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International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
LIBYAN STUDENTS' ACADEMIC 
PERFORMANCE AND RANKING IN NURSING 
INFORMATICS - DATA MINING FOR STARTER'S 
James Neil B. Mendoza1, Dorothy G. Buhat-Mendoza2 
1Assistant Lecturer – Computer Subjects, College of Nursing, 
Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Libya 
2Assistant Lecturer – Nursing Subjects, College of Nursing, 
Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Libya 
ABSTRACT 
Nursing Informatics is becoming a trend in the nursing education sector and health care workforce. 
Belonging to the academic performance of the students, steps are necessary to improve it as performance 
and retention were becoming a great issue for educators, students and the nation. As the student performs, 
all academic measures were recorded into the database system, over the years it accumulated to a large 
amount. Data were forgotten, archived at the least. Then came educational data mining, with all its ability. 
Unknown and hidden data patterns of Nursing Informatics and accompanying subjects were extracted and 
analyzed using the same database grading system of Omar Al-Mukhtar University College of Nursing 
known as OMUCON-GSv1. Getting started with mining by employing database management methods and 
implementations like Structured Query Language to form a query, filter, pivot table and pivot chart, the 
system and the research generated valuable findings. The result of the study showed a favorable academic 
performance by the students of nursing and so with the ranking they got for Nursing Informatics. Overall 
the OMUCON-GSv1 can generate helpful and meaningful data as it promoted simple educational data 
mining. A vital element in the improvement of quality education for the College. Further study and advance 
data mining approach were recommended to greatly improve the outcome. 
KEYWORDS 
Data Mining, database management system, academic performance, Nursing Informatics 
1. INTRODUCTION 
It was evident that nursing workforce with information literacy skills is vital to patient care 
delivery [1]. Nursing Informatics, described as the use of information and technology supporting 
the work of the nurse [2] was part of nursing curriculum after the introduction of information 
technology into health care together with identifying essential informatics skills [3]. Students 
must learn the basic principles of computerized nursing documentation with the guide of nursing 
faculty [4]. Although nursing informatics was deemed necessary, little is known even to this date 
about the transfer of information literacy as nursing students evolve into clinical practitioners 
after graduation [5]. In addition, Nursing Informatics is not even a major subject for them 
although it is currently applied in the nursing profession. 
Academic performance signifies how well a student achieved tasks and studies [6]. Student 
retention and performance are deemed as important issues for educators and students [7]. 
DOI : 10.5121/ijdms.2014.6502 11
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
Education is an essential element for the progress of a country [8], its quality among the most 
promising responsibility of the country to its people [9]. In universities, academic performance is 
measured by assessments like class test marks, lab performance, assignment, quiz and attendance 
[8]. In Omar Al Mukhtar University College of Nursing, curriculum combines both theoretical 
and practical instruction with Nursing Informatics integrated in a Computer course being offered 
in the first year of education. Record of their performance is stored in the University’s database 
management system for several years. It is usually retrieved as transcript of records for students 
or is otherwise archived. Educational data in the College were not subjected for further analysis 
until this time. 
The amount of data stored in educational database increases rapidly over the years [10]. Known 
as a collection of structured information about a subject or for a particular purpose [11], database 
has been explored for many years. Consequently the amount of data maintained in any electronic 
format increased dramatically, as the amount of information doubles so was the database at an 
even greater rate [12]. Data was recorded as it was believed to be a source of potentially useful 
information [13]. Data in every bit has a lot of hidden information [9], as Collegiate education 
evolves so is the need to perform database management and data mining. Database management 
system is a suite of computer software providing interface between users and databases [14]. Data 
mining is a technology used to extract meaningful information and to develop significant 
relationship among variables stored in a data set [10, 12]. It is a process of extracting previously 
unknown, but valid, potential, useful although hidden patterns from a large data sets [10]. It is 
also known as a method of analyzing data from different angle or perspective, then collecting 
useful information from it [15]. 
Consequently educational data mining was introduced as a technological step in the education 
sector [9] where extraction of valuable information happens, helping to meet quality education 
[16]. Getting started with data mining is a big step in the education sector. To make it easier the 
author used simple procedures advised by Garry Robinson, using MS-Access 2007 to get started 
with data mining and as a suite to explore valuable data [17]. Structured Query Language or SQL 
is a suitable tool to extract and transform data used in data mining [18]. Aggregation and 
computation of fields can be performed using SQL, where resulting query are subjected to 
filtering and Pivots. Functions used in aggregation play a major role in summarization of data sets 
in table, it includes sum(), avg(), min(), max() and count() or even a user defined calculation [19]. 
Pivoting approach on the other hand can help in evaluating an aggregated tabular format for a 
summarized data set [20]. 
Office of the College Registrar of Omar Al Mukhtar University College of Nursing utilizes 
student database grading system named as OMUCON-GSv1, created by the author, with MS-Access 
as its back end support, store students’ personal information, educational performance for 
every subject with semesters and school year divided into several queries. Implemented since 
academic year of 2010-2011, data storage and retrieval were made easy. In this research, the 
proponent performed a simple educational data mining approach to determine the Libyan nursing 
students’ Academic performance and find where Nursing Informatics ranks among their academic 
subjects. Intended to get started with mining by employing database management methods and 
implementation like SQL to form a query, filter, pivot table and pivot chart, the author expected 
the system and the research to generate valuable findings. The result of the study was aimed to 
provide worthy educational data to the Institution in aide of improving educational competence in 
Nursing Informatics and academic performance as a whole. 
12
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
13 
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 
2.1 Research Design 
The study implored a descriptive non-experimental approach using existing data sets to determine 
the Academic performance and the ranking of Nursing Informatics in their academic semester. 
Simple data mining element approach was used to extract, analyze and present the data in useful 
format. The student database grading system OMUCON-GSv1 was used to perform data mining 
and statistical treatment of data as well. Methods and implementation of database management 
was performed. 
