Life science abu
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DNA contains the genetic instructions for cell development, reproduction, and death of an organism. DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, wrapped around histone proteins to form chromatin. Chromosomes are always duplicated, forming two identical chromatids attached at the centromere. DNA is a polymer made of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. Purines and pyrimidines are the two types of nitrogenous bases that make specific base pairings in the DNA strands. DNA can be cloned to produce many identical copies and is used in applications like gene therapy, transgenic organisms, and solving crimes through genetic profiling.
Life science abu
- 1. REFFERENCES ARE ON THE LAST SLIDE
- 2. DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLIED ACID. FUNCTION CONTAINS THE GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR AN ORGANISM CELL DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION AND ALSO ULTIMITELY THE DEATH OF IT.
- 3. CHROMATIN IS MADE UP OF PROTIEN AND DNA. IT IS FOUND IS THE NUCLUES OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL. EUKARYOTIC CELLS MEAN THAT IT CONTAINS A NUCLUES AND OTHER STRUCTURES WITHIN A CLOSED MEMBRANE. THERE ARE HISTONES WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIRST LAYER OF DNA. THESE HISTONES ARE PROTIENS.
- 4. CHROMOSOMES ARE ALWAYS DUPLICATED. THESE DUPLICATED CHROMOSOMES CONSIST OF TWO CHROMOTIDS THESE CHROMOTIDS ARE ATTATCHED TOGTHER BY A CENTROMERE. EACH CHROMOTID CONSIST OF GENES. HENCE EACH GENE CONSIST OF A LONG STRAND OF DNA.
- 5. CHROMOTID ATTATCHED BY A CENTROMERE
- 6. DNA MOLECULES ARE POLYMERS CALLED POLYNUCLEOTIDES. EACH POLYNUCLEOTIDE CONSIST OF MONOMERS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES. POLYMERS - MANY
- 7. NUCLEOTIDES CONSISTS OF THREE BASIC STRUCTURES. 1: NITROGENOUS BASE( A,T,G,C) 2: PENTOSE SUGAR 3: PHOSPHATE GROUP
- 8. THERE ARE TWO KIND OF NITROGENOUS BASES. NAMELY: PURINES :PYRIMIDINES PURINES ARE CYTOSINE AND THYMINE PYRIMIDINES ARE ADENINE AND GAUNINE PURINES ARE DOUBLE RING STRUCTURES PYRIMIDINES ARE SINGLE RING STRUCTURES
- 9. PURINE+PURINE= TOO WIDE PYRIMIDINE+PYRIMIDINE= TOO NARROW PURINE+PYRIMIDINE= WIDTH CONSTANT
- 10. 1: NON CODING DNA- INTRONS WITHIN THE GENES= INTRAGENIC INTRONS BETWEEN GENES= INTERGENIC INTRONS CODING GENES
- 11. 1: PSEUDOGENES IMAGINERY GENES NON-FUNCTIONAL GENES MUTATATIONS OCCURRED NOT ACTIVE 2: REPITITIVE DNA PRESENT IN MULTIPLE COPIES OF GENOME
- 12. THIS IS THE REPRODUCTION OF GENETICALLY IDENTICLE COPIES OF DNA, CELLS OR ORGSNISMS. THIS DNA CLONING CAN PRODUCE MANY IDENTICLE COPIES. WHEN CLONED GENES ARE USED TO MODIFY HUMANS- GENE THERAPY. ORGANASIMS THAT ARE USED TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS- TRANSGENIC GENES.
- 13. HAVE AN ORIGIN OF REPLICATION BE SMALL HAVE MANY UNIQUE RESTRICTION SITES HAVE SELECTABLE MARKERS
- 16. MADE WITH UNIQUE RESTRICTIONS SITES FOR INSERTION OF FOREIGN DNA FRAGMENTS.
- 17. DNA CAN BE USED IN SOLVING CRIMES. FOR DNA SCREENING AND FINGERPRINTING IN GENETIC PROFILING
- 18. REFFERENCE FOLLOWS ON THE NEXT SLIDE
- 19. (KUMAR.S,2008). http://www.slideshare.net/shaluskumar/dnapresentation-560835?qid=f9cab78f-bed9-4422bce7-d0c570325f82&v=default&b=&from_search=2 (CAMPBELL,REECE,2010) http://www.slideshare.net/pulenglee/unit-1-geneticsnucleic-acids-dna-22486964?qid=23860c11-46c94971-b72ce3a5071019c2&v=qf1&b=&from_search=2 (FLORES.L 2014). http://www.slideshare.net/LarkhaFlores/dna-cloning30085679?qid=ef7de702-9633-4aec-a9e70b52a3e58245&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1