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© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in
a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use
CHAPTER 10
Economic Growth and Business Cycles
TEACHING OBJECTIVES
Goals of Part 3: Macroeconomics
A. Introduce the basic ideas behind economic growth and business cycles (Chapter 10), methods
of modeling the use of money (Chapter 11), the standard workhorse macroeconomic model of
aggregate demand and aggregate supply (Chapter 12), modern macroeconomic models
(Chapter 13), and the interdependence between economies of different countries (Chapter 14).
B. Why so much macroeconomics in a textbook on money and banking? Because to understand
monetary policy, students need to understand basic macroeconomic theory.
Goals of Chapter 10
A. Analyze both long-run and short-run movements of the economy’s output.
B. Look at trend output growth, focusing on productivity and increases in capital and labor as the
variables that contribute most to the economy’s overall growth.
C. Study the business cycle to analyze how the economy is deviating from its long-run path.
D. Show how the economy’s growth rate affects a worker’s future income.
TEACHING NOTES
A. Introduction
1. We split the economy into two parts:
a) Long-run trend growth of output
b) Fluctuations of output around its long-run trend; the business cycle
2. Long-run trend output growth originates in growth of productivity, capital, and labor
3. Short-run fluctuations in output include expansions and recessions (Figure 10.1)
B. Measuring Economic Growth
1. Introduction
a) What causes economic growth?
b) The trend in output has changed over time (Figure 10.2)
c) The key variables affecting output are resources (labor and capital) and productivity
d) Poor measures of capital lead us to investigate productivity it two ways: with good data
on labor productivity and with flawed data on overall productivity
2. A View of Economic Growth Based on Labor Data
a) The growth of labor in the economy can be measured by looking at the number of
workers and the number of hours they work
b) The supply of labor
(1) Labor force = employed people + unemployed people
(2) Labor-force participation rate = labor force ÷ working-age population (Figure
10.3)
c) The demand for labor determines employment

Chapter 10: Economic Growth and Business Cycles 106
d) Population is split into working-age population and others (too young, in military, in
institutions); working-age population = labor force + not in labor force; labor force =
employed + unemployed (Figure 10.4); unemployment rate = unemployed ÷ labor
force (Figure 10.5)
e) Labor productivity = output ÷ number of hours worked (Figures 10.6 and 10.7)
f) Output growth = labor productivity growth + growth in hours worked
g) Economic Liftoff is the period from 1950 to 1970; Reorganization is the period from
1971 to 1982; Long Boom is the period from 1983 to 2007 (Table 10.1; Figure 10.8);
what will be the effect of the financial crisis of 2008? Use Data Bank: Why Is the
Economy More Stable in the Long Boom?
3. A View of Economic Growth Using Data on Both Labor and Capital
a) Economy’s production function: production mainly depends on capital and labor:
Y =F(K,L) (3)
b) A specific production function fits the data well:
Y =A × Ka
× L1−a
(4)
(1) The term A is a measure of the economy’s total factor productivity, TFP
(2) The growth-rate form of equation (4) shows how TFP growth contributes to
output growth:
%ΔY = %ΔA + (a × %ΔK) + [(1 − a) × %ΔL]
Output growth = TFP growth + [a × growth rate of capital] (5)
+ [(1 – a) × growth rate of labor]
(3) TFP growth is calculated using equation (5):
%ΔA = %ΔY − [a × %ΔK] − [(1 – a) × %ΔL] (6)
(3) It is vital to remember that the data on capital are questionable, so calculations of
TFP may be far from accurate
c) Table 10.2 shows the breakdown of growth in the three periods (Economic Liftoff,
Reorganization, and Long Boom); TFP growth changes over those periods in a similar
way to growth in labor productivity
C. Data Bank: Why Is the Economy More Stable in the Long Boom?
1. Research by Stock and Watson suggests that the economy became more stable at the start
of the Long Boom (Figure 10.A)
2. Better monetary policy is responsible for just a fraction of the increased stability; the rest
may be just good luck
D. Business Cycles
1. What Is a Business Cycle?
a) A business cycle is the short-term movement of output and other key economic
variables (such as income and employment) around their long-term trends; use Figure
10.9 to illustrate a hypothetical business cycle
b) Define economic expansion and peak, recession and depression, and trough
c) The NBER’s business cycle dating committee determines when recessions and
expansions begin and end (Figure 10.9 and Table 10.3)
d) A business cycle has two main characteristics (Figure 10.10):

