Line Following Robot
18 likes8,908 views
This document outlines a semester project to build a line-following robot. It will use discrete electronic components like light dependent resistors and transistors to sense a white line on a black surface and motors to maneuver along the line. The project will have modules for mechanical design, motor control, and light sensing. It provides details on the components, circuit design, team responsibilities, timeline and potential risks.
Line Following Robot
- 2. Farooq Saeed 2009-NUST-BE-EL-25
- 3. To design a small autonomous machine which can track a white line over a black background.
- 4. A line follower robot is basically a machine designed to follow a path predetermined by the user. The path maybe as simple as a straight or a curved line or it maybe as complex as a 90 degree turn and junction counting capabilities. In our semester project, we will concentrate on simple tasks.
- 5. Line follower robot can detect bright light using specific sensors, and define it’s motion accordingly. Line follower senses the line using it’s sensors (LDR’s) and maneuvers the mechanical structure to stay on course while constantly correcting wrong moves.
- 7. This project can be done using following ways: 1. Using Micro-controller circuit. 2. Using Discrete Electronic Components.
- 8. For our project we will be using discrete electronic circuitry. Because its cheap, simple and hard wired.
- 9. We have divided the project into following modules: Mechanical Design. Motor Speed and Direction Control. Light sensing Mechanism.
- 10. The mechanical design should be light weight and stable. It should be able to support the circuit and motors while maintaining the balance during operation. It should be able to freely move in any direction without any structural hindrances.
- 11. Motor Placement: The motors should be positioned in the mechanical structure so as to allow maximum power transfer and torque. (We might use 2 or 3 motors depending upon the final design and situation.) Direction: Possible methods may include varying the motor speed or PWM.
- 12. We will use LDR’s or photo-transistors for the light sensing mechanism. The intensity of light reflected from the surface will determine the resistance of LDR or the amount of current flowing from collector to emitter in the photo-transistor. This changed resistance or current will determine the speed of motors.
- 13. The correct positioning of the sensors presents a feasible controlling strategy for complex as well as simple tasks. A robot will know when to turn depending on the location of the sensors. Number of sensors determines the smooth movement of the robot. Optimum distance between the sensors depends on number of sensors, width of straight line and the logic applied.
- 14. Left motor will be connected to the right sensor and vice versa. As long as the sensors remain on the white tape, it continues to move in the straight direction. But when the sensor detects the black surface, the infra red light gets absorbed and LDR resistance or photo transistor current remains low and subsequently the robot adjusts its direction by varying the motor speed.
- 17. Photo-transistors Light Dependent Resistors Comparators BJTs Diodes Resistors Motors Gates Note: Components usage depending upon circuit requirement.
- 18. Sensor Circuit: This circuit will be designed using either photo- transistors or LDRs. Photo-transistors allow current to pass from collector to emitter depending upon the intensity of light falling on collector-base junction. Light Dependent Resistors vary their values of resistances depending upon light intensity reflected from the path.
- 19. Comparators: Operational Amplifiers are used as comparators. It compares two voltages and switches its voltage to indicate which voltage is larger.
- 21. D1: Submission of Project Proposal (12-11-2010) D2: Working Circuit (Breadboard) (Week 12) D3: Mechanical Structure (Week 14) D4: Full Project Demo (Week 15) D5: Project Report (Week 16) D6: Poster (SPEX ‘11)
- 22. Project Proposal: Adil Khurram Farooq Saeed Working Circuit: Adil Khurram Farooq Saeed Haider Ali Mechanical Structure: Adil Usman Javed Khan
- 23. R1: Failure of the proposed circuit. R2: Low Time Frame R3: Faulty Components R4: Unavailability of Components R5: Failure of synchronization between the working circuit and mechanical structure.
- 24. This project if successfully completed will give us insight into practical applications of our Electronics-I course. This project will also inculcate in us the ability of solving real life technical problems using simplest of electronics components.