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© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in
a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use
CHAPTER 10
Economic Growth and Business Cycles
TEACHING OBJECTIVES
Goals of Part 3: Macroeconomics
A. Introduce the basic ideas behind economic growth and business cycles (Chapter 10), methods
of modeling the use of money (Chapter 11), the standard workhorse macroeconomic model of
aggregate demand and aggregate supply (Chapter 12), modern macroeconomic models
(Chapter 13), and the interdependence between economies of different countries (Chapter 14).
B. Why so much macroeconomics in a textbook on money and banking? Because to understand
monetary policy, students need to understand basic macroeconomic theory.
Goals of Chapter 10
A. Analyze both long-run and short-run movements of the economy’s output.
B. Look at trend output growth, focusing on productivity and increases in capital and labor as the
variables that contribute most to the economy’s overall growth.
C. Study the business cycle to analyze how the economy is deviating from its long-run path.
D. Show how the economy’s growth rate affects a worker’s future income.
TEACHING NOTES
A. Introduction
1. We split the economy into two parts:
a) Long-run trend growth of output
b) Fluctuations of output around its long-run trend; the business cycle
2. Long-run trend output growth originates in growth of productivity, capital, and labor
3. Short-run fluctuations in output include expansions and recessions (Figure 10.1)
B. Measuring Economic Growth
1. Introduction
a) What causes economic growth?
b) The trend in output has changed over time (Figure 10.2)
c) The key variables affecting output are resources (labor and capital) and productivity
d) Poor measures of capital lead us to investigate productivity it two ways: with good data
on labor productivity and with flawed data on overall productivity
2. A View of Economic Growth Based on Labor Data
a) The growth of labor in the economy can be measured by looking at the number of
workers and the number of hours they work
b) The supply of labor
(1) Labor force = employed people + unemployed people
(2) Labor-force participation rate = labor force ÷ working-age population (Figure
10.3)
c) The demand for labor determines employment

Chapter 10: Economic Growth and Business Cycles 106
d) Population is split into working-age population and others (too young, in military, in
institutions); working-age population = labor force + not in labor force; labor force =
employed + unemployed (Figure 10.4); unemployment rate = unemployed ÷ labor
force (Figure 10.5)
e) Labor productivity = output ÷ number of hours worked (Figures 10.6 and 10.7)
f) Output growth = labor productivity growth + growth in hours worked
g) Economic Liftoff is the period from 1950 to 1970; Reorganization is the period from
1971 to 1982; Long Boom is the period from 1983 to 2007 (Table 10.1; Figure 10.8);
what will be the effect of the financial crisis of 2008? Use Data Bank: Why Is the
Economy More Stable in the Long Boom?
3. A View of Economic Growth Using Data on Both Labor and Capital
a) Economy’s production function: production mainly depends on capital and labor:
Y =F(K,L) (3)
b) A specific production function fits the data well:
Y =A × Ka
× L1−a
(4)
(1) The term A is a measure of the economy’s total factor productivity, TFP
(2) The growth-rate form of equation (4) shows how TFP growth contributes to
output growth:
%ΔY = %ΔA + (a × %ΔK) + [(1 − a) × %ΔL]
Output growth = TFP growth + [a × growth rate of capital] (5)
+ [(1 – a) × growth rate of labor]
(3) TFP growth is calculated using equation (5):
%ΔA = %ΔY − [a × %ΔK] − [(1 – a) × %ΔL] (6)
(3) It is vital to remember that the data on capital are questionable, so calculations of
TFP may be far from accurate
c) Table 10.2 shows the breakdown of growth in the three periods (Economic Liftoff,
Reorganization, and Long Boom); TFP growth changes over those periods in a similar
way to growth in labor productivity
C. Data Bank: Why Is the Economy More Stable in the Long Boom?
1. Research by Stock and Watson suggests that the economy became more stable at the start
of the Long Boom (Figure 10.A)
2. Better monetary policy is responsible for just a fraction of the increased stability; the rest
may be just good luck
D. Business Cycles
1. What Is a Business Cycle?
a) A business cycle is the short-term movement of output and other key economic
variables (such as income and employment) around their long-term trends; use Figure
10.9 to illustrate a hypothetical business cycle
b) Define economic expansion and peak, recession and depression, and trough
c) The NBER’s business cycle dating committee determines when recessions and
expansions begin and end (Figure 10.9 and Table 10.3)
d) A business cycle has two main characteristics (Figure 10.10):

(1) Many economic variables move together
(2) Many economic variables deviate from their long-term growth trends for
substantial periods
2. The Causes of Business Cycles
a) Erratic growth of the money supply
(1) Monetarists make this argument
(2) In support of their argument: large declines in the money supply in the Great
Depression
(3) Other researchers disagree: money should affect prices and inflation more than real
variables, and statistical models do not confirm money’s role
b) Swings of optimism and pessimism that cause business investment in capital goods to
fluctuate
(1) Some Keynesian economists support this view as the main cause of business cycles
(2) But explaining the optimism or pessimism is difficult
(3) Keynesians argue that shifts in aggregate demand occur, causing the economy to
deviate from equilibrium, thanks to sticky wages and prices that do not restore
equilibrium immediately
(4) Skeptics argue that wage and price stickiness seem unlikely to be the main source of
recessions
c) Sudden changes in productivity growth
(1) TFP fluctuations lead to output fluctuations, according the real business cycle
(RBC) theory
(2) Skeptics argue that RBC theory does not account for the intensity with which firms
use their workers, so the RBC researchers measure TFP fluctuations badly
(3) Adherents of monetarism and RBC theories are called classical economists
d) Changes in the prices of key factors of production, such as oil
(1) Hamilton argues that nearly every recession was preceded by a significant rise in oil
prices
(2) But oil is not significant enough in the economy to cause such a dramatic effect
e) If none of these theories are completely valid, what causes business cycles?
(1) Perhaps all the theories together have some validity
(2) It may take several of the factors together to cause a recession
(3) Refer to Data Bank: The Anxious Index
E. Application to Everyday Life: How Does Economic Growth Affect Your Future Income?
1. A comparison of labor productivity and workers’ compensation shows a close
relationship in the Economic Liftoff period, but little relationship in the Long Boom; see
Table 10.4
2. However, the level of compensation per hour of work was much higher in the long boom
period, thanks to earlier growth
F. Data Bank: The Anxious Index
1. The anxious index is the probability of a decline in real GDP in the next quarter, as
measured by the Survey of Professional Forecasters.
2. The index tends to rise just before recessions begin, especially when the index exceeds 20
percent (Figure 10.B)

ADDITIONAL ISSUES FOR CLASSROOM DISCUSSION
1. Take a poll of your students’ expectations for major macroeconomic variables and the
probability of a decline in real GDP for the next quarter. Compare their results to the Survey of
Professional Forecasters (on the Internet at: http://www.phil.frb.org/econ/spf/index.html).
2. Over the last 10 years, the labor force participation rate has trended down significantly, as
Figure 10.3 shows. Discuss the difficulty of determining trends at the end of a sample of data,
when no one knows what will happen to the variable next. For example, note the slight
downward trend in the early 1960s, which was only temporary.
3. Discuss why we need a committee to determine when business cycles begin and end. Even
looking at just the data in this chapter, not all variables change direction at the official peaks
and troughs of the cycle. You can look at the NBER’s web site (www.nber.org) to see some of
the current discussion about the state of the business cycle by the business cycle dating
committee.
ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK NUMERICAL
EXERCISES AND ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS
Numerical Exercises
11. a. Working-age population ÷ population = 83/127 = 0.654 = 65.4 percent
b. Labor force = working-age population − number of people not in labor force = 83 − 25 =
58
Labor-force participation rate = labor force ÷ working-age population = 58/83 = 0.699 =
69.9 percent
c. Number of unemployed = labor force − employed = 58 − 52 = 6
Unemployment rate = number unemployed/labor force = 6/58 = 0.103 = 10.3 percent
12. a. Growth of output between;
1959 and 1969 =
2900 1864
1864
−
= 0.556 = 55.6%
1969 and 1979 =
4173 2900
2900
−
= 0.439 = 43.9%
1979 and 1989 =
5710 4173
4173
−
= 0.368 = 36.8%
1989 and 1999 =
8251 5710
5710
−
= 0.445 = 44.5%
1999 and 2009 =
9563 8251
8251
−
= 0.159 = 15.9%