2.2 Study Population 
The study population consisted of 4 batches of students. Batch 2011, historically the 4th batch of 
students who entered the College of Nursing on Academic Year (AY) 2010-2011, and the 
pioneering batch to be entered in the system as 1st year students’ in the College. Respectively 
Batch 2012, Batch 2013 and Batch 2014 were students’ who entered the college in AY 2011- 
2012, AY 2012-2013 and AY 2013-2014. Population was selected based on their student number 
hence named Batch number. 
2.3 Students Grades 
Official students’ grades of 1st year students in the 2nd semester of AY 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 
2012-2013, and 2013-2014 were retrieved from OMUCON-GSv1 with the approval from the 
Office of the College Registrar. Academic performance was used to refer to the average grades of 
student in the 1st year 2nd semester of the given school year. The said school year and semester 
were chosen since Nursing Informatics was included in that occasion. To facilitate a fairer 
statistical analysis, grades of students belonging to a repeater or returnee of the same semester 
and school year were removed from the analysis. 
2.4 Subject Ranking 
There were eight (8) subjects officially enrolled by the 1st year students in the second semester. 
These include Human Anatomy 2, Physiology 2, Biochemistry 2, English Language 2, General 
Psychology, Intro to Computer Application with Nursing Informatics, Fundamentals of Nursing 
Practice, and Related Learning Experience 2. Save for Batch 2011 when General Psychology was 
not offered during the school year. The mean score for the subjects’ would be use to determine 
their ordinal ranking with emphasis on Intro to Computer where Nursing Informatics is 
integrated. Comparison of Nursing Informatics with the Academic Performance would be 
presented as well. 
2.5 Data Measures 
Collected data were tallied and organized into tables to permit ease of analysis. Mean score and 
standard deviation were computed individually for all subjects. Comparison for the computed 
value of Nursing Informatics and Academic performance in every school year was utilized to 
determine the changes and movement of the variables. All data measures and its presentation 
were performed and generated by the software application OMUCON-GSv1.
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
14 
2.6 Software Application 
Omar Al-Mukhtar University College of Nursing Grading System Version 1 or OMUCON-GSv1 
is a software application that stores student information, subjects offered and academic records. 
The system was utilized to perform data measurement and presentation. Data from the system 
were extracted using SQL formed as a query. Data that did not reach the criteria of study 
population and students grades were filtered. Resulting query were then aggregated and 
calculated. Query was turned into pivot table to group the subjects and to calculate the average 
grade for each subjects and a grand average to be presented as Academic performance per school 
year. Additional calculated fields were used like standard deviation to find dispersion, and count 
to present the number of observation. Finally a pivot chart was used to generate a visualization of 
aggregated data in a bar graph for ease of analysis in comparison and ordinal ranking of subjects. 
3. RESULTS 
Student records were extracted in OMUCON-GSv1, as a result of filtering, pivot table and pivot 
chart, the results below were observed. Information presented in Table 1, 2, 3 and 4 were based 
on the result of the pivot table. Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 were the actual graph generated by the 
system together with contextual information derived from the table. 
3.1 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2011 
There were 56 new students extracted for this batch as a result of filtering. Pivot table using 
calculation of average mean for each subjects resulted with 63.80 marks. The highest ranking 
mark belongs to Related Learning Experience 2 with a mean score of 83.32 while Fundamentals 
of Nursing at the lowest rank having 54.61. Intro to Computer with Nursing Informatics landed at 
ordinal rank 6 out of 7 subjects with 54.91, way below the average mean. Detailed summary was 
shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. 
Table 1: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2011 
Subject Mean S.D. Rank 
Human Anatomy 2 70.21 
60.04 
61.57 
23.88 
24.56 
22.96 
2 
Physiology 2 5 
Biochemistry 2 4 
English Language 2 62.95 
54.61 
54.91 
23.43 
26.08 
22.39 
3 
Fundamentals of Nursing 7 
Intro to Computer 6 
Related Learning Experience 2 82.32 23.30 1 
Average Mean 63.80 
n=56; Average mean=63.80; Intro to Computer=54.91 Rank=6
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
15 
Figure 1: Graphical chart of Batch 2011 academic performance 
3.2 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2012 
The average mean for Batch 2012 of 60.37 as shown in Table 2 was slightly lower than Batch 
2011 but with a big improvement in Intro to Computer at 60.13 now ranking at number 3 among 
8 subjects. Despite a lower score in Related Learning Experience 2 observed with 60.37, it 
remained at the top rank while Human Anatomy 2 slide at the bottom rank with 46.79 compared 
to the previous year. There were 63 students for this batch after data filtering. Figure 2, generated 
by the pivot chart was provided for better visualization of result. 
Table 2: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2012 
Subject Mean S.D. Rank 
Human Anatomy 2 46.79 20.25 8 
Physiology 2 56.94 17.84 5 
Biochemistry 2 60.18 16.25 2 
English Language 2 54.61 15.95 
20.54 
20.27 
6 
Fundamentals of Nursing 51.00 7 
General Psychology 60.10 4 
Intro to Computer 60.13 17.39 3 
Related Learning Experience 2 60.37 17.34 1 
Average Mean 60.37 
n=63; Average mean=60.37; Intro to Computer=60.13 Rank=3
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
16 
Figure 2: Graphical chart of Batch 2012 academic performance 
3.3 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2013 
Table 3 showed the pivot table result for Batch 2013. Average mean was at its lowest among 4 
batches at 53.27. Intro to Computer slides at 4th rank with 53.48 marks as General Psychology 
was ranked 1st with 58.46, while ranking lowest was Biochemistry 2 with 49.00 among 35 
students from this batch. 