(1) Many economic variables move together
(2) Many economic variables deviate from their long-term growth trends for
substantial periods
2. The Causes of Business Cycles
a) Erratic growth of the money supply
(1) Monetarists make this argument
(2) In support of their argument: large declines in the money supply in the Great
Depression
(3) Other researchers disagree: money should affect prices and inflation more than real
variables, and statistical models do not confirm money’s role
b) Swings of optimism and pessimism that cause business investment in capital goods to
fluctuate
(1) Some Keynesian economists support this view as the main cause of business cycles
(2) But explaining the optimism or pessimism is difficult
(3) Keynesians argue that shifts in aggregate demand occur, causing the economy to
deviate from equilibrium, thanks to sticky wages and prices that do not restore
equilibrium immediately
(4) Skeptics argue that wage and price stickiness seem unlikely to be the main source of
recessions
c) Sudden changes in productivity growth
(1) TFP fluctuations lead to output fluctuations, according the real business cycle
(RBC) theory
(2) Skeptics argue that RBC theory does not account for the intensity with which firms
use their workers, so the RBC researchers measure TFP fluctuations badly
(3) Adherents of monetarism and RBC theories are called classical economists
d) Changes in the prices of key factors of production, such as oil
(1) Hamilton argues that nearly every recession was preceded by a significant rise in oil
prices
(2) But oil is not significant enough in the economy to cause such a dramatic effect
e) If none of these theories are completely valid, what causes business cycles?
(1) Perhaps all the theories together have some validity
(2) It may take several of the factors together to cause a recession
(3) Refer to Data Bank: The Anxious Index
E. Application to Everyday Life: How Does Economic Growth Affect Your Future Income?
1. A comparison of labor productivity and workers’ compensation shows a close
relationship in the Economic Liftoff period, but little relationship in the Long Boom; see
Table 10.4
2. However, the level of compensation per hour of work was much higher in the long boom
period, thanks to earlier growth
F. Data Bank: The Anxious Index
1. The anxious index is the probability of a decline in real GDP in the next quarter, as
measured by the Survey of Professional Forecasters.
2. The index tends to rise just before recessions begin, especially when the index exceeds 20
percent (Figure 10.B)

ADDITIONAL ISSUES FOR CLASSROOM DISCUSSION
1. Take a poll of your students’ expectations for major macroeconomic variables and the
probability of a decline in real GDP for the next quarter. Compare their results to the Survey of
Professional Forecasters (on the Internet at: http://www.phil.frb.org/econ/spf/index.html).
2. Over the last 10 years, the labor force participation rate has trended down significantly, as
Figure 10.3 shows. Discuss the difficulty of determining trends at the end of a sample of data,
when no one knows what will happen to the variable next. For example, note the slight
downward trend in the early 1960s, which was only temporary.
3. Discuss why we need a committee to determine when business cycles begin and end. Even
looking at just the data in this chapter, not all variables change direction at the official peaks
and troughs of the cycle. You can look at the NBER’s web site (www.nber.org) to see some of
the current discussion about the state of the business cycle by the business cycle dating
committee.
ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK NUMERICAL
EXERCISES AND ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS
Numerical Exercises
11. a. Working-age population ÷ population = 83/127 = 0.654 = 65.4 percent
b. Labor force = working-age population − number of people not in labor force = 83 − 25 =
58
Labor-force participation rate = labor force ÷ working-age population = 58/83 = 0.699 =
69.9 percent
c. Number of unemployed = labor force − employed = 58 − 52 = 6
Unemployment rate = number unemployed/labor force = 6/58 = 0.103 = 10.3 percent
12. a. Growth of output between;
1959 and 1969 =
2900 1864
1864
−
= 0.556 = 55.6%
1969 and 1979 =
4173 2900
2900
−
= 0.439 = 43.9%
1979 and 1989 =
5710 4173
4173
−
= 0.368 = 36.8%
1989 and 1999 =
8251 5710
5710
−
= 0.445 = 44.5%
1999 and 2009 =
9563 8251
8251
−
= 0.159 = 15.9%