Growth of hours worked between;
1959 and 1969 =
58.88 49.15
49.15
−
= 0.198 = 19.8%
1969 and 1979 =
70.16 58.88
58.88
−
= 0.192 = 19.2%
1979 and 1989 =
83.14 70.16
70.16
−
= 0.185 = 18.5%
1989 and 1999 =
97.63 83.14
83.14
−
= 0.174 = 17.4%
1999 and 2009 =
88.36 97.63
97.63
−
= ˗0.095 = ˗ 9.5%
b. %∆ output = %∆ labor productivity + %∆ hours worked
Therefore, %∆ labor productivity = %∆ output %∆ hours worked
Therefore, 1959 to 1969 = 55.6% ˗ 19.8% = 35.8%
1969 to 1979 = 43.9% ˗ 19.2% = 24.7%
1979 to 1989 = 36.8% ˗ 18.5% = 18.3%
1989 to 1999 = 44.5% ˗ 17.4% = 27.1%
1999 to 2009 = 15.9% ˗ (˗ 9.5%) = 25.4%
c. Fastest growth in output is recorded in the 1960s, and the slowest growth in output is
recorded in the 2000s. The growth in output per hour worked is fastest in the 1960s and
slowest in the 1980s. The slow growth in output in the 2000s can be attributed to the
financial crisis of 2008 and the Great Recession. The fastest growth in output, recorded in
the 1960s, can be attributed to the Economic Liftoff.
13. From equation (4): Y = A × Ka
× L1−a
, so A = Y/( K 0.2
× L0.8
)
For 2013: A = Y/(K0.2
× L0.8
) = 10,000/(4500.2
× 5,0000.8
) = 3.2373
For 2014: A = Y/(K0.2
× L0.8
) = 10,300/(4800.2
× 5,0500.8
) = 3.2655
%ΔA = (3.2655 – 3.2373)/3.2373 = 0.87%.
14. We use the equation %ΔA = %ΔY − (a × %ΔK) − [(1 − a) × %ΔL].
In Bigcap, a = 0.3, %ΔK = 10%, %ΔL = 1%, %ΔY = 5%, so
%ΔA = %ΔY − (a × %ΔK) − [(1 − a) × %ΔL]
= 5% − (0.3 × 10%) − [(1 − 0.3) × 1%]
= 5% − 3% − 0.7%

= 1.3%.
TFP is growing fast because of much capital growth.
In Smallcap, a = 0.1, %ΔK = 3%, %ΔL = 2%, %ΔY = 4%, so
%ΔA = %ΔY − (a × %ΔK) − [(1 − a) × %ΔL]
= 4% − (0.1 × 3%) − [(1 − 0.1) × 2%]
= 4% − 0.3% − 1.8%
= 1.9%.
This economy is growing slower than Bigcap’s because capital and labor are growing more
slowly, but fast TFP growth helps economic growth.
15. If you retire at age seventy, you will have worked for forty-nine years. If your salary increases 5
percent per year, you will earn $30,000 × 1.0549
= $327,640. If your salary increases 3 percent
per year, you will earn $30,000 × 1.0349
= $127,687. This is a huge difference, which shows that
growth rates matter!
Analytical Problems
16. Per-capita growth (growth rate of output per person) matters for well-being; per-capita growth
rate = output growth rate − growth rate of population.
Country A: per-capita growth rate = 6% − 4% = 2%
Country B: per-capita growth rate = 4% − 1% = 3%
Thus, people in country B are better off because their output per person is rising faster.
17. In economic expansions:
a. Output per hour rises because labor productivity rises.
b. Hours worked per worker rises because overtime work increases.
c. Employment as a fraction of the labor force increases because more people are employed.
d. The labor force as a fraction of the population increases because people re-enter the labor
force when wages increase and jobs are plentiful.
All four of these factors cause output to grow more rapidly in expansions.
ADDITIONAL TEACHING NOTES
What Causes Productivity to Change?
Changes in productivity growth cause changes in trend output growth, so investigating the forces
driving productivity growth will help us understand the sources of output growth. In the case of

labor productivity, we are interested in the amount of output produced by an hour of work. Thus,
anything that allows workers to produce more per hour, increases labor productivity. An increase
in capital is one reason workers could be more productive; if workers have more or better tools to
use they can produce more output per hour of work. Keep in mind that tools need not be physical.
Education and knowledge contribute to output as well. Smarter, better-trained, and more
experienced workers typically produce much more output in a given amount of time than novices
can. That is why, after all, people in a given job are usually paid more if they have more education
and experience. Economists call a person’s knowledge and experience human capital.
Finally, it is not just physical capital and human capital that increase labor productivity, but also
how work is organized. Producers, who can improve production methods, as Henry Ford did
when he manufactured cars using the assembly line, increase the productivity of their workers.
When other firms copy these techniques, the productivity of the entire economy increases.
In the mid-1990s, it appeared that productivity growth increased substantially in the U.S. economy.
Was there some revolutionary new invention, an increase in education, or an increase in capital that
caused this change? The answer is that all three were responsible for the observed productivity
growth, at least according to some economists who have studied the question. These economists
attribute the increase in productivity that began in the mid-1990s to the improved quality of capital
in the form of computers and software, combined with a more efficient means of employing
computers and software, along with training and experience of the workforce in using these new
tools.
We can conclude that changes in productivity drive changes in economic growth. The growth of
productivity has changed over the last fifty years, with more rapid growth in the economic liftoff
and the long boom than in the reorganization. But, is there any way to determine why productivity
growth changes over time? What economic forces lead to such changes? To answer those
questions, we need a model of economic growth, which we introduce next.
A Simple Model of Economic Growth
Economists have studied economic growth and its causes for many years. In 1958, Nobel laureate
Robert Solow proposed a simple way to identify some of the factors that cause the economy to
grow. His model has been modified and updated over the past forty-five years, but the basic idea of
the model remains clear and convincing. Output depends on the amount of capital and labor, and
businesses can only buy new capital if they can borrow from people who save.
Output in the Solow model is produced with capital and labor according to the production
function that we used earlier in equation
Yt = F(Kt, Lt), (7)
where we have added the subscripts t to indicate that the equation shows the relationship between
capital, labor, and output at a date t . The model is one that accounts for the movements of output,
capital, and labor over time, so the subscript is needed to keep track of the values of the variables
at different dates.

