Linked open data

2012.04.07. 국립중앙도서관 박진호

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Web of Documents

Data
Web of

Global Database

오늘날의 웹
문서 중심의 Web(Web of Documents) - HTML

링크

링크 Resource
링크
링크
Resource

Resource Resource

링크 링크

링크

Resource
Resource
Resource

우리가 지향하는 바는
Data(Things) 중심의 Web(Web of data)

Semant dc:publisher
dc:creator icWebP
PT

o:workplace o:homepage
박진호 NLK

www.nl
p:email p:title .go.kr

Jino.ko Senior
r@gma resear_
il.com cher

<div class="vevent">
<h3 class="summary">웹데브모바일 4월 세미나"마크업 개발 upgrade!"</h3>
<p>일시 :
<span class="dtstart">
<abbr class="value" title="2012-04-7>2012년 4월 7일</abbr>
토요일<span class="value">오후 1:00</span>
<span class="dtend">
<span class="value">6:00am</span>
</span>
</p>
<p>장소 : <span class="location">성공을 도와주는 가게(1644-3025) 본점 2층
</span></p>
</div>

"The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which
information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling
computers and people to work in cooperation."

Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001

Mr. Hatem Mahmoud

Syntax is the study of grammar
Semantics is the study of meaning

Syntax is how to say something
Semantic is the meaning behind what you say

Different syntaxes may have the same semantic:
x += y
x=x+y

unstructured

structured

[출처 : http://www.slideshare.net/sandhaus/all-about-rnews-evan-sandhaus]

Wikipedia Vs Dbpedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samul_nori

http://dbpedia.org/page/Samul_nori

Elements of Linked Open Data Stack(revison 3)

Linked Data 기본 원칙

• Use URIs as names for things.
• Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those
names.
• When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information,

using the standards (RDF, SPARQL)
• Include links to other URIs. so that they can
discover more things.

XML

• XML은 메타 언어(meta-language)
• eXtensible Markup Language의 약자
• 데이터를 서술하기 위해 개발
• XML 태그는 정의된 것이 없음, 스스로 자신의 태그를 정의할 수 있음
• XML은 DTD, XML Schema로 자기기술이 가능함(Self-descriptive)

HTML Vs XML
HTML
<H1>웹의 또 다른 모습, 글로벌 데이터베이스 Linked Open Data</H1>
<UL>
<LI>강사 : 박진호
<LI>일시 : 2012.04.07
<LI>장소 : 성공을 도와주는 가게
</UL>

XML
<nameOfLecture>
<title>웹의 또 다른 모습, 글로벌 데이터베이스 Linked Open Data</title>
<lecturer>박진호</lecturer >
<date>2012.04.07</date>
<place>성공을 도와주는 가게</place>
</nameOfLecture >

XML Vs RDF

XML은 데이터(문서)의 구조 정의
RDF는 데이터(문서)의 구문의 의미 정의(기계가 이해)

[출처 : http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2005/09/the_difference_between_xml_and.html]

RDF
• Resource Description Framework
• 웹 상의 자원을 기술하기 위한 W3C 표준
– Resource: URI를 갖는 모든 것
– Description: 자원(resource)들의 속성, 특성, 관계 기술
– Framework: 위의 것들을 기술하기 위한 모델, 언어, 문법
• RDF는 컴퓨터 애플리케이션이 정보를 읽고 이해할 수 있도록
하기위한 표준 방법
• RDF로 기술된 것은 웹에서 보여주기 위함은 아님

[김동범, 2010.12.03 Linked Data의 RDF 어휘 이해하고 체험하기, 2010 Korea Semantic Web Conference]

RDF 모델
• RDF는 SPO, 주어(Subject)/술어(Predicate)/목적어(Object)로
구성됨

• “인간에 대한 예의” 의 “작가”는 “공지영”이다.
주어(Subject) 술어(Predicate) 목적어(Object)

• “http://www.amazon.com/Human-Decency-Jiyoung-
Gong/dp/8988095928” has a creator whose value is
“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Ji-young”.