Growth of hours worked between;
1959 and 1969 =
58.88 49.15
49.15
−
= 0.198 = 19.8%
1969 and 1979 =
70.16 58.88
58.88
−
= 0.192 = 19.2%
1979 and 1989 =
83.14 70.16
70.16
−
= 0.185 = 18.5%
1989 and 1999 =
97.63 83.14
83.14
−
= 0.174 = 17.4%
1999 and 2009 =
88.36 97.63
97.63
−
= ˗0.095 = ˗ 9.5%
b. %∆ output = %∆ labor productivity + %∆ hours worked
Therefore, %∆ labor productivity = %∆ output %∆ hours worked
Therefore, 1959 to 1969 = 55.6% ˗ 19.8% = 35.8%
1969 to 1979 = 43.9% ˗ 19.2% = 24.7%
1979 to 1989 = 36.8% ˗ 18.5% = 18.3%
1989 to 1999 = 44.5% ˗ 17.4% = 27.1%
1999 to 2009 = 15.9% ˗ (˗ 9.5%) = 25.4%
c. Fastest growth in output is recorded in the 1960s, and the slowest growth in output is
recorded in the 2000s. The growth in output per hour worked is fastest in the 1960s and
slowest in the 1980s. The slow growth in output in the 2000s can be attributed to the
financial crisis of 2008 and the Great Recession. The fastest growth in output, recorded in
the 1960s, can be attributed to the Economic Liftoff.
13. From equation (4): Y = A × Ka
× L1−a
, so A = Y/( K 0.2
× L0.8
)
For 2013: A = Y/(K0.2
× L0.8
) = 10,000/(4500.2
× 5,0000.8
) = 3.2373
For 2014: A = Y/(K0.2
× L0.8
) = 10,300/(4800.2
× 5,0500.8
) = 3.2655
%ΔA = (3.2655 – 3.2373)/3.2373 = 0.87%.
14. We use the equation %ΔA = %ΔY − (a × %ΔK) − [(1 − a) × %ΔL].
In Bigcap, a = 0.3, %ΔK = 10%, %ΔL = 1%, %ΔY = 5%, so
%ΔA = %ΔY − (a × %ΔK) − [(1 − a) × %ΔL]
= 5% − (0.3 × 10%) − [(1 − 0.3) × 1%]
= 5% − 3% − 0.7%