We make some assumptions that make the model easy to understand. We assume that the
production function is one for which an increase in both capital and labor in equal proportions
causes output to increase in the same proportion. This assumption allows us to simplify the model
by writing output and capital in terms of amounts per person. We can then rewrite the production
function as
yt = f(kt), (8)
and where f is the production function relating capital per person to output per person. We assume
that this production function has some standard properties, namely that as the ratio of capital to
labor (k) increases, the ratio of output to labor (y) also increases, but by decreasing amounts.
Our next task is to figure out what determines the amount of capital per person. To do this, we use
the assumption that businesses can only buy new capital if someone saves. For example, a small
business firm’s owners might save and buy new capital, a corporation could retain some of its
earnings, or a firm could borrow funds from a bank, which is transferring those funds from a
number of individual savers who have deposited their savings in the bank. So, if we make some
assumptions about the amount of savings in the economy, we can learn how much new capital
firms will purchase, which is investment. The amount of capital in the economy is its capital stock. The
capital stock changes over time for two reasons: firms invest and existing capital depreciates. We
assume that a certain percentage of the existing capital stock depreciates every period, an amount
equal to d × Kt ; for example, if capital depreciates 15 percent every year, then d = 0.15. We thus
represent the change of the capital stock over time with the equation
K t +1 = Kt − (d × K t ) + I t , (9)
where I represents investment.
If the amount of labor is growing at the rate g; that is, L t +1 = (1+ g)L t , then, in the steady state,
capital must grow at the same rate, so Kt +1 = (1+ g)Kt . Using this in equation (9), we can
perform some algebraic manipulations to find a relationship between investment per worker and
capital per worker in the steady state. Begin with equation (9):
K t +1 = Kt − (d × Kt ) + It .
Now substitute for K t +1 using the equation K t +1 = (1+ g)K t , and collect terms in K t :
K t +1 = K t − (d × Kt ) + I t
(1+ g)K t = K t − (d × K t ) + I t
(1 + g) K t = ( 1 − d ) K t + I t

[( 1 + g ) − ( 1 − d )] K t = I t
( g + d ) K t = I t .
Now, if we switch around the two sides of the equation, then divide both sides by L t , and use the
definitions that y = Y/L and i = I/L, then we have
(10)
We make one more assumption, which is that in the long run the economy will reach a steady state,
a situation where capital, labor, and output are growing at the same rate. This means that many of
the variables that we have defined, namely those in lowercase letters that represent output per
worker, capital per worker, and investment per worker, will not change over time, so we can drop
the time subscripts in equations (8) and (10). The main equations of the model are now
y = f(k) (11)
and
i = (g + d )k . (12)
The last equation means that to keep the capital stock growing at the rate that would maintain a
constant ratio of capital to labor, investment per worker (i) must equal the growth rate of the
population plus the depreciation rate on capital times the amount of capital per worker. The first
amount (the population growth rate) reflects the investment needed to make the capital stock
increase at the same rate as population growth. The second amount (the depreciation rate)
represents the amount of investment needed to replace machinery and equipment that has worn
out.
For investment to occur, however, people must save. We will make the same assumption that
Solow did, namely, that savings per person (s) is a constant fraction (v) of output per person. That
is,
s = v × y. (13)
In this equation, v is the fraction of income that people save, and we assume it is constant over
time.
Now, if we set savings per person equal to investment per person, so s = i using equations (11) and
(12), we get

s = i
v × y = ( g + d )k .
Dividing through both sides of this equation by v gives
(14)
So, for savings to equal investment, output per person must equal a constant times the
amount of capital per person. Equations (11) and (14) now give us two equations relating y and k,
which we can use to solve for their values.
In this model, the equilibrium values of y and k depend on the growth rate of labor ( g ), the
depreciation rate ( d ), and the savings rate ( v ). A higher value of g or d, or a lower value of v ,
would mean that the right-hand side of equation (14) would be higher for any given value of k .
There is some good intuition for these results. Consider two economies that are identical in every
way, except that one has greater population growth than the other. With greater population
growth, it takes more savings to maintain a given ratio of capital to labor. Because savings is a fixed
proportion of output, an economy with greater population growth would have a lower ratio of
capital to labor, and hence a lower ratio of output to labor. Similarly, an economy in which capital
depreciates faster will also have lower k and y in equilibrium.
On the other hand, an economy that has a higher savings rate out of income will invest more, and
in equilibrium will have a higher ratio of capital to labor and output to labor.
Overall, then, the Solow model tells us how the economy responds to changes in the long run to
the savings rate, the depreciation rate, and the population growth rate. Thus, the model has
identified some of the important factors that affect growth and zeroes in on certain variables (such
as the savings rate and the depreciation rate) that might not have been obvious otherwise. But, the
Solow model is not very good at explaining the growth of total factor productivity—in fact, it
assumes there is no such growth. The model only explains the growth in labor productivity that
arises because of additional capital relative to labor.
Models with Total Factor Productivity Growth
A major shortcoming of the Solow model is that although the economy grows, it does so (in the
long run) at the rate of population growth, because in the steady state the ratio of output to labor is
constant. Are economies doomed to grow no faster or slower than their populations grow?
The answer is no, because of the possibility of total factor productivity growth. Remember that the
Solow model began with equation (7), Y = F(K, L) , where the production function ( F ) remained
the same over time. But technological progress suggests that we should model the production
function as changing over time, so that more output can be produced with the same inputs.

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Economists have modeled total factor productivity growth in a variety of ways. One method, the
most popular, is to assume that total factor productivity growth occurs over time because of
improved technology. The ratios of capital to labor and output to labor would rise over time, so
total productivity rises over time. In this model, however, the rise in TFP is not explained within
the model. When a variable in a model is not explained within the model, that variable is exogenous,
so in this model, TFP is exogenous.
A variable that is determined within a model is endogenous. An alternative model, called an endogenous-
growth model, seeks to explain how total factor productivity grows, rather than simply assuming that
it does so exogenously. Productivity does not just materialize from nothing, but results from
investments that people and companies make in new technology, through research and
development. It results from knowledge and creative endeavors. It comes about because people,
firms, and governments spend resources exploring the unknown. Endogenous-growth models try
to explain some of the possible avenues through which productivity growth occurs. They also
examine the consequences for such growth on the economy.
One prediction of endogenous-growth models is that the world’s leader in technology may grow
faster than other countries. Economists have struggled to explain why countries with similar
characteristics (growth rate of labor, depreciation rate, and savings rate) grow at different rates. For
that reason, economists sometimes model how technology is adopted in different countries.
Countries that are better able to develop new technologies get an initial burst in their growth, while
those that follow are slower to grow. These models also explain why some countries continue to
grow faster than others do; whereas the Solow model suggests that countries with low incomes will
grow faster than countries with high incomes so that incomes in all countries will converge.
Because technological knowledge spreads across countries, many of the models that economists
have recently developed to study growth incorporate trade across countries. These models have
developed some interesting insights in terms of the tradeoff between different factors of
production. For example, rapid growth in Asian countries such as Singapore and Indonesia
occurred in the 1980s and 1990s in large part because they were better able to harness new
technologies and develop them for use in consumer and business products. In addition, they
invested a huge amount in physical capital. The result was economic growth that far exceeded the
growth rates of the major industrialized countries, enabling the Asian countries to catch up
substantially in terms of income.
The financial system plays a key role in aiding economic growth. As the Solow model assumed,
firms cannot invest (buy new capital) unless people save. The more efficient the financial system is,
the more funds will be available for investment, and the faster the economy will grow. So, not only
must a society save, but it must also have an efficient means of transferring those savings to
business firms so that they can purchase new capital. A society that does so will grow and prosper.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Suppose the labor force is growing at a rate of 2 percent (so λ = 0.02), capital depreciates at a
rate of 13 percent per year (δ = 0.13), and the savings rate is 10 percent (σ = 0.10). The
production function in terms of output per worker is y = 7.5 k − 0.5 k2
. Calculate the steady-

state values of capital per worker and output per worker. If the savings rate were only 5
percent, what would be the steady-state values of capital and output per worker?
2. According to the Solow model, which economy will grow faster in steady state, one with a high
savings rate or one with a low savings rate? Which economy will have a higher output per
worker in the steady state? Assume both economies have the same population growth rate of
workers and the same depreciation rate. Explain your answer using a diagram.
REFERENCES
Solow, Robert. “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics,
February 1956, pp. 65-94.
Symposium on New Growth Theory, Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, (Winter 1994),
pp. 3-72.