RDF 모델

주어(Subject)

“http://www.amazon.com/Human-Decency-Jiyoung-
Gong/dp/8988095928”
has a creator 술어(Predicate)

whose value is “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Ji-young”.

목적어(Object)

RDF Graph Model

술어(Predicate)
주어 목적어
(Subject) (Object)

RDF Graph Model

http://www.amazon.com/Human-Decency-
Jiyoung-Gong/dp/8988095928

http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator

Gong Ji-young

RDF Graph Model

http://www.amazon.com/Human-
Decency-Jiyoung-
Gong/dp/8988095928

http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Ji-
Jimoondang young

http://dbpedia.org/property/period

http://dbpedia.org/property/name

Gong Ji-young 1963-present

RDF/XML로 표현

<RDF xmlns:rdf=“http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#”
xmlns:dc=http://purl.org/dc/terms/
xmlns:dbpprop="http://dbpedia.org/property/" >

<Description about=“http://www.amazon.com/Human-Decency-Jiyoung-
Gong/dp/8988095928”>
<dc:publisher>Jimoondang</dc:publisher>
<dc:creator rdf:resource=“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Ji-young”/>
</Description>

<Description about=“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Ji-young”>
<dbpprop:name>Gong Ji-young</dbpprop:name>
<dbpprop:period>1963-present</dbpprop:period >
</Description>
</RDF>

작가(writtenBy)
인간에 대
공지영
한 예의

Type Type

소설(Class), 책 작가(Class), 사람

Ontology

• 철학 : 존재론(存在論), 존재학(存在學)
– Onto(being) + logos(word)
– 세상의 구성요소에 대한 명확한 이해를 연구

• 언어학 : An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization.
– 개념(화)의 명시적 명세, 시소러스의 확장 개념

Ontology

• 컴퓨터, 웹 분야
– an ontology is an explicit formal specification of a shared
conceptualization(Gruber, 1993)
– An ontology provides a shared vocabulary, which can be used to
model a domain — that is, the type of objects and/or concepts that
exist, and their properties and relations.(Arvidsson, 2008)
– 공유된 개념의 명시적 형식(?)

Ontology

• an ontology is an explicit formal specification of a shared
conceptualization
– shared conceptualization: 인간과 컴퓨터가 공유하는 개념화
– Explicit Formal: 기계가 읽을 수 있는 형식으로 상세하게 개념,
개념간의 관계 등을 표현

Ontology

• 개념화
– 우리 눈에 보이는 사물 혹은 추상적인 것들을 구체적인 집합으로 만듦
– SUV, 덤프트럭, 세단 = 탈것(Vehicle)
– 남자, 여자 = 사람
– 라이언헤드, 롭드와프, 더치 = 토끼

분류!!

개념

내포 외연
[질적개념 : [양적개념 : 합치면
합쳐도 개념을 개념을 나타냄]
나타내지 못함]

토끼

내포
큰 귀를 가지고 외연
앞발보다 뒷발이 라이언헤드,
길고 시뻘건 눈을 롭드와프, 더치
가진 포유류

Ontology 요소

• 클래스(Class) : 개념, 조직화된 언어
• 관계(Relation) : 개념간의 관계
• 함수(Function) : 개념 간의 관계가 갖는 값, 속성이 계속해서 적용
• 공리(Axiom) : 추론의 기반. 유효한 규칙. 증명 없이 자명한 진리,
다른 명제 증명하는 전제
• 인스턴스(Instance) : 개념을 표현하는 대상 객체

문학인
문학 range

isWrittenBy
subClassOf
subClassOf subClassOf

domain
소설 시인 소설가

RDFS
type type

인간에 대 isWrittenBy
한 예의
공지영 RDF

RDF Schema

• RDF를 확장하기 위한 소규모의 Vocabulary를 정의
– Class, subClassOf, type
– Property, subPropertyOf
– Domain, range

RDF Schema Example(RDF Description)

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xml:base="http://www.animals.fake/animals#">