= 1.3%.
TFP is growing fast because of much capital growth.
In Smallcap, a = 0.1, %ΔK = 3%, %ΔL = 2%, %ΔY = 4%, so
%ΔA = %ΔY − (a × %ΔK) − [(1 − a) × %ΔL]
= 4% − (0.1 × 3%) − [(1 − 0.1) × 2%]
= 4% − 0.3% − 1.8%
= 1.9%.
This economy is growing slower than Bigcap’s because capital and labor are growing more
slowly, but fast TFP growth helps economic growth.
15. If you retire at age seventy, you will have worked for forty-nine years. If your salary increases 5
percent per year, you will earn $30,000 × 1.0549
= $327,640. If your salary increases 3 percent
per year, you will earn $30,000 × 1.0349
= $127,687. This is a huge difference, which shows that
growth rates matter!
Analytical Problems
16. Per-capita growth (growth rate of output per person) matters for well-being; per-capita growth
rate = output growth rate − growth rate of population.
Country A: per-capita growth rate = 6% − 4% = 2%
Country B: per-capita growth rate = 4% − 1% = 3%
Thus, people in country B are better off because their output per person is rising faster.
17. In economic expansions:
a. Output per hour rises because labor productivity rises.
b. Hours worked per worker rises because overtime work increases.
c. Employment as a fraction of the labor force increases because more people are employed.
d. The labor force as a fraction of the population increases because people re-enter the labor
force when wages increase and jobs are plentiful.
All four of these factors cause output to grow more rapidly in expansions.
ADDITIONAL TEACHING NOTES
What Causes Productivity to Change?
Changes in productivity growth cause changes in trend output growth, so investigating the forces
driving productivity growth will help us understand the sources of output growth. In the case of

labor productivity, we are interested in the amount of output produced by an hour of work. Thus,
anything that allows workers to produce more per hour, increases labor productivity. An increase
in capital is one reason workers could be more productive; if workers have more or better tools to
use they can produce more output per hour of work. Keep in mind that tools need not be physical.
Education and knowledge contribute to output as well. Smarter, better-trained, and more
experienced workers typically produce much more output in a given amount of time than novices
can. That is why, after all, people in a given job are usually paid more if they have more education
and experience. Economists call a person’s knowledge and experience human capital.
Finally, it is not just physical capital and human capital that increase labor productivity, but also
how work is organized. Producers, who can improve production methods, as Henry Ford did
when he manufactured cars using the assembly line, increase the productivity of their workers.
When other firms copy these techniques, the productivity of the entire economy increases.
In the mid-1990s, it appeared that productivity growth increased substantially in the U.S. economy.
Was there some revolutionary new invention, an increase in education, or an increase in capital that
caused this change? The answer is that all three were responsible for the observed productivity
growth, at least according to some economists who have studied the question. These economists
attribute the increase in productivity that began in the mid-1990s to the improved quality of capital
in the form of computers and software, combined with a more efficient means of employing
computers and software, along with training and experience of the workforce in using these new
tools.
We can conclude that changes in productivity drive changes in economic growth. The growth of
productivity has changed over the last fifty years, with more rapid growth in the economic liftoff
and the long boom than in the reorganization. But, is there any way to determine why productivity
growth changes over time? What economic forces lead to such changes? To answer those
questions, we need a model of economic growth, which we introduce next.
A Simple Model of Economic Growth
Economists have studied economic growth and its causes for many years. In 1958, Nobel laureate
Robert Solow proposed a simple way to identify some of the factors that cause the economy to
grow. His model has been modified and updated over the past forty-five years, but the basic idea of
the model remains clear and convincing. Output depends on the amount of capital and labor, and
businesses can only buy new capital if they can borrow from people who save.
Output in the Solow model is produced with capital and labor according to the production
function that we used earlier in equation
Yt = F(Kt, Lt), (7)
where we have added the subscripts t to indicate that the equation shows the relationship between
capital, labor, and output at a date t . The model is one that accounts for the movements of output,
capital, and labor over time, so the subscript is needed to keep track of the values of the variables
at different dates.

