![A “Hello world” example (2)
2/14/2012
LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb
13-16, 2012
[lyan1@eric2 make]$ ls
adjust.f90 common.f90 hello.f90 main.f90
[lyan1@eric2 make]$ ifort common.f90 hello.f90
adjust.f90 main.f90
[lyan1@eric2 make]$ ./a.out
Hello, world!
Hello, world!
main.f90 adjust.f90 hello.f90
Common.mod
Common.f90
main.o adjust.o hello.o
a.out](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lonimaketutorialspring2012-230203054026-01e68a4c/85/LONI_MakeTutorial_Spring2012-pdf-9-320.jpg)
![How Make works
• Two parts
– The Makefile
• A text file that describes the dependency
– The “make” command
• Compile the program using the dependency provided
by the Makefile
2/14/2012
LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU
Feb 13-16, 2012
[lyan1@eric2 make]$ ls
adjust.f90 common.f90 hello.f90 main.f90
Makefile
[lyan1@eric2 make]$ make
ifort common.f90 hello.f90 adjust.f90 main.f90
[lyan1@eric2 make]$ ls
adjust.f90 a.out common.f90 common.mod hello.f90
main.f90 Makefile](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lonimaketutorialspring2012-230203054026-01e68a4c/85/LONI_MakeTutorial_Spring2012-pdf-11-320.jpg)
![A Makefile with only one rule
2/14/2012
LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb
13-16, 2012
[lyan1@eric2 make]$ cat Makefile
all:
ifort common.f90 hello.f90 adjust.f90 main.f90
Target Action: shell commands that will be executed
Explicit rule
A mandatory tab](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lonimaketutorialspring2012-230203054026-01e68a4c/85/LONI_MakeTutorial_Spring2012-pdf-12-320.jpg)
LONI_MakeTutorial_Spring2012.pdf
- 1. Make Tutorial Le Yan User Services High Performance Computing @ LSU/LONI 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 2. Outline • What is make • How to use make – How to write a makefile – How to use the “make” command 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 3. What is Make • A tool that – Controls the generation of executable and other non-source files (libraries etc.) – Simplifies (a lot) the management of a program that has multiple source files • Have many variants – GNU make (we will focus on it today) – BSD make – … • Other utilities that do similar things – Cmake – Zmake – … 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 4. What is Make • A tool that – Controls the generation of executable and other non-source files (libraries etc.) – Simplifies (a lot) the management of a program that has multiple source files • Have many variants – GNU make (we will focus on it today) – BSD make – … • Other utilities that do similar things – Cmake – Zmake – … 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 5. Why having multiple source files • It is very important to keep different modules of functionalities in different source files, especially for a large program – Easier to edit and understand – Easier version control – Easier to share code with others – Allow to write a program with different languages 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 6. From source files to executable • Two-step process – The compiler generates the object files from the source files – The linker generates the executable from the object files • Most compilers do both steps by default – Use “-c” to suppress linking 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 7. Compiling multiple source files • Compiling single source file is straightforward – <compiler> <flags> <source file> • Compiling multiple source files – Need to analyze file dependencies to decide the order of compilation – Can be done with one command as well • <compiler> <flags> <source file 1> <source file 2>… 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 8. A “Hello world” example (1) 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 Source file Purpose Common.f90 Declares a character variable to store the message Hello.f90 Prints the message to screen Adjust.f90 Modifies the message and prints it to screen Main.f90 Calls functions in hello.f90 and adjust.f90 main.f90 adjust.f90 hello.f90 Common.mod Common.f90 main.o adjust.o hello.o a.out
- 9. A “Hello world” example (2) 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 [lyan1@eric2 make]$ ls adjust.f90 common.f90 hello.f90 main.f90 [lyan1@eric2 make]$ ifort common.f90 hello.f90 adjust.f90 main.f90 [lyan1@eric2 make]$ ./a.out Hello, world! Hello, world! main.f90 adjust.f90 hello.f90 Common.mod Common.f90 main.o adjust.o hello.o a.out
- 10. Command line compilation • Command line compilation works, but it is – Cumbersome • Does not work very well when one has a source tree with many source files in many sub-directories – Not flexible • What if different source files need to be compiled using different flags? • Use Make instead! 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 11. How Make works • Two parts – The Makefile • A text file that describes the dependency – The “make” command • Compile the program using the dependency provided by the Makefile 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 [lyan1@eric2 make]$ ls adjust.f90 common.f90 hello.f90 main.f90 Makefile [lyan1@eric2 make]$ make ifort common.f90 hello.f90 adjust.f90 main.f90 [lyan1@eric2 make]$ ls adjust.f90 a.out common.f90 common.mod hello.f90 main.f90 Makefile
- 12. A Makefile with only one rule 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 [lyan1@eric2 make]$ cat Makefile all: ifort common.f90 hello.f90 adjust.f90 main.f90 Target Action: shell commands that will be executed Explicit rule A mandatory tab