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proveer como conviene.
a lo otro que desys de los casados que aveys mandado venyr
para que lleven sus mugeres e no tornen alla, esta bien hecho e asy
se proveerá para que los que las quisieren llevar las apremyen a yr
con ellos.
las otras cosas que dezis de que no aveys avydo respuesta como
son las cosas tocantes a la espiritualidad e tiros e caravelas e otras
cosas, en todo esta dado horden para que se haga como lo pedis e
mas cumplidamente y plaziendo a nuestro señor presto yra
despacho de todo ello.
dos caravelas que vinieron desa ysla una que se dize guerra e
otra mensina aportaron a portugal e alli vendieron e desvarataron la
mayor parte del oro que trayan, e por questo es en perjuyzio destos
Reynos nuestra merced e voluntad sienpre fue que todo el oro e
cosas que de alla vinyesen se trayesen a ellos e no a otra parte; los
que en esto han sido culpados se castigaran e de aqui adelante todo
el oro e cosas que de alla truxeren lo traygan por inventario firmado
de vuestro nombre e de un escrivano para que conforme aquel se
haga aca la cuenta dello y al tiempo que alla entraren den fianças
llanas e abonadas; que todo aquello traeran e se descargara en la
cibdad de cadiz o en sevylla e no en otra parte so la pena que alla
vos pareciere.
los oficiales de la casa de la contratacion de las yndias que
resyden en sevylla me escrivieron que les aviades escrito que no
entendiades enviar oro fasta ser pasado el ynvierno, y aunque esto
es lo mas seguro quanto al tiempo pero paresceme inconvyniente,
porque enviarlo asy junto corre mucho riesgo, por ende no deveys
aguardar a enviar tanta cantidad junta, sino como se hiziere cada
fundicion enviar luego el oro della sy oviere aparejo para ello porque
a los ofiçiales aquesto mismo les parece como creo que alla vos lo
han escripto.

aca es menester saber la razon de todo el oro e brasyl e otras
cosas que nos pertenescan hasta xxvi dias del mes de noviembre del
año pasado de quinyentos e quatro años que la serenysima reyna
my muger que aya santa gloria fallescio hazer luego enviar razon de
todo ello especialmente del oro que hasta aquel dia estaba cogido e
en todo lo otro poned la diligencia e recabdo que de vos confio. de
la cibdad de toro a ocho de hebrero de quinyentos cinco años=Yo el
Rey.

18.
(Medina del Campo, 8 de Enero de 1504.)—«Para los de la casa de la contratacion
que enbien los despachos que hizieren al secretario.» (139-1-4, lib. 1.º, fol.
120.)
El Rey e la Reyna.=nuestros oficiales de la casa de la
contratacion de las yndias que Residis en la cibdad de sebilla, nos
vos mandamos que todo el despacho que de aqui adelante ovierdes
de enbiar a nuestra corte sobre las cosas de las yndias lo endereçeys
a gaspar de grisyo nuestro secretario por que nos le avemos
mandado que tenga cargo de ello solicitar e vos enbiar el despacho
de todo ello e no fagades ende al. fecha en la villa de medina del
canpo a viii dias del mes de henero de diiii años=yo el Rey=yo la
Reyna=por mandado del Rey e de la Reyna=gaspar de
grisyo=señalada del dotor angulo e liçenciado çapata.

19.
(Medina del Campo, 13 de Febrero de 1504.)—Real Cédula al veinticuatro Luis de
Medina, para que en virtud de las quejas de los mercaderes por no labrarse en
dicha casa más oro que el que venía de las Indias, de lo cual resultaba perjuicio,
se manda labrar sólo 3.ª ó 4.ª parte lo demás en las otras casas de moneda del
Reino. (41-1-1/11.)
El Rey e la Reyna=por quanto vos luys de medina veynte e
quatro de la muy noble ciudad de sevilla thesorero de la casa de la
moneda della nos fezistes Relacion que bien sabiamos como nos
abiamos mandado que se librase en la dicha casa todo el oro que se
traxere de las nuestras yslas e tierra firme del mar oceano en lo qual
bos Rescibiades mucho daño porque lo mas del tiempo los oficiales
de la dicha casa se ocupavan en esto y no tenian tienpo para labrar
otro oro alguno de lo que á la dicha casa se traya á labrar y que
allende desto al tienpo que la dicha casa estoviese desocupada del
oro nuestro los mercaderes que han de labrar su oro en ella no lo
osarian entregar temyendo que avra dilacion en la labrança dello
sobreviniendo otro oro de lo nuestro e que allende del dapño que
desto se vos si que teneys un logarteniente en la dicha casa a quien
days quince mill maravedis de salario en cada un año y que sy asy
pasase vos quedariades con la costa e syn provecho alguno, por
ende que nos suplicavades e pediades por merced vos mandaramos
proveer cerca dello mandando que en la dicha casa se labrase la
tercia o quarta parte del oro que se traxese de las dichas yslas y que
lo demas se labrase en las otras nuestras casas de moneda destos
nuestros Reynos o como la nuestra merced fuese, e nos tovimoslo
por bien e por esta nuestra cedula mando que de aqui adelante en
quanto nuestra merced e voluntad fuere se aya de labrar e labre en

la dicha casa de la moneda de la dicha cibdad de sevilla la tercia
parte del oro que se truxere para nos de las dichas nuestras yslas e
tierra firme del mar oceano e las otras dos tercias partes en las
nuestras casas de la moneda de las cibdades de toledo e granada, e
mandamos a los nuestros oficiales de la casa de la contratacion de
las yndias que Residen en la dicha cibdad de sevilla e a los nuestros
tesoreros e oficiales de las dichas nuestras casas de moneda de las
dichas cibdades de toledo e granada que guarden e cumplan todo lo
en esta nuestra cedula contenido e que contra el thenor e forma
della no vayan ni pasen de aqui adelante e los unos ny los otros no
fagades ende. al fecha en la villa de medina del campo a trece dias
de hebrero de mill e quinientos e quatro años=yo el Rey=yo la
Reyna=por mandado del Rey e de la Reyna=gaspar de grizio, e en
las espaldas de la dicha cedula avia cinco señales de firmas.

20.
(Toro, 8 de Febrero de 1505.)—Real cédula en que se dispone sean castigados los
que vendiesen oro ó plata en Portugal, y que los extranjeros afincados ó que
lleven más de casados en Castilla se consideren como naturales y puedan llevar
sus mercancias á las Indias. (139-1-1, lib. 1.º, fol. 145.)
El Rey=Dotor matienço e francisco pynelo la letra que escrivistes
a gaspar de grizio en sevylla vy e las diligencias que aveys fecho en
el secresto e prision de los que fueron culpantes en vender el oro en
portugal estan bien hechas y en semejante caso deveys tener mucho
avyso e diligencia como lo hazeys para que los culpados no se vayan
sin castigo porque sy a esto se diese lugar o se pusiese en
disimulacion cada uno se atreveria a hazer otro tanto y al tiempo
que los que van a la española cargasen les poned mucha pena e
recebys buenas fianças para que vengan a desenbarcar a esa cibdad
o a cadiz e que ninguno salte en tierra syn que primero vosotros o
quien vuestro poder oviere hagan las diligencias acostumbradas.
A lo que dezis del salario de ximeno de briviesca porque aquel
teyna hecho su asiento y se le daba cierta cosa para el e diez e ocho
mill para un oficial no se hizo asiento de nuevo porque no hera
menester. Sabed lo que le solian dar cada año quando hera contador
de las Armadas que se le acrecentaron los diez y ocho mill y enviadla
para que conforme aquello se haga su asyento.
En lo de la dubda que desys que teneys de quales se entiende
ser extranjeros para que no puedan yr o enviar sus mercaderias a la
española todos los que en esa cibdad de sevylla e cadiz e xeres
tienen bienes rayzes y son casados por espacio de quinze o veynte

