence of the other.There is no middle ground between these opposites. For instance, "alive" and "dead" are complementary antonyms; something cannot be both alive and dead at the same time. ● Examples: ● Alive-dead ● True-False
- 10. ● 3. Relational Antonyms ● Relational antonyms are pairs of words that are opposites in the context of a relationship. One term cannot exist without the other, as they are interdependent. For example, "parent" and "child" are relational antonyms because one implies the existence of the other. ● Examples: • Teacher Student ↔ • Buy Sell ↔ • Above Below ↔ ● 4. Inverses ● Inverse antonyms are words that indicate a reversal of action or direction.These pairs often describe actions that are opposite in nature. For example, "push" and "pull" are inverse antonyms as they represent opposite actions. ● Examples: • Push Pull ↔ • Arrive Depart ↔ • Increase Decrease ↔
- 11. HYPONYMS ● Hyponymy describes a relationship where one word is a more specific term than another (e.g., "rose" is a hyponym of "flower"). ● This creates a hierarchical structure in vocabulary. ● How does understanding hyponymy help in categorizing information?
- 12. HYPERNYMS ● Hypernyms are general terms that encompass more specific words (e.g., "vehicle" is a hypernym for "car" and "bike"). ● This relationship is the opposite of hyponymy. ● Why is it important to distinguish between hypernyms and hyponyms?
- 13. POLYSEMES ● Polysemy refers to a single word having multiple related meanings ● (e.g., "bank" can mean a financial institution or the side of a river). ● Bat: 1] A nocturnal flying mammal ● 2]An equipment used in baseball / cricket to hit the ball ● Context is key in determining the intended meaning. ● Can you think of other polysemous words and their meanings?
- 15. HOMONYMS
- 16. ● Homonyms are words that sound the same or are spelled the same but have different meanings (e.g., "bat" as a flying mammal and "bat" as a sports equipment). ● Alternatively, Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling ● They can lead to ambiguity in language. ● How do you think context helps resolve homonym ambiguity?
- 17. ● Definition: Homonymy involves words that sound alike or are spelled alike but have different meanings. Homonyms can be further divided into homographs and homophones.
- 19. MERONYMS
- 20. MERONYMS ● Meronymy describes a part-whole relationship (e.g., "wheel" is a meronym of "car"). ● Understanding this relation helps in grasping the structure of objects. ● What are some examples of meronymy in everyday language?
- 21. COLLOCATIONS/SEMANTIC FIELDS ● Collocation refers to the habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word or words. These combinations often sound natural to native speakers. ● For instance, if speaking of transport, there are common phrases like ● Hail a taxi,Take a bus, take a detour ,negotiate a corner e.t.c ● For words involved, we have taxi , walk, traffic jam , e.t.c ● The prominent downsides are the learning effort if situated in a new environment and heavy context dependency or potential confusion
- 24. IMPORTANCE OF SENSE RELATIONS ● Understanding sense relations enhances language comprehension and communication. ● It aids in language learning, translation, and linguistic analysis. ● Why do you think sense relations are crucial for effective communication?
- 25. Applications in Linguistics ● Sense relations are applied in various fields: lexicography, natural language processing, and language teaching. ● They help in creating dictionaries and language models. ● Can you think of other fields where sense relations might be relevant?
- 26. Conclusion ● Sense relations are fundamental to understanding language and meaning. ● They provide insights into how words interact and convey ideas. ● What key takeaway will you remember about sense relations in linguistics?
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