We make some assumptions that make the model easy to understand. We assume that the
production function is one for which an increase in both capital and labor in equal proportions
causes output to increase in the same proportion. This assumption allows us to simplify the model
by writing output and capital in terms of amounts per person. We can then rewrite the production
function as
yt = f(kt), (8)
and where f is the production function relating capital per person to output per person. We assume
that this production function has some standard properties, namely that as the ratio of capital to
labor (k) increases, the ratio of output to labor (y) also increases, but by decreasing amounts.
Our next task is to figure out what determines the amount of capital per person. To do this, we use
the assumption that businesses can only buy new capital if someone saves. For example, a small
business firm’s owners might save and buy new capital, a corporation could retain some of its
earnings, or a firm could borrow funds from a bank, which is transferring those funds from a
number of individual savers who have deposited their savings in the bank. So, if we make some
assumptions about the amount of savings in the economy, we can learn how much new capital
firms will purchase, which is investment. The amount of capital in the economy is its capital stock. The
capital stock changes over time for two reasons: firms invest and existing capital depreciates. We
assume that a certain percentage of the existing capital stock depreciates every period, an amount
equal to d × Kt ; for example, if capital depreciates 15 percent every year, then d = 0.15. We thus
represent the change of the capital stock over time with the equation
K t +1 = Kt − (d × K t ) + I t , (9)
where I represents investment.
If the amount of labor is growing at the rate g; that is, L t +1 = (1+ g)L t , then, in the steady state,
capital must grow at the same rate, so Kt +1 = (1+ g)Kt . Using this in equation (9), we can
perform some algebraic manipulations to find a relationship between investment per worker and
capital per worker in the steady state. Begin with equation (9):
K t +1 = Kt − (d × Kt ) + It .
Now substitute for K t +1 using the equation K t +1 = (1+ g)K t , and collect terms in K t :
K t +1 = K t − (d × Kt ) + I t
(1+ g)K t = K t − (d × K t ) + I t
(1 + g) K t = ( 1 − d ) K t + I t

[( 1 + g ) − ( 1 − d )] K t = I t
( g + d ) K t = I t .
Now, if we switch around the two sides of the equation, then divide both sides by L t , and use the
definitions that y = Y/L and i = I/L, then we have
(10)
We make one more assumption, which is that in the long run the economy will reach a steady state,
a situation where capital, labor, and output are growing at the same rate. This means that many of
the variables that we have defined, namely those in lowercase letters that represent output per
worker, capital per worker, and investment per worker, will not change over time, so we can drop
the time subscripts in equations (8) and (10). The main equations of the model are now
y = f(k) (11)
and
i = (g + d )k . (12)
The last equation means that to keep the capital stock growing at the rate that would maintain a
constant ratio of capital to labor, investment per worker (i) must equal the growth rate of the
population plus the depreciation rate on capital times the amount of capital per worker. The first
amount (the population growth rate) reflects the investment needed to make the capital stock
increase at the same rate as population growth. The second amount (the depreciation rate)
represents the amount of investment needed to replace machinery and equipment that has worn
out.
For investment to occur, however, people must save. We will make the same assumption that
Solow did, namely, that savings per person (s) is a constant fraction (v) of output per person. That
is,
s = v × y. (13)
In this equation, v is the fraction of income that people save, and we assume it is constant over
time.
Now, if we set savings per person equal to investment per person, so s = i using equations (11) and
(12), we get

s = i
v × y = ( g + d )k .
Dividing through both sides of this equation by v gives
(14)
So, for savings to equal investment, output per person must equal a constant times the
amount of capital per person. Equations (11) and (14) now give us two equations relating y and k,
which we can use to solve for their values.
In this model, the equilibrium values of y and k depend on the growth rate of labor ( g ), the
depreciation rate ( d ), and the savings rate ( v ). A higher value of g or d, or a lower value of v ,
would mean that the right-hand side of equation (14) would be higher for any given value of k .
There is some good intuition for these results. Consider two economies that are identical in every
way, except that one has greater population growth than the other. With greater population
growth, it takes more savings to maintain a given ratio of capital to labor. Because savings is a fixed
proportion of output, an economy with greater population growth would have a lower ratio of
capital to labor, and hence a lower ratio of output to labor. Similarly, an economy in which capital
depreciates faster will also have lower k and y in equilibrium.
On the other hand, an economy that has a higher savings rate out of income will invest more, and
in equilibrium will have a higher ratio of capital to labor and output to labor.
Overall, then, the Solow model tells us how the economy responds to changes in the long run to
the savings rate, the depreciation rate, and the population growth rate. Thus, the model has
identified some of the important factors that affect growth and zeroes in on certain variables (such
as the savings rate and the depreciation rate) that might not have been obvious otherwise. But, the
Solow model is not very good at explaining the growth of total factor productivity—in fact, it
assumes there is no such growth. The model only explains the growth in labor productivity that
arises because of additional capital relative to labor.
Models with Total Factor Productivity Growth
A major shortcoming of the Solow model is that although the economy grows, it does so (in the
long run) at the rate of population growth, because in the steady state the ratio of output to labor is
constant. Are economies doomed to grow no faster or slower than their populations grow?
The answer is no, because of the possibility of total factor productivity growth. Remember that the
Solow model began with equation (7), Y = F(K, L) , where the production function ( F ) remained
the same over time. But technological progress suggests that we should model the production
function as changing over time, so that more output can be produced with the same inputs.