años e tyenen su asyento hechos en estos Reynos, estos tales bien
se pueden aver por naturales e sus hijos que aca han nascido.
En lo otro que desys que algunos ginoveses y estranjeros envian
mercaderias a la española a buelta de los naturales destos Reynos
ved sy se debe mandar que no lo hagan o sy se mandara que lo
puedan hazer con tanto que ellos no sean los principales ny las
personas que en ello entendiesen sean estranjeras y porque los
almoxarifes se quexan diziendo que si estos envian sus mercaderias
a la española dexan de entender en otros tratos en la dicha cibdad
de que ellos pierden en su Arrendamyento sy sera bien que por la
parte que de los tales alla se llevare al tiempo de le cargar paguen
en la dicha cibdad los derechos acostunbrados aunque el retorno sea
franco y de lo que en ello vierdes que se deba hazer me enviad
luego vuestro parescer para que se de horden e se provea lo que en
ello se aya de hazer.
A lo que dezis que el governador vos escrivio que no entendian
enviar oro hasta ser pasado el ynvierno y que vos parescia que se
debe enviar antes en muchos navyos que en pocos, asy se lo escrivo
al governador para que lo haga de aqui adelante, vosotros tanvien le
debeys escrevir vuestro parescer.
El governador me escrivio que entre las otras cosas de
mercaderias que a aquella ysla se llevan crisoles e sal e que los
crisoles es cosa sospechosa para poder fundir e hurtar oro syn lo
marcar e pagar los derechos e que la sal es en perjuicio de los
Arrendadores que alla tienen Arrendada las salynas de aquella ysla,
de aqui adelante no consyntays que alla se lleven los dichos crysoles
ny sal.
En lo del juez que pedis pues ese os paresce buena persona
enviad una memoria de aquello en que ha de entender para que aca
se haga la provysion y en lo de las tres caravelas e esclavos e
artilleria e otras cosas que por otras mys cartas vos he enviado
mandar que envies al governador, poned mucha diligencia porque el
governador cada dia lo envia a pedir y enviad las muestras del azul e
verde para que aca se vea e se sepa sy sera bien que en ello se

travaje. de la cibdad de toro a ocho de hebrero de quynientos cinco
años=Yo el Rey.

21.
(Toro, 5 de Marzo de 1505.)—Que se marquen las barras de hierro y cobre que se
envíen á las Indias, en que forma podrán mandar los extranjeros mercancías á
la Española etc. (139-1-4, lib. 1.º, fol. 149.)
El Rey=dotor matienzo e francisco pynelo, Recibi vuestra letra e
vy lo que escrevystes a gaspar de grizio, my secretario, y a lo que
desys del medio quento de moneda de vellon para enviar a la ysla
española, esta bien dicho e darase horden como luego se entyenda
en ello.
A lo que desys de las medidas de cobre e barras de hierro
marcadas para enviar a la española, es bien que luego las hagays
hazer e las envieys e sean Rezias para que puedan durar e no sea
menester enviar muchas vezes por otras.
Asymysmo es bien que envieys los cueros curtidos que desys,
para reparar los fuelles cada vez que fuere menester, de manera que
aunque se dañen no se pierda tienpo en enviar por otros.
A lo que desys del brasyl que esta bien; enviar a flandes,
paresceme bien e que el prescio es razonable, pues dezis que se
podra bien vender e que tienen ya la esperiencia dello e tienen por
bueno.
quanto a las mercaderias que los estranjeros cargan para la
española, paresceme bueno vuestro parescer, e que por agora se
deve dar licençia para que las puedan llevar con la condicion que
desys, que sea en conpañia de naturales e no ellos como principales,
e que los fatores sean naturales, pero que la licencia deve ser
quando my merced e voluntad fuere, e porque sy adelante se fallare

aver en ello algund ynconvenyente, se puede quitar cada vez que
fuere menester la dicha licencia.
en lo de la ochilla bien será que se venda a florin el quintal, pues
por agora no ay quien mas diese por ella, e entretanto poned
diligencia para que lo de adelante se venda a precio convenyble y
fazedlo publicar para que venga a noticia de todos.
En lo del rescate de la mar pequeña, yo, ni la serenísima señora
Reyna my muger que aya santa gloria, ovimos mandado al
adelantado don alonso de lugo que entendiese en ello, ny para ello
tiene poder nuestro; por ende sabed sy ha entrado ay algo de los
dichos rescates en lo que dello se ha avydo e avysadme luego dello
para que cerca dello se provea lo que fuere menester; yo escrivo al
governador que luego vaya, e facedle enviar mi carta e dadle priesa
para que lo ponga por obra.
El governador de las yndias, entre otras cosas que me escrivió,
dize que no se deben enviar a la española por ninguno mercaderias
algunas, porque corre mucho riesgo e peligro a cabsa de las muchas
mercaderias que alla se llevan por virtud de la licencia que para ello
dimos, salvo sy fueren algunas cosas que enviare dezir que se deven
llevar, paresceme que decis bien e que asy se debe fazer.
Asy mismo dad mucha priesa para las iii cavelas, e por las aguas
fuertes e fuelles e otras cosas que ha enviado a pedir para las mynas
del cobre, porque se pierde mucho tienpo deveys dar horden como
luego se envie todo, porque alla no esten esperando tanto tienpo
syn hazer cosa que aproveche. de Toro a cinco de março de
quinientos cinco años=Yo el Rey=por mandado, etc.

22.
(Toro, 5 de Marzo de 1505.)—Concediendo á los extranjeros que puedan llevar á la
Española mercaderias y otras cosas. (139-1-4, lib. 1.º, fol. 150.)
El Rey.=Por quanto la serenisima Reyna, mi muger que santa
gloria aya, por su carta firmada de su nombre e sellada con su sello
ovo dado licencia a los vecinos e moradores destos Reynos de
castilla e dello pudiese llevar a la ysla española que es en el mar
oceano todas las mercaderias de mantenimientos e vistuarios e
ganados e herramientas e plantas e otras cosas quales quier para las
vender e contratar en la dicha ysla con los cristianos della, sin que
por ello cayesen ni yncurriesen en pena alguna, ecebto armas e
cavallos e oro e plata e otras cosas en la dicha su carta contenidas,
segund mas largamente en la dicha su carta se qontiene, e agora
por parte de los dichos estrangeros vecinos e moradores de los
dichos Reynos e señorios me es fecha Relacion que no les consyente
llevar a la dicha ysla mercaderias ni otras cosas algunas, diciendo
que no son naturales destos Reynos, de que disen que Reciben
mucho agravio, fueme por su parte pedido e suplicado mandase
sobre ello proveer como la mi merced fuese e yo tovelo por bien, e
por la presente doy licencia a quales quier estranjeros, vecinos e
moradores destos Reynos para que durante el tiempo que mi
merced e voluntad fuere se puedan llevar a vender e contratar a la
dicha ysla española con los vecinos e moradores della las
mercaderias e cosas en la dicha carta de su Alteza contenidas, syn
que por ello cayan ny yncurran en pena alguna, con tanto que las
enbien e traten en compañia de naturales destos dichos Reynos e no
las enbien ni lleven los dichos estranjeros como principales, e que

los fatores e personas que en ello por su parte ovieren de entender
sean asy mismo naturales destos dichos Reynos, e mando a los mis
oficiales de la casa de la contratacion de las yndias que ansy lo
guarden e cunplan e no fagades ende al. fecha en toro a v de março
de dv años=yo el Rey por mandado, &.

