Energy-efficient Lighting
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The document discusses various types of lighting and energy-efficient options, including incandescent, halogen, and high-intensity discharge lamps, along with gas discharge lamps like fluorescent and metal halide. It explains key concepts such as lumen output, illuminance, and luminous efficacy, with advice on optimizing lighting systems for energy savings through natural light usage and efficient design. Additionally, it highlights the importance of lighting controls and maintenance in achieving effective illumination.
Energy-efficient Lighting
- 2. Incandescent Lamps • Incandescent lamps : Light is produced by passing electric current through a thin fire filament usually tungsten. Also known as GLS (General Lighting Service). • Reflector lamps : Basically incandescent, with a high quality internal mirror, which follows same parabolic shape of the lamp. Reflector is resistant to corrosion, thus making the lamp maintenance free and efficient in output. • Halogen lamps: Also called as tungsten-halogen lamp. Halogen lamps are high pressure incandescent lamps containing halogen gases such as iodine or bromine which allow the filaments to be operated at higher temperatures and higher efficacies. At high-temperatures, chemical reaction involving tungsten and the halogen gas recycles evaporated particles of tungsten back onto the filament surface
- 3. • High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp A general term for mercury, metal halide and high- pressure sodium lamps. HID lamps contain compact arc tubes which enclose various gases and metal salts operating at relatively high pressures and temperatures. Gas Discharge lamps
- 4. Gas Discharge lamps Fluorescent Lamps (FTL) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) Mercury Vapor Lamps Sodium Vapor Lamps Metal Halide Lamps Light is produced by excitation of gas contained in either a tubular or elliptical outer bulb
- 5. Fluorescent Lamps- A high efficiency lamp utilizing an electric discharge through low pressure mercury vapor to produce ultraviolet (UV) energy. The UV excites phosphor materials applied as a thin layer on the inside of a glass tube which makes up the structure of the lamp. The phosphors transform the UV to visible light High pressure sodium (HPS) - A high-intensity discharge lamp type that uses sodium under high pressure as the primary light- producing element. Mercury vapor (MV) - A high-intensity discharge lamp type that uses mercury and several halide additives as light-producing elements. Metal halide (MH) - A high-intensity discharge lamp type that uses mercury and several halide additives as light-producing elements. Gas Discharge lamps
- 6. Luminaires A complete lighting unit consisting of lamps and the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply Silvered glass, stainless steel, chromium plate and vitreous enamel
- 7. Gear • Ballast – A device required by discharge lamps such as fluorescent lamps to regulate voltage and current supplied to the lamp during start and throughout operation – Energy loss is typically 10-20 % of total energy in conventional ballast’s • Igniters – Used for starting high intensity Metal Halide and Sodium vapour lamps
- 8. Illuminance • Lumen (or Luminous flux) is a measure of the total light output of the lamp. A lamp's lumen output rating expresses the total amount of light the lamp emits in all directions per unit time. Light sources are labeled with an output rating in lumens. • Density of luminous flux incident upon a surface. Illuminance is measured in lux (lumens/square meter). • Lux (lx) is illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lumens uniformly distributed over a surface area of one square metre Sunrise & Sunset : 500 lux, Summer midday : 100000 lux Winter midday : 10,000 lux, Full Moon : 0.25 lux
- 9. Lighting Terms Circuit Watts is the total power in Watts drawn by lamps and ballast in a lighting circuit Luminous Efficacy is the ratio of light output to Watt input. Unit: lumens per watt (lm/W) Lamp Circuit Efficacy is amount of light (lumens) emitted by a lamp for each watt of power consumed by the lamp circuit, i.e. including control gear losses. This is a more meaningful measure for those lamps that require control gear. Unit: lumens per circuit watt (lm/W)
- 10. Other Lighting Terms Average maintained illuminance is average of lux levels measured at various points in a defined area. Color rendering index (CRI) is a measure of the degree of color shift that objects undergo when illuminated by the light source as compared with those same objects when illuminated by a reference source of comparable correlated color temperature. In general, a lower CRI indicates that some colors may appear unnatural when illuminated by a lamp. Color rendering is measured on an index from 0-100, with natural daylight equal to 100.
- 11. Energy savings options in lighting System • Make maximum use of natural light (North roof/translucent sheets/more windows and openings) • Switch off when not required • Modify lighting layout to meet the needs • Select light colors for interiors • Provide lighting controls- timer switches / PV controls/automation • Provide lighting Transformer to operate at reduced voltage • Install energy efficient lamps, luminaires and controls • Clean North roof glass, translucent sheet and luminaries regularly • Adopt Task lighting