Logic4
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The document discusses several philosophical theories of knowledge: 1) Empiricism claims knowledge comes from sense experience, while rationalism claims ideas are formed through reason alone. 2) Skepticism doubts the possibility of certain knowledge from senses or reason. 3) Correspondence theory holds that true beliefs correspond to reality while false beliefs do not. It is criticized for not allowing for false beliefs. 4) Pragmatic theory claims ideas are true if they have practical and desirable consequences. It is criticized for allowing truth to vary between individuals. 5) Coherence theory holds a set of beliefs is true if consistent and does not contradict other knowledge.
Logic4
- 1. THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE Concern about the origin or source of our knowledge criteria for truth
- 2. The EMPERICISM philosophical doctrine which claims that human knowledge comes from sense experience our knowledge is A Posteriori knowledge is acquired / learned thru experience denies innate ideas, claims anything is knowable a posteriori John Locke Human mind is in the state of TABULA RASA (blank tablet) upon birth Nihil in intellectu nisi prisi in sensu Critique senses can fail; wrong perception
- 3. The RATIONALIST philosophical doctrine which claims that ideas are formed through reason alone gives knowledge as A Priori knowledge is acquired or gained independent of the sense experience intuition & deduction provide us with knowledge Critique A proposition can give us an intellectual insight, can warrant an accepted truth guilty of hallucination ambiguity of language problem of the senses
- 4. The SKEPTICISM philosophical doctrine which doubt on the knowledge of things we don’t have “certain” knowledge of the external world based on our sense experience or intuitive knowledge based on deduction Rene Descartes “ Cogito Ergo Sum ” doubt makes you think we will never arrived at any certain truth – we can ONLY have ideas through their association we can only have sense perception perceive things through their association no absolute truth Critique
- 5. CRITERIA FOR TRUTH Refers to the criterion/a or the basis for affirming the veracity of something What is truth? stems from a belief in constancy within the universe a constant to which we refer for guidance How do we test for constancy, test for truth?
- 6. Correspondence Theory popularized by Plato and English Philosopher Bertrand Russell Plato proposed a theory based on intuitive recognition that true knowledge corresponds to the facts; agrees with the reality & false knowledge is the other way around want to distinguish true beliefs from the false one
- 7. Correspondence Theory The most common & widespread way of understanding the nature of truth & falsehood An idea which corresponds to reality is true while that which do not corresponds to reality is false philosophical theory which claims that truth exist if there is an agreement or conformity b/w what is in the mind with what is in reality truth is whatever corresponds to reality e.g the idea of winged horse is true if Pegasus indeed exist
- 8. Correspondence Theory Critique problem in history later found to be unsatisfactory by both Plato & Russell unsatisfactory because it wont allow false belief a belief is false because it there is no fact to which it corresponds; would be a belief on nothing; ergo not a belief at all
- 9. Pragmatic Theory a philosophical theory of truth popularized by American philosopher William James Charles Sanders Peirce coined the term pragmatism influenced American culture philosophical theory which claims that an idea is good when it produces the desired results practicality is the most simple application this theory
- 10. Pragmatic Theory Theories & ideas are to be considered good or truthful must be tested first for their desirability & undesirability anything that is workable or feasible must be true, if failure occurred the criterion is rejected philosophical theory which claims that whatever works must be the truth For James, Knowledge is true when it serves the right purpose
- 11. Pragmatic Theory truth is something which can be verified or at least verifiable by experienced personal experience is the basis for true knowledge according to James the existence of God is partly verifiable because many people derive benefits from believing How about the idea of GOD?
- 12. Pragmatic Theory Critique there is always exception to the rule what is true with you may be false with others the refusal for the belief on absolute results problems on the concept of justice truth is something which can be verified or at least verifiable by experienced personal experience is the basis for true knowledge
- 13. Coherence Theory philosophical theory of truth popularized by both Hegel and Spinoza a set of beliefs is true if such beliefs are comprehensive and do not contradict each other The most reliable and most acceptable criteria and theory on truth
- 14. Coherence Theory philosophical theory which holds that every bit of knowledge is consistent and harmonious with all other knowledge As long as we have total knowledge available before performing any test, then coherence is the strongest of all criteria philosophical system in which all facts of experience are integrated ; requires that related facts be positioned appropriately & that nothing ultimately contradicts anything else used in many scientific researches
- 15. Thank you folks…till next meeting!