Table 3: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2013 
Subject Mean S.D. Rank 
Human Anatomy 2 56.94 22.30 2 
Physiology 2 49.72 21.31 7 
Biochemistry 2 49.00 22.80 8 
English Language 2 51.48 27.84 
25.01 
26.74 
6 
Fundamentals of Nursing 55.88 3 
General Psychology 58.46 1 
Intro to Computer 53.48 22.98 4 
Related Learning Experience 2 50.59 26.50 5 
Average Mean 53.27 
n=35; Average mean=53.27; Intro to Computer=53.48 Rank=4
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
17 
Figure 3: Graphical chart of Batch 2013 academic performance 
3.4 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2014 
Retaining the 1st rank was General Psychology after scoring 74.94. Human Anatomy 2 regained 
the lowest rank with just 46.23 marks. Intro to Computer reached a higher mark of 56.11 while 
being at rank number 5 after a tight race to rank 3, as 52 students were included in this batch. The 
average mean score improved as well at 57.03. System generated results seen at Table 4 and 
Figure 4 provided detail of the summary. 
Table 4: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2014 
Subject Mean S.D. Rank 
Human Anatomy 2 46.23 24.83 8 
Physiology 2 56.91 16.97 4 
Biochemistry 2 57.21 19.72 3 
English Language 2 49.61 18.14 
21.56 
14.95 
7 
Fundamentals of Nursing 53.68 6 
General Psychology 74.94 1 
Intro to Computer 56.11 21.51 5 
Related Learning Experience 2 60.98 21.83 2 
Average Mean 57.03 
n=52; Average mean=57.03; Intro to Computer=56.11 Rank=5
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
18 
Figure 4: Graphical chart of Batch 2013 academic performance 
4. DISCUSSION 
The academic performance of Omar Al Mukhtar University – College of Nursing students were 
generally modest at least. While it varies from year to year the average mean was still above the 
passing mark of the College at 50. This means that most students’ have passed most of its 
subjects if not all. The result suggested that the students from the study were seriously devoted 
into their chosen field. Although further study would be needed to find out reasons for result of 
performance as no study was conducted about factors affecting it. Learning process has been 
thought a closed circle between teachers and students through assignments, quizzes and exams for 
many years [21]. Factors like course, study habit, learning styles, motivation and social aspects, 
although these differs from one student to another [6] may be studied. Expectancy and goal 
setting plus the students’ motivation were also factors and predictors of their academic 
performance and retention [7]. These may be explored as well. Nonetheless, the result of the 
study itself would help the College to determine on where to improve on at. 
The result also showed that the students performed relatively better in Intro to Computer where 
Nursing Informatics is integrated compared to most of their subjects. Except for Batch 2011 were 
their mean score was lower than the average mean. It was observe that as the students were 
getting more acquainted with new technology, performance in computer course might improve. 
The impact of computer technology is growing at a high speed on the society in recent times [22] 
and there is a need to cope up with the trend. Necessary factors for the students’ to use 
Information Technology on their placement were their belief that they possess the skills and an 
environment supportive enough for its use [2]. This was a big step for the College to further the 
promotion of the course, as it was offered only in that particular semester. In addition, it was only 
a part of the course not a whole course itself. Retention for the acquired skills in the subject 
would not be evaluated as there was no follow up course for it in their higher year level. Gap and 
dissension was obvious on what should be the content of the course, but it implied that it should 
be included in the whole curriculum and creation of stand-alone courses concentrated on nursing 
informatics was imminent [23]. The challenge was to explore innovative tools that will equip 
nurses with appropriate skills in utilizing IT in the health care process [24]. The problem was 
even if the nursing students have the technology and they perceive themselves competent in using 
informatics in nursing, they still lack important resources to develop competencies in nursing 
informatics [25]. To address these concerns, understanding of the student and even faculty in 
information literacy can be cooked up to design and implement what the learners would be 
needing [1]. A minimum pre-requisite of computer skills before entering BSN would also suffice
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
[23]. Since there is continued reliance of the healthcare system on electronic means, self-assessment 
of informatics competencies will be a key to provide benchmarking for the 
19 
identification of skills requiring further development [26]. 
OMUCON-GSv1 lived up to its expectation in storage and retrieval of data. Mining elements 
such as extraction, analysis and presentation were performed simplified by using query, filtering, 
pivot table and pivot chart. Results were consistent to the function of SQL in the form of query, 
used to extract information from the database [19]. Pivot method was then used to aggregate the 
results into writing cross-tabulation queries that rotate group rows into a column producing 
summarized columns and fewer rows [20] as shown on Tables 1 to 4. Tabular datasets were easier 
to understand and use than other approaches and a necessity in data mining [19], thus objective of 
the study to present valuable educational data to the Institution in aide of quality education was 
met. 
The generated result of the study would help in the improvement of the educational sector as well 
as to promote Nursing Informatics not only as a basic subject but a key to nursing education as 
well. Furthering the data mining technique would help a lot. Classification and clustering 
technique of data mining process would help predict future performance of students’ and with 
that addressing their needs before an exam would improve their performance in the future and the 
quality of education in the College as well [10]. The use of data mining in education may provide 
us with more varied and significant findings leading to an improved quality education [12]. A 
technological step in the education sector, data mining provided a new way to look into education 
which was hidden from humankind before [9]. The result of the study would be a useful element 
in the promotion of quality education in the College. 
5. CONCLUSION 
College of Nursing students of Omar Al-Mukhtar University performed generally well in their 
academic subjects and relatively better in Nursing Informatics, a fruitful observation that students 
were suited up to the advancement of technology in the future generation. Further study was 
needed to address factors that may affect the result. The OMUCON-GSv1 can generate helpful 
data and turn it to a meaningful data in promoting even a simple educational data mining for the 
improvement of quality education in the College. Advance data mining approach with proper 
elements involve would further improved data result transformation and the research as a whole. 
REFERENCES 
[1] Carter-Templeton HD, Patterson RB, Mackey STN. Nursing Faculty & Student Experiences with 
Information Literacy: A Pilot Study. Journal of Nursing Education & Practice 2014; 4(1):208-217. 