<rdf:Description rdf:ID="animal">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/>
</rdf:Description>

<rdf:Description rdf:ID="horse">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class"/>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#animal"/>
</rdf:Description>

</rdf:RDF>

[출처 : http://www.w3schools.com/rdf/rdf_schema.asp]

RDFS / RDF Classes

Element Class of Subclass of
rdfs:Class All classes
rdfs:Datatype Data types Class
rdfs:Resource All resources Class
rdfs:Container Containers Resource
rdfs:Literal Literal values (text and numbers) Resource
rdf:List Lists Resource
rdf:Property Properties Resource
rdf:Statement Statements Resource
rdf:Alt Containers of alternatives Container
rdf:Bag Unordered containers Container
rdf:Seq Ordered containers Container
rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty Container membership properties Property
rdf:XMLLiteral XML literal values Literal
[출처 : http://www.w3schools.com/rdf/rdf_reference.asp]

RDFS / RDF Properties

Element Domain Range Description
rdfs:domain Property Class The domain of the resource
rdfs:range Property Class The range of the resource
rdfs:subPropertyOf Property Property The property is a sub property of a property
rdfs:subClassOf Class Class The resource is a subclass of a class
rdfs:comment Resource Literal The human readable description of the resource
rdfs:label Resource Literal The human readable label (name) of the resource
rdfs:isDefinedBy Resource Resource The definition of the resource
rdfs:seeAlso Resource Resource The additional information about the resource
rdfs:member Resource Resource The member of the resource


RDF Attributes

Element Domain Range Description
rdf:about Defines the resource being described
rdf:Description Container for the description of a resource
rdf:resource Defines a resource to identify a property
rdf:datatype Defines the data type of an element
rdf:ID Defines the ID of an element
rdf:li Defines a list
rdf:_n Defines a node
rdf:nodeID Defines the ID of an element node
rdf:parseType Defines how an element should be parsed
rdf:RDF The root of an RDF document
xml:base Defines the XML base
xml:lang Defines the language of the element content
rdf:aboutEach (removed)
rdf:aboutEachPrefix (removed)
rdf:bagID (removed)


Your web pages have an underlying meaning that people understand
when they read the web pages. But search engines have a limited
understanding of what is being discussed on those pages. By adding
"Hey
additional tags to the HTML of your web pages—tags that say,

search engine, this information describes this
specific movie, or place, or person, or video"—
you can help search engines and other applications better understand your
content and display it in a useful, relevant way. Microdata is a set of tags,
introduced with HTML5, that allows you to do this.

itemscope and itemtype

<div>
<h1>화차</h1>
<span>감독: 변영주 (1966년 12월 20일 출생)</span>
<span>미스터리</span>
<a href="../movies/hwacha2012_trailer.html">예고편</a>
</div>

<div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Movie">
<h1>화차</h1>
</div>

itemprop

<h1>화차</h1>
</div>

<h1 itemprop="name">화차</h1>
<span>감독: <span itemprop="director">변영주 (1966년 12월 20일 출생)</span>
<span itemprop="genre">미스터리</span>
<a href=“../movies/hwacha2012_trailer.html” itemprop="trailer">예고편</a>
</div>

Embedded items

<span>감독: <span itemprop="director">변영주 (1966년 12월 20일 출생)</span>
</div>

<span>감독: <span itemprop="director“ itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
변영주 (1966년 12월 20일 출생)</span>
</div>

Microdata
vocabulary
Microsoft,
Google,
Yahoo...