- 13. Exercise 1 • Copy all files under /home/lyan1/traininglab/make to your own user space • Check the Makefile and use it to build the executable 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 14. Makefile components • Explicit rules – Purpose: create a target or re-create a target when any of prerequisites changes – Syntax: • Implicit rules • Variable definition • Directives 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 target: prerequisites (tab) action
- 15. Explicit rules (1) • Multiple rules can exist in the same Makefile – The “make” command builds the first target by default – To build other targets, one needs to specify the target name • make <target name> • A single rule can have multiple targets separated by space • An action (or recipe) can consist of multiple commands – They can be on multiple lines, or on the same line separated by semicolons – Wildcards can be used – By default all executed commands will be printed to screen • Can be suppressed by adding “@” before the commands 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 16. Explicit rules (2) • How file dependencies are handled – Targets and prerequisites are often file names – A target is considered out-of-date if • It does not exist, or • It is older than any of the prerequisites 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 17. A Makefile with many rules 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 main.f90 adjust.f90 hello.f90 Common.mod Common.f90 main.o adjust.o hello.o a.out all: main.o adjust.o hello.o ifort main.o adjust.o hello.o main.o: main.f90 ifort –c main.f90 adjust.o: adjust.f90 common.mod ifort –c adjust.f90 hello.o: hello.f90 common.mod ifort –c hello.f90 common.mod: common.f90 ifort –c common.f90
- 18. Exercise 2 • Write a Makefile using the template provided on the previous slide and “make” • Run “make” again and see what happens • Modify the message (common.f90) and “make” again • Add a new rule “clean” which deletes all but the source and makefiles (the executable, object files and common.mod), and try “make clean” 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 19. Variables in Makefile (1) • These kinds of duplication are error-prone • One can solve this problem by using variables 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 all: main.o adjust.o hello.o ifort main.o adjust.o hello.o main.o: main.f90 ifort –c main.f90 adjust.o: adjust.f90 common.mod ifort –c adjust.f90 hello.o: hello.f90 common.mod ifort –c hello.f90 common.mod: common.f90 ifort –c common.f90
- 20. Variables in Makefile (2) • Similar to shell variables – Define once as a string and reuse later 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 all: main.o adjust.o hello.o ifort main.o adjust.o hello.o main.o: main.f90 ifort –c main.f90 FC=ifort OBJ=main.o adjust.o hello.o all: $(OBJ) $(FC) $(OBJ) main.o: main.f90 $(FC) –c main.f90 Without variables With variables
- 21. Automatic variables • The values of automatic variables change every time a rule is executed • Automatic variables only have values within a rule • Most frequently used ones – $@: The name of the current target – $^: The names of all the prerequisites – $?: The names of all the prerequisites that are newer than the target – $<: The name of the first prerequisite 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 22. Implicit rules (1) • Tells Make system how to build a certain type of targets – GNU make has a few built-in implicit rules • Syntax is similar to an ordinary rule, except that “%” is used in the target – “%” stands for the same thing in the prerequisites as it does in the target – There can also be unvarying prerequisites – Automatic variables can be used here as well 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 %.o: %.c (tab) action
- 23. Implicit rules (2) • In this example, any .o target has a corresponding .c file as an implied prerequisite • If a target needs additional prerequisites, write a action- less rule with those prerequisites 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012 CC=icc CFLAGS=-O3 %.o : %.c @$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c –o $@ $< data.o: data.h
- 24. Exercise 3 • Rewrite the Makefile from Exercise 2 – Define an implicit rule so that no more than 3 explicit rules are necessary (excluding “clean”) – Use variables so that no file name appears in the action section of any rule 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 25. Directives • Make directives are similar to the C preprocessor directives – E.g. include, define, conditionals • Include directive – Read the contents of other Makefiles before proceeding within the current one – Often used to read • Top level and common definitions when there are multiple sub-directories and makefiles 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 26. Command line options of make (1) • -f <file name> – Specify the name of the file to be used as the makefile – Default is GNUmakefile, makefile and Makefile (in that order) – Multiple makefiles may be useful for compilation on multiple platforms • -s – Turn on silent mode (as if all commands start with an “@”) 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 27. Command line options of make (2) • -j <number of jobs> – Build multiple targets in parallel • -i – Ignore all errors – A warning message will be printed out for each error • -k – Continue as much as possible after an error. 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 28. Exercise 4 • Take a look at a real life makefile – /home/lyan1/traininglab/valgrind/Makefile – Makefile for a memory profiler Valgrind 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012
- 29. Questions? 2/14/2012 LONI Fortran Programming Workshop, LSU Feb 13-16, 2012