[2] Bond CS. Nurses, Computer & Pre-registration Education. Nurse Education Today 2009; 29:731-4. 
[3] Hunter KM, McGonigle DM, Hebda TL. TIGER-based Measurement of Nursing Informatics 
Competencies: The Development & Implementation of an Online Tool for Self-Assessment. Journal 
of Education & Nursing Practice 2013; 3(12):70-80. 
[4] Aktan NM, Tracy J, Bareford C. Computerized Documentation and Community Health Nursing 
Students. Journal of Nursing Education & Practice 2011; 1(1):25-31. 
[5] Wahoush O, Banfield L. Information Literacy During Entry to Practice: Information-Seeking 
Behaviours in Student Nurses & Recent Nurse Graduates. Nurse Education Today 2014; 34:208-213. 
[6] Dela-Cruz RA, Guido RM. Factors Affecting Performance of BS Astronmy Technology Students. 
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2013; 2(12):84-94. 
[7] Friedman BA, Mandel RG. The Prediction of College Student Academic Performance & Retention: 
Application of Expectancy & Goal Setting Theories. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, 
Theory & Practice 2009-2010; 11(2):227-246.
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
[8] Shovon HI, Haque M. Prediction of Student Academic Performance by an Application of K-Means 
Clustering Algorithm. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science & Software 
Engineering 2012; 2(7):353-5. 
[9] Pandey UK, Bhardwaj BK, Pal S, Rajasthan PBJ. Data Mining as a Torch Bearer in Education Sector. 
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Technical Jaurnal of LBSIMDS; 115-125. 
[10] Prasadi GNR, Babu AV. Mining Previous Marks Data to Predict Students Performance in their Final 
Year Examinations. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2013; 2(2):1-4. 
[11] Roger AE, Ghislain AA, Joel SM. Migration of Legacy Information System based on Business 
Process Theory. International Journal of Computer Applications 2011; 33(2):27-34. 
[12] Erdogan SZ, Timor M. A Data Mining Application in a Student Database. Journal of Aeronautics & 
Space Technologies 2005; 2(2):53-7. 
[13] Singh SP, Sharma NK, Sharma BK. Use of Clustering to Improve the Standard of Education System. 
International Journal of Applied Information Systems 2012; 1(5):16-20. 
[14] http://en.wikepedia.org/wiki/Database. Terminology and Review. 
[15] Raorane A, Kulkarni RV. Data Mining Techniques: A Source for Consumer Behavior Analysis. 
International Journal of Database Management Systems 2011; 3(3):45-56. 
[16] Romero C, Ventura S. Educational Data Mining: A survey from 1995 to 2005. Expert System with 
Application 2007; 33:135-146. 
[17] Robinson G. Use Access 2007 to get Started in Data Mining. www.databasejournal.com 2009. 
[18] Jasna S, Pillai MJ. Preparing Data Sets for Data Mining Analysis using the Most Efficeint Horizontal 
Aggregation Method in SQL. International Journal of Computer Applications 2014; 86(13):32-6 
[19] Mary MSI, Kalaivani V. Query Optimization using SQL Approach for Data Mining Analysis. 
International Journal of Computer Applications 2012; 17:12-21 
[20] Gomaa WH, Fahmy AA. Arabic Short Answer Scoring with Effective Feedback for Students. 
International Journal of Computer Applications 2014; 86(2):35-41. 
[21] Akintoye KA, Arogundade OT, Oke O. Development of a Web-based Student-Lecturer Relationship 
Information System (E-Assessment). International Journal of Computer Applications 2011; 25(8):43- 
7 
[22] De Gagne JC, Bisanar WA, Makowski JT, Neumann JL. Integrating Informatics into the BSN 
Curriculum: A Review of the Literature. Nurse Education Today 2012; 32:675-682. 
[23] Demiris G, Zierler B. Integrating Problem-based Learning in a Nursing Informatics Curriculum. 
Nurse Education Today 2010; 30:175-9 
[24] Jette S, Tribble DS, Gagnon J, Mathieu L. Nursing Students’ Perception of their Resources Toward 
the Development of Competencies in Nursing Informatics. Nurse Education Today 2010; 30:742-6. 
[25] Hill T, McGonigle D, Hunter KM, Sipes C, Hebda TL. An Instrument for Assessing Advanced 
Nursing Informatics Competencies. Journal of Nursing Education & Practice 2014; 4(7):104-112 
[26] Jincy AVV, Rexie JAM. Efficient Tabular Dataset Preparations by Aggregations in SQL: A Survey. 
International Journal of Computer Applications 2012; 58(15):17-20 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / SOURCE OF SUPPORT 
The authors would like to thank first and foremost God Almighty for the grace and glory of His 
name, giving us the gift of wisdom and inspiration to write this study. We acknowledge our 
family specially our mothers and also our friends, for their unwavering support. And to the 
publisher for the insight in promoting research development, thank you and God bless us all. 
AUTHORS 
James Neil B. Mendoza obtained his BS Computer Science degree at AMA Computer 
University in Makati City, Philippines on 2001 and a Masters Degree of Information 
Technology at Technological University of the Philippines in Manila on year 2005. He 
has worked as College Instructor for several schools and universities in the Philippines 
including Informatics Computer Institute, Southern Philippines Institute of Science and 
Technology and AMA Computer University all in the Computer Studies Department. He 
held positions as ITE Coordinator and Program Head and later worked as Assistant 
Professor in a Graduate program. In October of 2009 he went to Libya where he is working as College 
Lecturer and IT admin staff in Omar Al Mukhtar University in the College of Nursing up to present time.
International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 
21 
Dorothy G. Buhat-Mendoza graduated with a degree in BS Nursing at University of 
Perpetual Help Manila Campus and obtained her Philippine RN board exam on 2002. 