RDFa

• RDF in attributes
• XHTML 웹 문서 안에 RDF 메타데이터를 포함시킬 수 있는 메
커니즘

RDFa
XHTML
<div>
<h2>웹의 또 다른 모습, 글로벌 데이터베이스 Linked Open Data</h2>
<h3>박진호</h3>
</div>

RDFa
<div xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
<h2 property="dc:title“>웹의 또 다른 모습, 글로벌 데이터베이스 Linked Open Data</h2>
<h3 property="dc:creator">박진호</h3>
</div>

RDFa
RDFa

<div typeof="foaf:Person" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
<p property="foaf:name"> 박진호 </p>
<p> Email: <a rel="foaf:mbox" href=“jino.kor@gmail.com"> jino.kor@gmail.com </a></p>
<p> Phone: <a rel="foaf:phone" href="tel:+82-590-0792">+82 590 0792 </a></p>
</div>

Microformats

• Microformat은 기존 HTML 태그의 확장으로 의미적인 정보를
강화함
– 웹 페이지에 있는 사람, 이벤트, 블로그 포스트, 리뷰와 같은 것
들을 표현함
– 다음의 (X)HTML의 속성을 사용해서 표현가능함
• class , rel, rev
• Humans first, machines second

Microformats

HTML
<div>
<div>박진호</div>
<div>국립중앙도서관</div>
<div>02-590-0792</div>
<a href=“jinokor.tumblr.com”> jinokor.tumblr.com</a>
</div>

Microformats(XHTML)
<head profile=“http://www.w3.org/2006/03/hcard”>
<div class=“vcard”>
<div class=“fn”>박진호</div>
<div class=“org”>국립중앙도서관</div>
<div class=“tel”>02-590-0792</div>
<a class=“url” href=“jinokor.tumblr.com”>jinokor.tumblr.com</a>
</div>

hCalendar
<div class="vevent" id="hcalendar-웹데브모바일-4월-세
미나"마크업-개발-upgrade!"">
<a class="url"
href="http://www.webdevmobile.com/xe/58840">
<abbr class="dtstart" title="2012-04-07">April 7th</abbr>,
<abbr class="dtend" title="2012-04-08"> 2012</abbr>
<span class="summary">웹데브모바일 4월 세미나"마크
업 개발 upgrade!"</span> at <span class="location">성
공을 도와주는 가게(1644-3025) 본점 2층
</span></a><div class="tags">Tags: <a rel="tag"
href="http://eventful.com/events/tags/%EC%9B%B9%EB
%8D%B0%EB%B8%8C%EB%AA%A8%EB%B0%94%E
C%9D%BC">웹데브모바일</a><a rel="tag"
href="http://eventful.com/events/tags/%EC%84%B8%EB
%AF%B8%EB%82%98"> 세미나</a><a rel="tag"
href="http://eventful.com/events/tags/%EB%A7%88%ED
%81%AC%EC%97%85%20%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9
C"> 마크업 개발</a></div>

<p style="font-size: smaller; ">This <a
href="http://microformats.org/wiki/hcalendar">hCalendar
event</a> brought to you by the <a
href="http://microformats.org/code/hcalendar/creator">h
Calendar Creator</a>.</p></div>

Netflix OData Catalog API Example

http://odata.netflix.com/Catalog/
Collections: Titles, TitleAwards, People, Genres, Languages, …

The Metadata
…/$metadata
Genres
…/Genres
Count of horror movies
…/Genres('Horror Movies')/Titles/$count
Korean movies
…/Languages('Korean')/Titles?$filter=Type eq 'Movie'
Horror movies from the '70s
…/Genres('Horror Movies')/Titles?$filter=ReleaseYear le 1979 and Rel
easeYear ge 1970
In JSON format: …&$format=json

복잡한 게 아닙니다. 기계가 이해할 수 있다(No)
사람과 기계가 같이 이해할 수 있는 공유의 장!
기계가 이해할 수 있다는 것은 사실

좀 더 엄격하고,
정확하고,
명확한 규칙과 정의가 필요

하고 싶은 이야기는,

RDF, RDFa, Microformat,
Microdata,
Odata를 공부해라? 배워라? 써라?

개념화 Metadata
Vocabulary
…

[이미지 출처]

• http://www.flickr.com/photos/6x7/67066884/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/gipukan/6136322832/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/amattox/3236510649/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/f-l-e-x/3096005116/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/sterlic/4299633060/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/dullhunk/3448804778/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/angeldye/4107785451/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/29071316@N06/4176526126/
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/lintmachine/2920423031/

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