Linux Basic
- 2. Linux is an open source operating system (OS). An operating system is the system software that directly manages application software and hardware resources. Linux is an open source operating system, meaning:- The freedom to run the program, for any purpose. The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.
- 3. Linux is a freely distributable version of Unix, originally developed by Linus Torvalds, who began work on Linux in 1991 as a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Unix is one of the most popular operating systems worldwide because of its large support base and distribution. It was originally developed as a multitasking system for minicomputers and mainframes in the mid-1970s. On October 5, 1991, Linus announced the first official version of Linux, version 0.02 up to now we have 20.04 version.
- 5. Kernel: The kernel is the core part of operating system, which is responsible for all major activities of Linux. System utility program: are liable to do individual, and specialized level tasks. Hardware: Consist peripherals devices such as HDD, RAM and CPU. Shells: is an interface between user and kernel and it affords services of the kernel.
- 6. DIFFERENCE DISTRIBUTION OF OPEN SOURCE What is a “distribution?” Linux has a number of different versions to suit any type of user. From new users to hardcore users, you’ll find a “flavor” of Linux to match your needs. These versions are called distributions (or, in the short form, “distros”). Nearly every distribution of Linux can be downloaded for free, burned onto disk (or USB thumb drive), and installed (on as many machines as you like).
- 8. UBUNTU ENVIRONMENT You can arrange icons and files on the desktop to access them quickly. If a CD, hard disk or any other external device is connected to your computer, Ubuntu automatically displays its icon on the desktop to allow easy access to the device. At the top and bottom of the desktop are two bars, called panels.
- 9. There are three main menus in the left pane of the top panel: Applications, Places and System. Applications: This menu contains all the applications installed on your computer such as games, music players, Web browsers and e-mail clients.
- 10. Places: This menu provides access to your home directory, external devices and network on your computer.
- 11. The current date and time is displayed next to the System tray. If you click the date and time, a calendar is displayed. The last icon on the top panel shuts down, restarts, hibernates, locks your computer and places it on standby.
- 12. Next to the icon used to minimise the windows is a blank area in which the list of open application windows appears, similar to the taskbar in Windows. When you open an application, it’s listed on this area for easy access, as shown in the bottom panel of the following screen:
- 13. INSTALLATION OF LINUX. Download the Linux distribution of your choice: If you're new to Linux, consider trying a lightweight and easy to use distribution, such as Ubuntu or Linux Mint. Linux distributions (known as "distros") are typically available for free to download in ISO format. Boot into the Live CD or Live USB: Most computers are set to boot into the hard drive first, which means you will need to change some settings to boot from your newly-burned CD or USB. Start by rebooting the computer. Try out the Linux distribution before installing: Most Live CDs and USBs can launch a "live environment", giving you the ability to test it out before making the switch. You won’t be able to create files, but you can navigate around the interface and decide if it’s right for you.
- 14. Start the installation process: If you’re trying out the distro, you can launch the installation from the application on the desktop. If you decided not to try out the distribution, you can start the installation from the boot menu. Create a username and password: You will need to create login information to install Linux. A password will be required to log into your account and perform administrative tasks. Set up the partition: Linux needs to be installed on a separate partition from any other operating systems on your computer if you intend dual booting Linux with another OS Boot into Linux: Once the installation is finished, your computer will reboot. You will see a new screen when your computer boots up called “GNU GRUB”. This is a boot loader that handles Linux installations.
- 15. Check your hardware: Most hardware should work out of the box with your Linux distro, though you may need to download some additional drivers to get everything working. Start using Linux: Once your installation is complete and you’ve verified that your hardware is working, you’re ready to start using Linux. Most distros come with several popular programs installed, and you can download many more from their respective file repositories.
- 16. REFERENCES: Linus B.T (1991) Free minix_like kernel source for 386-AT. Michael Kerrisk (2010) The linux programming interface. Ray Yao (2014) Linux commond line. Raymond E.S (2001) Musings on linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary (2nd ed).