She has worked as a nurse at a private hospital in Batangas for three (3) years before 
becoming a Clinical Instructor at her alma mater. She pursued her Masters Degree in 
Nursing at University of Lasalette based in Isabela City. In 2011 she went to Libya 
where she is now working as a Clinical Instructor at Omar Al Mukhtar University in the 
College of Nursing. Her field of specialization is in Maternal and Child Nursing. 
The authors met in Tobruk Libya and were a colleague in the University. They later get married in 20012 
and partnered in several projects in and out of the University. Her expertise in the nursing field were the 
inspiration of the main author to collaborate Information Technology and Nursing in one research study. 
They have worked together in publishing an article in the nursing field just recently.

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Libyan Students' Academic Performance and Ranking in Nursing Informatics - Data Mining for Starter's

  • 1. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 LIBYAN STUDENTS' ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND RANKING IN NURSING INFORMATICS - DATA MINING FOR STARTER'S James Neil B. Mendoza1, Dorothy G. Buhat-Mendoza2 1Assistant Lecturer – Computer Subjects, College of Nursing, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Libya 2Assistant Lecturer – Nursing Subjects, College of Nursing, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Libya ABSTRACT Nursing Informatics is becoming a trend in the nursing education sector and health care workforce. Belonging to the academic performance of the students, steps are necessary to improve it as performance and retention were becoming a great issue for educators, students and the nation. As the student performs, all academic measures were recorded into the database system, over the years it accumulated to a large amount. Data were forgotten, archived at the least. Then came educational data mining, with all its ability. Unknown and hidden data patterns of Nursing Informatics and accompanying subjects were extracted and analyzed using the same database grading system of Omar Al-Mukhtar University College of Nursing known as OMUCON-GSv1. Getting started with mining by employing database management methods and implementations like Structured Query Language to form a query, filter, pivot table and pivot chart, the system and the research generated valuable findings. The result of the study showed a favorable academic performance by the students of nursing and so with the ranking they got for Nursing Informatics. Overall the OMUCON-GSv1 can generate helpful and meaningful data as it promoted simple educational data mining. A vital element in the improvement of quality education for the College. Further study and advance data mining approach were recommended to greatly improve the outcome. KEYWORDS Data Mining, database management system, academic performance, Nursing Informatics 1. INTRODUCTION It was evident that nursing workforce with information literacy skills is vital to patient care delivery [1]. Nursing Informatics, described as the use of information and technology supporting the work of the nurse [2] was part of nursing curriculum after the introduction of information technology into health care together with identifying essential informatics skills [3]. Students must learn the basic principles of computerized nursing documentation with the guide of nursing faculty [4]. Although nursing informatics was deemed necessary, little is known even to this date about the transfer of information literacy as nursing students evolve into clinical practitioners after graduation [5]. In addition, Nursing Informatics is not even a major subject for them although it is currently applied in the nursing profession. Academic performance signifies how well a student achieved tasks and studies [6]. Student retention and performance are deemed as important issues for educators and students [7]. DOI : 10.5121/ijdms.2014.6502 11
  • 2. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 Education is an essential element for the progress of a country [8], its quality among the most promising responsibility of the country to its people [9]. In universities, academic performance is measured by assessments like class test marks, lab performance, assignment, quiz and attendance [8]. In Omar Al Mukhtar University College of Nursing, curriculum combines both theoretical and practical instruction with Nursing Informatics integrated in a Computer course being offered in the first year of education. Record of their performance is stored in the University’s database management system for several years. It is usually retrieved as transcript of records for students or is otherwise archived. Educational data in the College were not subjected for further analysis until this time. The amount of data stored in educational database increases rapidly over the years [10]. Known as a collection of structured information about a subject or for a particular purpose [11], database has been explored for many years. Consequently the amount of data maintained in any electronic format increased dramatically, as the amount of information doubles so was the database at an even greater rate [12]. Data was recorded as it was believed to be a source of potentially useful information [13]. Data in every bit has a lot of hidden information [9], as Collegiate education evolves so is the need to perform database management and data mining. Database management system is a suite of computer software providing interface between users and databases [14]. Data mining is a technology used to extract meaningful information and to develop significant relationship among variables stored in a data set [10, 12]. It is a process of extracting previously unknown, but valid, potential, useful although hidden patterns from a large data sets [10]. It is also known as a method of analyzing data from different angle or perspective, then collecting useful information from it [15]. Consequently educational data mining was introduced as a technological step in the education sector [9] where extraction of valuable information happens, helping to meet quality education [16]. Getting started with data mining is a big step in the education sector. To make it easier the author used simple procedures advised by Garry Robinson, using MS-Access 2007 to get started with data mining and as a suite to explore valuable data [17]. Structured Query Language or SQL is a suitable tool to extract and transform data used in data mining [18]. Aggregation and computation of fields can be performed using SQL, where resulting query are subjected to filtering and Pivots. Functions used in aggregation play a major role in summarization of data sets in table, it includes sum(), avg(), min(), max() and count() or even a user defined calculation [19]. Pivoting approach on the other hand can help in evaluating an aggregated tabular format for a summarized data set [20]. Office of the College Registrar of Omar Al Mukhtar University College of Nursing utilizes student database grading system named as OMUCON-GSv1, created by the author, with MS-Access as its back end support, store students’ personal information, educational performance for every subject with semesters and school year divided into several queries. Implemented since academic year of 2010-2011, data storage and retrieval were made easy. In this research, the proponent performed a simple educational data mining approach to determine the Libyan nursing students’ Academic performance and find where Nursing Informatics ranks among their academic subjects. Intended to get started with mining by employing database management methods and implementation like SQL to form a query, filter, pivot table and pivot chart, the author expected the system and the research to generate valuable findings. The result of the study was aimed to provide worthy educational data to the Institution in aide of improving educational competence in Nursing Informatics and academic performance as a whole. 12