23.
(Segovia, 13 de Septiembre de 1505.)—Despacho del Embajador Royos sobre la
creacion de Obispados en la Española. (139-1-4, lib. 1.º, fol. 179.)
El Rey.=Comendador francisco de Rojas, del mi consejo e mi
enbaxador en corte de Roma, yo mande ver las bullas que se
expedieron para la creacion e provicion del arçobispado e obispados
de la española, en las quales no se nos concede el patronadgo de
los dichos arçobispados e obispados ni de las dignidades e calongias,
Raciones e beneficios con cura e sin cura en la dicha ysla española
se an de helejir, es menester que su santidad conceda el dicho
patronadgo de todo ello perpetuamente a mi e a los Reyes que en
estos Reynos de castilla e de leon suscedieren, aunque en las dichas
bullas no aya seydo fecha mincion dello como hizo en los del Reyno
de Granada.
Otro si la ereccion de las dichas dinidades, calongias, Raciones e
oficios eclesiasticos de la dicha ysla viene cometida a los dichos
arçobispo e obispos, no hasyendo minsion de la presentacion; es
menester que en la dicha bulla del patronadgo mande el papa que
no puedan ser eregidas las dichas dignidades e calongias e otros
beneficios syno de mi consentimiento como patron, e que la dicha
ereccion venga cometida al arçobispo de Sevilla para que a mi
consentimiento la haga, e que no se pueda proveer ny ynstituyr asy
desta primera vacacion de la primera erecion como cada e quando
del dicho arçobispo de sevilla e sus subcesores arçobispos de sevilla
puedan compeler e apremiar al dicho arçobispo e obispos de las
personas que por mi e por mis subcesores Reyes destos Reynos
fueren presentados, e no a otros algunos, e sy los dichos arçobispos

e obispos o qual quier dellos seyendo Requeridos por las personas
presentadas a sus procuradores legitimos no los quisieren ynstituir,
el dicho arçobispo de sevilla que por tienpo fuere los ynstituya e por
que por la mucha distancia que hay destos Reynos a la dicha ysla
española, yo e los Reyes dellos que despues fueren no podriamos
presentar dentro del termino de los quatro meses quel derecho
dispone, aveys de procurar que los dichos quatro meses se alarguen
a diez e ocho meses.
ya sabeys como yo e la serenisima Reyna mi mujer, que aya
santa gloria, teniamos pordonacion apostolica todos los diezmos,
premicias, de las yndias e tierra firme del mar oceano al tiempo que
acordamos de facer en la dicha ysla española los dichos arçobispado
e obispados, asy mesmo de fazer donacion a los dichos arçobispo e
obispos e yglesias e beneficiados de los dichos diezmos e primicias,
Reservando para nos los dichos diezmos, que en estos Reynos se
dicen tercias, e todos los diezmos del oro, plata e metales, e brasil e
piedras preciosas, e perlas, e aljofar, e aveys de procurar que su
santidad mande que los dichos arçobispo e obispos e yglesias e
beneficiados en la dicha española e en las otras yslas e tierra firme
del mar oceano que son e fueren herigidas e no gozar de mas parte
de los dichos diezmos de lo contenido en la dicha colacion que dello
les hesimos e que todo lo otro que por ello Reservamos a nos e a
nuestros subcesores en estos Reynos, nos quede perpetuamente
Reservado, no enbargante lo contenido en las letras apostolicas de la
colacion de los dichos arçobispo e obispos se contiene que aya de
gozar de los dichos diezmos e de otra manera, como vereys por las
dichas letras apostolicas.
otro si por las dichas letras apostolicas e la provisyon de los
dichos arçobispado e obispados e biene cometido a los dichos
arçobispo e obispos que puedan señalar e dividir el anbito de los
dichos arçobispado e obispados, e porque podria ser que ellos no se
concordasen sobre ello o unos o otros sienpre yndicasen, es
menester que su santidad mande que yo e la persona o personas a
quien yo lo cometiere faga la dicha divisyon e apartamiento e el
dicho arçobispado e cada uno de los dichos obispados ayan de gozar

de anbito e territorio que asy les fuere señalado; por ende, yo vos
encargo e mando que luego fableys de mi parte a su santidad e le
supliqueys quiera conceder todo lo suso dicho; en la expedicion de
todo ello poned mucha diligencia lo mas presto que ser podiere, e
me lo embiad despachado con correo cierto, porque las bulas de los
arçobispados e obispados no se an de dar a los proveydos hasta que
aquesto venga despachado: en ello me fareys mucho plazer e
servicio. de la cibdad de segovia a trece dias del mes de setiembre
de mdv años=yo el Rey.=por mandado del Rey mi señor, gaspar de
grizyo=señalada del doctor angulo e liçenciado çapata.

24.
(Roma, 15 de Noviembre de 1504.)—Testimonio de la Bula creando tres diócesis
en la Isla Española. (Pto. 1-1-1. R.º 9.)
In nomine Sancte et individue Trinitatis Patris et Filii et Spiritus
Sancti. amen. Noverint universi et singuli hoc presens publicum
transumpti instrumentum inspecturi lecturi et audituri. Quod Nos
Anthonius de Monte Dei et Apostolice Sedis gratia electus civitatis
Castelli Sanctissimi domini nostri Pape, et ejus camerarius, necnon
curie causarum Camere Apostolice generalis Auditor Romaneque
curie judex ordinarius. Ad magnifici et nobilis viri Domini Francisci de
Roias preceptoris de Almodovar del Campo et de Atequa domorum
militie de Calatrava Cisterciensis ordinis Toletane dioecesis pro parte
Serenissimi ac Potentissimi Principis et Domini Domini Ferdinandi
Aragonum et Utriusque Sicilie ac Jerusalem Regis Catholici, Necnon
Castelle, Legionis et Granate Regnorum pro Serenissima domina
Johanna filia sue Majestatis dictorum Regnorum Regina
Administratoris, ac Insularum Indiarum de quibus infra fit mentio
domini ad Sanctissimum in Christo patrem et Dominum nostrum
Dominum Julium Divina providentia Papam secundum Sanctamque
Sedem Apostolicam oratoris destinati instantiam et requisitionem
omnes et singulos sua communiter vel divisim interesse putantes
eorumque procuratores siqui tune erant in Romana curia pro eisdem
Ad videndum et audiendum quasdam infrascriptas litteras apostolicas
erectionis Metropolitanarum Hiaguatensis, et Maguensis, ac
Baiunensis Cathedralium ecclesiarum in noviter repertis Indiarum
insulis erectarum prefati Sanctissimi Domini nostri Julii divina
providentia pape secundi ejus vera bulla plumbea cum filis sericeis

rubei croceique coloris more Romane curie impendente bullatas
produci et deinde transsummi exemplari publicari et in publicam
formam redigi mandari, auctoritatemque judiciariam et ordinariam
pariter et decretum dicte curie por nos interponi vel dicendum et
causam si quam habeant rationabilem. quare premissa fieri non
debeant allegandum por edictum publicum valvis seu portis
audientie nostre ad instar edictorum publicorum que olim in albo
pretorio scribebantur affixum citari fecimus et mandavimus ad
certum perentorium terminum competentem videlicet ad diem et
horam infrascriptos. Quibus advenientibus comparuit in juditio
legitime coram nobis procurator prefati magnifici Domini Francisci de
Roias oratoris et prefatum edictum de mandato nostro debite
executum facto reportavit citatorumque in eodem contentorum non
comparentium contumatiam accusavit ipsosque contumaces reputari
et in eorum contumatiam supradictas literas apostolicas sub tenore
infrascripto exhibuit atque dedit quas transsummi exemplari publicari
et in publicam formam redigi mandari auctoritatemque et decretum
predicta ut moris est interponi por nos instanter postulavit. Nos tunc
Anthonius electus et Auditor prefatus dictos citatos non comparentes
reputavimus non inmerito prout erant quoad actum et terminum
hujusmodi id exigente justitia contumaces et in eorum contumatiam
supradictas literas apostolicas ad manus nostras recepimus eas
vidimus, legimus, tenuimus, palpavimus, et diligenter inspeximus
sanasque integras et illesas ac omni prorsus vitio et suspitione
carere reperimus. Idcirco ipsas literas ulterius ad dicti procuratoris
instantiam ulteriorem per infrascriptum nostrum et dicte curie
causarum dicte camere apostolice notarium publicum transsummi et
exemplari ac in hanc publicam transsumti formam redigi fecimus et
mandavimus volentes et auctoritate dicte curie decernentes Quod
presenti nostro transsumto publico de cetero et in antea tam in
Romana curia quam extra ubicumque locorum in juditio et extra
stetur illique detur et exhibeatur talis et tanta fides qualis et quanta
dictis originalibus literis apostolicis inferius insertis et cum presenti
transsumto auscultatis et collacionatis data fuit et adhibita daturque
et adhibetur seu daretur et adhiberetur si in medium exhibite forent
vel ostense. Quibus omnibus et singulis tamquam rite et legitime

