This document discusses the implications of teaching and learning in the 21st century. It begins by defining local knowledge as knowledge systems rooted in a community's context and history. It then discusses theories of learning from Piaget and Vygotsky. Components of knowledge systems and how they are social constructions are also outlined. The importance of local knowledge is discussed in terms of identity, sustainability, and providing relevant perspectives for students. Integrating local knowledge in teaching and learning can help place learners at the center and use differentiated approaches. The document then shifts to discussing the changing landscape of 21st century education in terms of digital natives, social media use, connectivism, and the roles of teachers and students. Netiquette guidelines for