  • 3. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 13 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Research Design The study implored a descriptive non-experimental approach using existing data sets to determine the Academic performance and the ranking of Nursing Informatics in their academic semester. Simple data mining element approach was used to extract, analyze and present the data in useful format. The student database grading system OMUCON-GSv1 was used to perform data mining and statistical treatment of data as well. Methods and implementation of database management was performed. 2.2 Study Population The study population consisted of 4 batches of students. Batch 2011, historically the 4th batch of students who entered the College of Nursing on Academic Year (AY) 2010-2011, and the pioneering batch to be entered in the system as 1st year students’ in the College. Respectively Batch 2012, Batch 2013 and Batch 2014 were students’ who entered the college in AY 2011- 2012, AY 2012-2013 and AY 2013-2014. Population was selected based on their student number hence named Batch number. 2.3 Students Grades Official students’ grades of 1st year students in the 2nd semester of AY 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2012-2013, and 2013-2014 were retrieved from OMUCON-GSv1 with the approval from the Office of the College Registrar. Academic performance was used to refer to the average grades of student in the 1st year 2nd semester of the given school year. The said school year and semester were chosen since Nursing Informatics was included in that occasion. To facilitate a fairer statistical analysis, grades of students belonging to a repeater or returnee of the same semester and school year were removed from the analysis. 2.4 Subject Ranking There were eight (8) subjects officially enrolled by the 1st year students in the second semester. These include Human Anatomy 2, Physiology 2, Biochemistry 2, English Language 2, General Psychology, Intro to Computer Application with Nursing Informatics, Fundamentals of Nursing Practice, and Related Learning Experience 2. Save for Batch 2011 when General Psychology was not offered during the school year. The mean score for the subjects’ would be use to determine their ordinal ranking with emphasis on Intro to Computer where Nursing Informatics is integrated. Comparison of Nursing Informatics with the Academic Performance would be presented as well. 2.5 Data Measures Collected data were tallied and organized into tables to permit ease of analysis. Mean score and standard deviation were computed individually for all subjects. Comparison for the computed value of Nursing Informatics and Academic performance in every school year was utilized to determine the changes and movement of the variables. All data measures and its presentation were performed and generated by the software application OMUCON-GSv1.
  • 4. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 14 2.6 Software Application Omar Al-Mukhtar University College of Nursing Grading System Version 1 or OMUCON-GSv1 is a software application that stores student information, subjects offered and academic records. The system was utilized to perform data measurement and presentation. Data from the system were extracted using SQL formed as a query. Data that did not reach the criteria of study population and students grades were filtered. Resulting query were then aggregated and calculated. Query was turned into pivot table to group the subjects and to calculate the average grade for each subjects and a grand average to be presented as Academic performance per school year. Additional calculated fields were used like standard deviation to find dispersion, and count to present the number of observation. Finally a pivot chart was used to generate a visualization of aggregated data in a bar graph for ease of analysis in comparison and ordinal ranking of subjects. 3. RESULTS Student records were extracted in OMUCON-GSv1, as a result of filtering, pivot table and pivot chart, the results below were observed. Information presented in Table 1, 2, 3 and 4 were based on the result of the pivot table. Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 were the actual graph generated by the system together with contextual information derived from the table. 3.1 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2011 There were 56 new students extracted for this batch as a result of filtering. Pivot table using calculation of average mean for each subjects resulted with 63.80 marks. The highest ranking mark belongs to Related Learning Experience 2 with a mean score of 83.32 while Fundamentals of Nursing at the lowest rank having 54.61. Intro to Computer with Nursing Informatics landed at ordinal rank 6 out of 7 subjects with 54.91, way below the average mean. Detailed summary was shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. Table 1: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2011 Subject Mean S.D. Rank Human Anatomy 2 70.21 60.04 61.57 23.88 24.56 22.96 2 Physiology 2 5 Biochemistry 2 4 English Language 2 62.95 54.61 54.91 23.43 26.08 22.39 3 Fundamentals of Nursing 7 Intro to Computer 6 Related Learning Experience 2 82.32 23.30 1 Average Mean 63.80 n=56; Average mean=63.80; Intro to Computer=54.91 Rank=6
  • 5. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 15 Figure 1: Graphical chart of Batch 2011 academic performance 3.2 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2012 The average mean for Batch 2012 of 60.37 as shown in Table 2 was slightly lower than Batch 2011 but with a big improvement in Intro to Computer at 60.13 now ranking at number 3 among 8 subjects. Despite a lower score in Related Learning Experience 2 observed with 60.37, it remained at the top rank while Human Anatomy 2 slide at the bottom rank with 46.79 compared to the previous year. There were 63 students for this batch after data filtering. Figure 2, generated by the pivot chart was provided for better visualization of result. Table 2: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2012 Subject Mean S.D. Rank Human Anatomy 2 46.79 20.25 8 Physiology 2 56.94 17.84 5 Biochemistry 2 60.18 16.25 2 English Language 2 54.61 15.95 20.54 20.27 6 Fundamentals of Nursing 51.00 7 General Psychology 60.10 4 Intro to Computer 60.13 17.39 3 Related Learning Experience 2 60.37 17.34 1 Average Mean 60.37 n=63; Average mean=60.37; Intro to Computer=60.13 Rank=3
  • 6. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 16 Figure 2: Graphical chart of Batch 2012 academic performance 3.3 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2013 Table 3 showed the pivot table result for Batch 2013. Average mean was at its lowest among 4 batches at 53.27. Intro to Computer slides at 4th rank with 53.48 marks as General Psychology was ranked 1st with 58.46, while ranking lowest was Biochemistry 2 with 49.00 among 35 students from this batch. Table 3: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2013 Subject Mean S.D. Rank Human Anatomy 2 56.94 22.30 2 Physiology 2 49.72 21.31 7 Biochemistry 2 49.00 22.80 8 English Language 2 51.48 27.84 25.01 26.74 6 Fundamentals of Nursing 55.88 3 General Psychology 58.46 1 Intro to Computer 53.48 22.98 4 Related Learning Experience 2 50.59 26.50 5 Average Mean 53.27 n=35; Average mean=53.27; Intro to Computer=53.48 Rank=4