factis nostram et dicte curie auctoritatem judiciariam et ordinariam
interpossuimos ac presentibus interponimus pariter et decretum.
Tenor vero dictarum literarum apostolicarum unde supra fit mentio
sequitur et est talis.
Julius episcopus servus servorum Dei. Ad perpetuam rei
memoriam. Illius fulciti presidio cujus sunt terre cardines et cui
cogitationes hominum preparantur. Quique actus mortalium superat
et dirigit ac cujus providentia ordinationem suscipiunt universa
partes officii nobis desuper concessi ad ea libenter exponimus per
que singulis in tenebris constitutis et ad verum lumen quod est
Christus accedere cupientibus lucis. Radii resplendeant unde in
singulis locis prout illorum neccesitas et alie rationabiles cause id
exigunt novas Archiepiscopales et Episcopales sedes eclesiasque pro
excellenti Sedis Apostolice preeminentia plantamus ut por novas
plantationes nova populorum adhesio militanti ecclesie accrescat
religionisque Christiane et catholice fidei professio ubique consurgat
dilatetur et floreat ac loca etiam humilia illustrentur ut eorumdem
locorum incole et habitatores novarum sedium et honorabilium
Presulum cum decenti numero ministrorum assistentia circumfulti
auctore domino felicitatis eterne premia facilius valeant adipisci.
Sane cum carissimus in Christo filius noster Ferdinandus Rex et
carissima in Christo filia nostra Elisabeth Regina Castelle Legionis ac
Sicilie illustres pro augmento ejusdem religionis Christiane et ad Dei
laudem necnon dicte fidei catholice exaltationem pro viribus
hactenus non cessaverint neque cessent in dies non solum in Europa
sed etiam in Africa et in partibus Asie loco et dominia infidelium ab
eorumdem infidelium crudeli servitute et tirannide eripere, ut inibi
eadem fides catholica plantetur et plantata dilatetur. Et inter cetera
regna et dominia a mauris et sarracenis ac aliis infidelibus recuperata
Nuper quamdam notabilem insulam in insulis indiarum nuncupatis
consistentem seu eisdem insulis adjacentem eorum valido et potenti
exercitu ac classe maritima adversus dictos infideles preparatis ab
eisdem infidelibus deo auxiliante eripiendo ipsorum Regis et regine
dominio subjecerint. Et post hujusmodi recuperationem et
subjectionem non contenti dominio temporali. Sed volentes magis

quantum eis liceret in eadem insula sic recuperata et acquisita quam
insulam Spagniolam de cetero nuncupari voluerunt etiam spiritualiter
ad exaltationem ejusdem fidei catholice edificare non destiterint
religiosos et doctos viros ad dictam insulam transmitere ut inibi
verbum Dei predicarent ipsos que infideles eorum predicationibus ad
fidem christianam converterent sed quia dicti religiosi et alie persone
ad hoc destinate inibi eorum mansionem firmam non faciunt neque
habent idem fructus ex hoc non provenit qui proveniret si in dicta
insula deputarentur persone idonee que inibi mansionem perpetuam
haberent ac verbo et exemplo proficerent.—Nos habita super iis cum
venerabilibus fratribus nostris deliberatione matura de illorum
consilio rege et regina prefatis hoc etiam summe cupientibus et
super hoc nobis supplicantibus ad ipsius Dei laudem et gloriam ac
venerationem Beate gloriose Virginis Marie totiusque celestis curie
jubilationem Hyaguata et Magua ac Bayuna provintias, terras sive
oppida in dicta insula consistentia civitatum titulo de fratrum
eorundem consilio et apostolice potestatis plenitudine Auctoritate
apostolica tenore presentium insignimus illaque in civitates et in
provintia Hyaguata in qua est Portus Sancti Dominici nuncupatus ac
eadem Hyaguatensem unam Metropolitanam Hyaguatensem
nuncupandam sub invocatione Anuntiationis seu Incarnationis
ejusdem Beate Marie Virginis pro uno Archiepiscopo et in Magua
unam Maguensem ac in Bayuna civitatibus sic ex oppidis sive terris
civitatum titulis insignitis et decoratis unam aliam Bayunensem
nuncupandas Cathedrales ecclesias pro uno Maguensi etaltero
Bayunensi episcopis qui in dicta insula verbum Dei predicent
dictosque infideles et gentes barbaras ad fidem Christi convertant et
conversos in eadem fide instruant et doceant eisque baptismi
gratiam impendant et sacramenta ecclesiastica ac alia spiritualia
eisdem ac omnibus aliis christianis in illis pro tempore degentibus
ministrent ambitumque et formam tam Metropolitane quam
cathedralium ecclesiarum predictarum et cujuslibet earum designent
et edificari faciant ac in eis illarumque civitatibus et diocesis
ecclesiasticas dignitates, canonicatus et prebendas aliaque beneficia
ecclesiastica cum cura et sine cura prout pro divini cultus augmento
et alias pro animarum salute expedire cognoverint respective erigant

et instituant ac alia spiritualia conserant et seminent cum
Archiepiscopali et Episcopalibus insigniis jurisdictionibus privilegiis
immunitatibus et gratiis quibus alii Archiepiscopi et Episcopi de jure
vel consuetudine potiuntur et gaudent seu uti potiri et gaudere
poterunt quo modo libet in futurum de similibus consilio et potestatis
plenitudine auctoritate et tenore predictis erigimus et instituimus
ipsamque totam insulam Spagniolam pro provintia Archiepiscopali
eidem ecclesie Hyaguatensi et illius Archiepiscopo pro tempore
existenti pro illius vero diocesi terras loca et opida videlicet dictum
portum Sancti Dominici ac-Ceni ayucubet, guayagua Azua Iguanama
Higuei Nicao Aramana Aycagua Magaren Canobocoa, Camuti
Elbonao et Elmanie, Easdem vero Maguensem et Bayunensem
ecclesias Cathedrales dicte ecclesie Hyaguatensi pro ejus
suffraganeis, Et Maguensi pro ejus civitate civitatem Maguensem ac
pro diocesi et districtu terras opida et loca videlicet Marien Macorix
et terras de Guatiguana Abaraco Cauxina, terram de Himataonex, de
Manguato Caono terram de Hyavaroex Coaxec Cibao terram de
Himataonex Cubao Lostiguaos Elma-corix Elcotrix. Bayunensi vero
ecclesiis predictis similiter pro ejus civitati civitatem Bayunensem et
pro diocesi et districtu terras opida et loca videlicet de la Maguana
Jabonico Xinabuer, Jacahuer, Iguanuco Atryco Cleahax guacaci
Xuragua Taxguanuo Camaye Elcahayseto Elbaoruco Jaquimo,
Laxaguana Guahuqua et Haniguayagua perpetuo assignamus. Ita ut
Archiepiscopus metropolitica et tam ipse in sua metropolitana quam
singuli ex Maguensi et Bayunensi episcopis præsdictis in suis
provinciis civitatibus et diocesis respective metro politicam et
episcopalen jurisdictionem auctoritatem et potestatem exerceant et
decimas primicias ac alia jura episcopalia percipiant et exigant prout
Archiepiscopi et Episcopi Regnorum et dominiorum eorumdem Regis
et Regine in suis Archiepiscopatibus et Episcopatibus civitatibus et
diocesis de jure vel consuetudine seu ex-privilegiis eis concessis
percipiunt et percipere possunt. Nulli ergo omnino hominum liceat
hanc paginam nostre insignitionis erectionis institutionis et
assignationis infringere vel ei ausu temerario contraire. Si quis autem
hoc attemptare presumserit indignationem omnipotentis Dei ac
beatorum Petri et Pauli Apostolorum ejus se noverit incursurum.

