The document describes the longest increasing subsequence problem and a dynamic programming approach to solve it. The problem is to find the length of the longest subsequence of a given array where the elements are in increasing order. The dynamic programming approach uses an array to store the length of the longest increasing subsequence for each element by iterating through the original array. It starts by initializing each value in the array to 1, then iterates to update values where a longer subsequence can be formed by extending a previous subsequence. This takes O(n^2) time.
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