  • 7. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 17 Figure 3: Graphical chart of Batch 2013 academic performance 3.4 Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2014 Retaining the 1st rank was General Psychology after scoring 74.94. Human Anatomy 2 regained the lowest rank with just 46.23 marks. Intro to Computer reached a higher mark of 56.11 while being at rank number 5 after a tight race to rank 3, as 52 students were included in this batch. The average mean score improved as well at 57.03. System generated results seen at Table 4 and Figure 4 provided detail of the summary. Table 4: Performance and Subject Ranking of Batch 2014 Subject Mean S.D. Rank Human Anatomy 2 46.23 24.83 8 Physiology 2 56.91 16.97 4 Biochemistry 2 57.21 19.72 3 English Language 2 49.61 18.14 21.56 14.95 7 Fundamentals of Nursing 53.68 6 General Psychology 74.94 1 Intro to Computer 56.11 21.51 5 Related Learning Experience 2 60.98 21.83 2 Average Mean 57.03 n=52; Average mean=57.03; Intro to Computer=56.11 Rank=5
  • 8. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 18 Figure 4: Graphical chart of Batch 2013 academic performance 4. DISCUSSION The academic performance of Omar Al Mukhtar University – College of Nursing students were generally modest at least. While it varies from year to year the average mean was still above the passing mark of the College at 50. This means that most students’ have passed most of its subjects if not all. The result suggested that the students from the study were seriously devoted into their chosen field. Although further study would be needed to find out reasons for result of performance as no study was conducted about factors affecting it. Learning process has been thought a closed circle between teachers and students through assignments, quizzes and exams for many years [21]. Factors like course, study habit, learning styles, motivation and social aspects, although these differs from one student to another [6] may be studied. Expectancy and goal setting plus the students’ motivation were also factors and predictors of their academic performance and retention [7]. These may be explored as well. Nonetheless, the result of the study itself would help the College to determine on where to improve on at. The result also showed that the students performed relatively better in Intro to Computer where Nursing Informatics is integrated compared to most of their subjects. Except for Batch 2011 were their mean score was lower than the average mean. It was observe that as the students were getting more acquainted with new technology, performance in computer course might improve. The impact of computer technology is growing at a high speed on the society in recent times [22] and there is a need to cope up with the trend. Necessary factors for the students’ to use Information Technology on their placement were their belief that they possess the skills and an environment supportive enough for its use [2]. This was a big step for the College to further the promotion of the course, as it was offered only in that particular semester. In addition, it was only a part of the course not a whole course itself. Retention for the acquired skills in the subject would not be evaluated as there was no follow up course for it in their higher year level. Gap and dissension was obvious on what should be the content of the course, but it implied that it should be included in the whole curriculum and creation of stand-alone courses concentrated on nursing informatics was imminent [23]. The challenge was to explore innovative tools that will equip nurses with appropriate skills in utilizing IT in the health care process [24]. The problem was even if the nursing students have the technology and they perceive themselves competent in using informatics in nursing, they still lack important resources to develop competencies in nursing informatics [25]. To address these concerns, understanding of the student and even faculty in information literacy can be cooked up to design and implement what the learners would be needing [1]. A minimum pre-requisite of computer skills before entering BSN would also suffice
  • 9. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 [23]. Since there is continued reliance of the healthcare system on electronic means, self-assessment of informatics competencies will be a key to provide benchmarking for the 19 identification of skills requiring further development [26]. OMUCON-GSv1 lived up to its expectation in storage and retrieval of data. Mining elements such as extraction, analysis and presentation were performed simplified by using query, filtering, pivot table and pivot chart. Results were consistent to the function of SQL in the form of query, used to extract information from the database [19]. Pivot method was then used to aggregate the results into writing cross-tabulation queries that rotate group rows into a column producing summarized columns and fewer rows [20] as shown on Tables 1 to 4. Tabular datasets were easier to understand and use than other approaches and a necessity in data mining [19], thus objective of the study to present valuable educational data to the Institution in aide of quality education was met. The generated result of the study would help in the improvement of the educational sector as well as to promote Nursing Informatics not only as a basic subject but a key to nursing education as well. Furthering the data mining technique would help a lot. Classification and clustering technique of data mining process would help predict future performance of students’ and with that addressing their needs before an exam would improve their performance in the future and the quality of education in the College as well [10]. The use of data mining in education may provide us with more varied and significant findings leading to an improved quality education [12]. A technological step in the education sector, data mining provided a new way to look into education which was hidden from humankind before [9]. The result of the study would be a useful element in the promotion of quality education in the College. 5. CONCLUSION College of Nursing students of Omar Al-Mukhtar University performed generally well in their academic subjects and relatively better in Nursing Informatics, a fruitful observation that students were suited up to the advancement of technology in the future generation. Further study was needed to address factors that may affect the result. The OMUCON-GSv1 can generate helpful data and turn it to a meaningful data in promoting even a simple educational data mining for the improvement of quality education in the College. Advance data mining approach with proper elements involve would further improved data result transformation and the research as a whole. REFERENCES [1] Carter-Templeton HD, Patterson RB, Mackey STN. Nursing Faculty & Student Experiences with Information Literacy: A Pilot Study. Journal of Nursing Education & Practice 2014; 4(1):208-217. [2] Bond CS. Nurses, Computer & Pre-registration Education. Nurse Education Today 2009; 29:731-4. [3] Hunter KM, McGonigle DM, Hebda TL. TIGER-based Measurement of Nursing Informatics Competencies: The Development & Implementation of an Online Tool for Self-Assessment. Journal of Education & Nursing Practice 2013; 3(12):70-80. [4] Aktan NM, Tracy J, Bareford C. Computerized Documentation and Community Health Nursing Students. Journal of Nursing Education & Practice 2011; 1(1):25-31. [5] Wahoush O, Banfield L. Information Literacy During Entry to Practice: Information-Seeking Behaviours in Student Nurses & Recent Nurse Graduates. Nurse Education Today 2014; 34:208-213. [6] Dela-Cruz RA, Guido RM. Factors Affecting Performance of BS Astronmy Technology Students. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2013; 2(12):84-94. [7] Friedman BA, Mandel RG. The Prediction of College Student Academic Performance & Retention: Application of Expectancy & Goal Setting Theories. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 2009-2010; 11(2):227-246.