Datum Rome apud Sanctum Petrum anno Incarnationis dominice
millessimo quingentessimo quarto decimo septimo Kalendas
Decembris Pontificatus nostri anno primo.=In quorum omnium et
singulorum fidem et testimonium premissorum presentes literas sive
presens publicum transumpti instrumentum fieri et per nostrum ac
dicte curie causarum Camere apostolice Notarium publicum et
scribam infrascriptum subscribi et publicari mandavimus nostrique
sigilli jussimus et fecimus appensione communiri. Datum et actum
Rome in domibus nostre solite residentie hora tertiarum audientie
consueta sub anno á nativitate Domini millessimo quingentessimo
quinto, indictione octava, die vero octava mensis Julii Pontificatus
Sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini nostri domini Julii providentia
divina Pape secundi, anno secundo Presentibus ibidem Honorabilibus
viris dominis videlicet Andrea portio et Beraudo de Molario dicte
curie causarum ministris et coram nobis scribis testibus ad premissa
vocatis specialiter atque rogatis et requisitis.
Et ego Johannes Baptista de Seclia civis Romanus publicus
apostolica auctoritate curieque causarum camere apostolice notarius.
Quia premissis omnibus et singulis dum sic ut premictitur agerentur
diserentur et fierent una cum prenominatis testibus interfui ac
presens fui íd..... hoc presens publicum transumpti instrumentum
manu alterius fideliter scriptum exunde conseri et in notam scripsi
signoque et nomine meis solitis et consuetis una cum..... Reverendi
patris domini Antonii de Monte electi civitatis Castelli dicteque curie
causarum Camere Apostolice generalis auditor ac dicte curie
causarum Camere Apostolice que in..... sigilli appensione signum in
fidem et testimonium omnium premissorum rogatus et requisitus.
(Hay un signo.)

25.
Cláusula del testamento de la Reina Católica relativa al Gobierno de las Indias.
Item por quanto al tienpo que nos fueron concedidas por la
Santa Sede Apostolica las yslas y tierra firme del mar oçeano
descubiertas y por descubrir, nuestra principal intencion fue al
tiempo que lo suplicamos al Papa sexto Alejandro de buena memoria
que nos hizo la dicha concesion de procurar de ynducir y traer los
pueblos dellas y los convertir á nuestra santa fé católica y enviar á
las dichas yslas y tierra firme prelados religiosos y clérigos y otras
personas doctas y temerosas de Dios para instruir los vecinos y
moradores de ella en la fé católica, y los enseñar y dotar de buenas
costunbres y poner en ellos la diligencia debida segun más
largamente en las letras de la dicha concesion se contiene, por ende
suplico al Rey mi Señor muy efectuosamente y encargo y mando á la
dicha Princesa mi hija y al dicho Príncipe su marido que así lo hagan
y cunplan y que esto sea su principal fin, y que en ello pongan
mucha diligencia y no consientan ni den lugar que los indios vecinos
y moradores de las dichas yndias y tierra firme ganadas y por ganar
reciban agravio alguno en sus personas ni bienes, mas manden que
sean bien y justamente tratados, y si algun agravio an recebido lo
remedien y provean por manera que no escedan cosa alguna lo que
por las letras apostólicas de la dicha concesion nos es injungido y
mandado.

26.
Traslado de un memorial que llevó el Contador Ochoa de Isasaga firmado del
contador para que se ponga en una tabla en la casa de Sevilla.
Las libertades y vedamientos que sus altezas mandaron hacer
para esta casa tocante á las yndias que deben saber los que tratan y
entienden en cosas de las dichas yndias son las siguientes, y ponese
aquí la suma porque venga á noticia de todos y ninguno pueda
pretender ynorancia.
Primeramente que se junten los oficiales en esta casa dos veces
al dia en la mañana á las..... oras y á la tarde á las..... oras, y los
que tuvieren que negociar acudan á las dichas oras.
2. Que todos los despachos que se hicieren en esta casa vayan
firmados de todos los tres oficiales, salvo estando alguno dellos
absente ó doliente.
3. Que los que llevaren cartas ó despachos de sus altezas para
las indias, las registren en esta casa.
4. Que ninguno pase á las indias oro ni plata ni moneda ni
caballos ni yeguas ni esclavos ni armas ny guanines so las penas de
la prematica, y avrá la tercia parte el acusador.
5. Que no pasen á las indias ningunos estrangeros ni personas
proyvidas so las penas de la prematica.
6. Que ninguna persona dé cosa alguna á cambio para las yndias
á ningun maestro de nao, ni menos lo pueda tomar el dicho maestro
syn liçencia de los dichos oficiales so pena de perder lo que ansi
dieren é mas las penas de la ordenança.

7. Que ninguno vaya á las indias syn licencia de los dichos
oficiales, y si alguno quisiere poblar ó hacer partido para alguna
tierra de las descubiertas acuda á los dichos oficiales.
8. Que ninguno meta ni venda brasil en estos Reynos salvo de las
yndias como está ordenado so las penas de la prematyca, y el
acusador avrá la tercia parte.
9. Que ninguno trayega de las yndias oro por marcar ni por
registrar so pena de perdello y el quatro tanto de sus bienes, y el
acusador avrá la tercia parte.
10. Que ninguno conpre el dicho oro por marcar so la dicha
pena, y la tercia parte avrá el acusador.
11. Que ninguno Registre en las yndias oro ageno por suyo so la
dicha pena, y la tercia parte avrá el acusador.
12. Que el oro que se enbargare á pedimento de parte tengan
los dichos oficiales en un arca de tres llaves hasta determinar la
justicia.
13. Que de lo que llevaron á las yndias é truxeren de alla no
paguen derechos mostrando certificacion de los dichos oficiales.
14. Que de todo lo que llevaren á las yndias paguen allá los
derechos por el arancel del almoxarifazgo de Sevilla.
15. Que del oro plata é otros metales que se sacaren en la ysla
española paguen á sus altezas la quinta parte y no mas en cuanto
fuere la voluntad de su alteza.
16. Que no paguen mas del quarto de lo que ovieren de los
yndios de algodon é de otras cosas en quanto fuere la voluntad de
su alteza.
17. Que los cristianos que hicieren guerra á sus costas á los
yndios que se Revelaren, ayan las quatro partes y su alteza la quinta
parte.
18. Que no puedan tomar á los canibales por esclavos los que
fueren con liçencia de sus altezas.
19. Que los maestres que quisieren fletar para las yndias no
vayan sin liçencia de los dichos oficiales ó sin hacer primero las

diligencias so las penas de la hordenança.
20. Que lleven Registro firmado de los dichos oficiales de todo lo
que llevaren á las yndias so pena de perdello todo y más la pena de
las hordenanças, y avrá la tercia parte el acusador.
21. Que los maestres traygan á los dichos oficiales copia firmada
de los oficiales de las yndias del oro é otras cosas que truxeren en
los navyos.
22. Que despues de visitados los navios no tomen los maestres
mas cargas de la que determinaren los dichos oficiales, so pena de
perder la parte del flete que á los dichos oficiales pareciere.
23. Que no vendan armas ni ninguna manera de metal á los
yndios ni otras personas de fuera destos Reinos so las penas de la
prematica.
24. Que los maestres de los que tuvieren bienes de difuntos que
mueren en los viages de las yndias que entreguen á los dichos
oficiales para ponellos en arca de tres llaves conforme á la
hordenança para que los manden publicar y entregar á sus
herederos.
25. Que los bienes de los que mueren en las yndias los oficiales
de allá envien á los de aca para entregar á sus herederos conforme
á la hordenança.

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