Load factor & Diversity factor of a Power Station
- 1. Name- Sougata Dutta University Reg No- 221020120277 University Roll No- 10201622053 Semeste- 7𝑡ℎ Year- 4𝑡ℎ Department- Electrical Engineering Academic Year- 2022-25 Load Factor & Diversity Factor Power Genaration Economics PE-EE701C $
- 2. 02 06 Diversity Factor example Mathemecal Expression Table of contents Load Factor Mathemetical Expression 04 08 Conclusion Practical application Load Factor example Diversity Factor 01 05 03 07
- 3. Load Factor Load factor is defined as the ratio of the average load over a given period to the maximum demand (peak load) occurring in that period. In other words, the load factor is the ratio of energy consumed in a given period of the times of hours to the peak load which has occurred during that particular period. Load factor means how efficiently we use energy. It is the measure of the utilisation of electrical energy during a given period to the maximum energy which would have been utilized in that period. The load factor plays an important role in the cost of generation per unit (kWh). The higher the load factor the smaller will be the generation cost for the same maximum demands. Load factor regarding energy,
- 4. Machemetical Expression of Load Factor Mathemacally, For calculating load factor, the following information is required; 1. Actual kilowatt hours used (kWh) 2. Peak kilowatt demand (kW) 3. Number of days
- 5. Load Factor example For Example: Let total kWh = 36,0000 kWh Demand = 100kW The number of days = 30 days Hours per day = 24 hours Solution Similarly, we can calculate the annual, weeks and daily load factor. The value of the load factor is always less than 1 because the value of average load is always smaller than the maximum demand.
- 6. Diversity Factor Diversity factor is defined as the ratio of the sum of the maximum demands of the various part of a system to the coincident maximum demand of the whole system. The maximum demands of the individual consumers of a group do not occur simultaneously. Thus, there is a diversity in the occurrence of the load. Due to this diverse nature of the load, full load power supply to all the consumers at the same time is not required.
- 7. Mathematical Expression of Diversity Factor Mathematically, diversity factor is expressed as: Or Where, 𝐹𝐷 = Diversity factor 𝐷𝑖 = Maximum demand of the load I, irrespective of the time of occurrence. 𝐷𝑔 = D(1+2+3…….n) – maximum coincident demands of a group of n load.
- 8. Diversity Factor example Question: A power plant supplies the following loads to various consumers: Industrial consumers = 1500 kW Commercial established = 750 kW Domestic power = 100 kW Domestic Light = 450 kW If the maximum demand on the station is 2500 kW and the no of kWh generated/ year is 45 ∗ 105. Determine the diversity factor and annual load factor. Solution : Given, Maximum demand = 2500 kW No of units generated per year = 45 ∗ 105 Diversity Factor = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Diversity Factor = 1500+750+100+450 2500 = 1.12
- 9. Practical application Practical Applications of Load Factor 1. Economic Operation of Power Plants 2. Energy Cost Management 3. Grid Stability and Reliability Practical Applications of Diversity Factor 1. Power System Design and Sizing 2. Optimization of Energy Resources 3. Enhancing System Reliability Combined Application in Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) • Scenario Analysis • Renewable Energy Integration
- 10. Conclusion Load Factor and Diversity Factor are fundamental metrics in the field of power system engineering, playing crucial roles in the efficient design, operation, and management of electrical power systems. • Load Factor, reflects the efficiency of energy usage by comparing the average load to the peak load over a period. A higher load factor indicates more consistent energy usage, leading to lower operational costs and better utilization of generation capacity. This metric is vital for economic operation, capacity planning, and grid stability, as it helps utilities and power plants manage resources effectively, reduce costs, and ensure reliable electricity supply. • Diversity Factor, on the other hand, measures the degree of non-coincident demand among various loads within a system. A higher diversity factor suggests that not all loads peak simultaneously, allowing for more efficient use of infrastructure and reducing the need for oversized equipment. This metric is key in optimizing the design of transformers, substations, and distribution networks, enabling cost-effective and reliable system planning.
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