  • 10. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 [8] Shovon HI, Haque M. Prediction of Student Academic Performance by an Application of K-Means Clustering Algorithm. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science & Software Engineering 2012; 2(7):353-5. [9] Pandey UK, Bhardwaj BK, Pal S, Rajasthan PBJ. Data Mining as a Torch Bearer in Education Sector. 20 Technical Jaurnal of LBSIMDS; 115-125. [10] Prasadi GNR, Babu AV. Mining Previous Marks Data to Predict Students Performance in their Final Year Examinations. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2013; 2(2):1-4. [11] Roger AE, Ghislain AA, Joel SM. Migration of Legacy Information System based on Business Process Theory. International Journal of Computer Applications 2011; 33(2):27-34. [12] Erdogan SZ, Timor M. A Data Mining Application in a Student Database. Journal of Aeronautics & Space Technologies 2005; 2(2):53-7. [13] Singh SP, Sharma NK, Sharma BK. Use of Clustering to Improve the Standard of Education System. International Journal of Applied Information Systems 2012; 1(5):16-20. [14] http://en.wikepedia.org/wiki/Database. Terminology and Review. [15] Raorane A, Kulkarni RV. Data Mining Techniques: A Source for Consumer Behavior Analysis. International Journal of Database Management Systems 2011; 3(3):45-56. [16] Romero C, Ventura S. Educational Data Mining: A survey from 1995 to 2005. Expert System with Application 2007; 33:135-146. [17] Robinson G. Use Access 2007 to get Started in Data Mining. www.databasejournal.com 2009. [18] Jasna S, Pillai MJ. Preparing Data Sets for Data Mining Analysis using the Most Efficeint Horizontal Aggregation Method in SQL. International Journal of Computer Applications 2014; 86(13):32-6 [19] Mary MSI, Kalaivani V. Query Optimization using SQL Approach for Data Mining Analysis. International Journal of Computer Applications 2012; 17:12-21 [20] Gomaa WH, Fahmy AA. Arabic Short Answer Scoring with Effective Feedback for Students. International Journal of Computer Applications 2014; 86(2):35-41. [21] Akintoye KA, Arogundade OT, Oke O. Development of a Web-based Student-Lecturer Relationship Information System (E-Assessment). International Journal of Computer Applications 2011; 25(8):43- 7 [22] De Gagne JC, Bisanar WA, Makowski JT, Neumann JL. Integrating Informatics into the BSN Curriculum: A Review of the Literature. Nurse Education Today 2012; 32:675-682. [23] Demiris G, Zierler B. Integrating Problem-based Learning in a Nursing Informatics Curriculum. Nurse Education Today 2010; 30:175-9 [24] Jette S, Tribble DS, Gagnon J, Mathieu L. Nursing Students’ Perception of their Resources Toward the Development of Competencies in Nursing Informatics. Nurse Education Today 2010; 30:742-6. [25] Hill T, McGonigle D, Hunter KM, Sipes C, Hebda TL. An Instrument for Assessing Advanced Nursing Informatics Competencies. Journal of Nursing Education & Practice 2014; 4(7):104-112 [26] Jincy AVV, Rexie JAM. Efficient Tabular Dataset Preparations by Aggregations in SQL: A Survey. International Journal of Computer Applications 2012; 58(15):17-20 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / SOURCE OF SUPPORT The authors would like to thank first and foremost God Almighty for the grace and glory of His name, giving us the gift of wisdom and inspiration to write this study. We acknowledge our family specially our mothers and also our friends, for their unwavering support. And to the publisher for the insight in promoting research development, thank you and God bless us all. AUTHORS James Neil B. Mendoza obtained his BS Computer Science degree at AMA Computer University in Makati City, Philippines on 2001 and a Masters Degree of Information Technology at Technological University of the Philippines in Manila on year 2005. He has worked as College Instructor for several schools and universities in the Philippines including Informatics Computer Institute, Southern Philippines Institute of Science and Technology and AMA Computer University all in the Computer Studies Department. He held positions as ITE Coordinator and Program Head and later worked as Assistant Professor in a Graduate program. In October of 2009 he went to Libya where he is working as College Lecturer and IT admin staff in Omar Al Mukhtar University in the College of Nursing up to present time.
  • 11. International Journal of Database Management Systems ( IJDMS ) Vol.6, No.5, October 2014 21 Dorothy G. Buhat-Mendoza graduated with a degree in BS Nursing at University of Perpetual Help Manila Campus and obtained her Philippine RN board exam on 2002. She has worked as a nurse at a private hospital in Batangas for three (3) years before becoming a Clinical Instructor at her alma mater. She pursued her Masters Degree in Nursing at University of Lasalette based in Isabela City. In 2011 she went to Libya where she is now working as a Clinical Instructor at Omar Al Mukhtar University in the College of Nursing. Her field of specialization is in Maternal and Child Nursing. The authors met in Tobruk Libya and were a colleague in the University. They later get married in 20012 and partnered in several projects in and out of the University. Her expertise in the nursing field were the inspiration of the main author to collaborate Information Technology and Nursing in one research study. They have worked together in publishing an article in the nursing field just recently.