Economists have modeled total factor productivity growth in a variety of ways. One method, the
most popular, is to assume that total factor productivity growth occurs over time because of
improved technology. The ratios of capital to labor and output to labor would rise over time, so
total productivity rises over time. In this model, however, the rise in TFP is not explained within
the model. When a variable in a model is not explained within the model, that variable is exogenous,
so in this model, TFP is exogenous.
A variable that is determined within a model is endogenous. An alternative model, called an endogenous-
growth model, seeks to explain how total factor productivity grows, rather than simply assuming that
it does so exogenously. Productivity does not just materialize from nothing, but results from
investments that people and companies make in new technology, through research and
development. It results from knowledge and creative endeavors. It comes about because people,
firms, and governments spend resources exploring the unknown. Endogenous-growth models try
to explain some of the possible avenues through which productivity growth occurs. They also
examine the consequences for such growth on the economy.
One prediction of endogenous-growth models is that the world’s leader in technology may grow
faster than other countries. Economists have struggled to explain why countries with similar
characteristics (growth rate of labor, depreciation rate, and savings rate) grow at different rates. For
that reason, economists sometimes model how technology is adopted in different countries.
Countries that are better able to develop new technologies get an initial burst in their growth, while
those that follow are slower to grow. These models also explain why some countries continue to
grow faster than others do; whereas the Solow model suggests that countries with low incomes will
grow faster than countries with high incomes so that incomes in all countries will converge.
Because technological knowledge spreads across countries, many of the models that economists
have recently developed to study growth incorporate trade across countries. These models have
developed some interesting insights in terms of the tradeoff between different factors of
production. For example, rapid growth in Asian countries such as Singapore and Indonesia
occurred in the 1980s and 1990s in large part because they were better able to harness new
technologies and develop them for use in consumer and business products. In addition, they
invested a huge amount in physical capital. The result was economic growth that far exceeded the
growth rates of the major industrialized countries, enabling the Asian countries to catch up
substantially in terms of income.
The financial system plays a key role in aiding economic growth. As the Solow model assumed,
firms cannot invest (buy new capital) unless people save. The more efficient the financial system is,
the more funds will be available for investment, and the faster the economy will grow. So, not only
must a society save, but it must also have an efficient means of transferring those savings to
business firms so that they can purchase new capital. A society that does so will grow and prosper.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Suppose the labor force is growing at a rate of 2 percent (so λ = 0.02), capital depreciates at a
rate of 13 percent per year (δ = 0.13), and the savings rate is 10 percent (σ = 0.10). The
production function in terms of output per worker is y = 7.5 k − 0.5 k2
. Calculate the steady-

state values of capital per worker and output per worker. If the savings rate were only 5
percent, what would be the steady-state values of capital and output per worker?
2. According to the Solow model, which economy will grow faster in steady state, one with a high
savings rate or one with a low savings rate? Which economy will have a higher output per
worker in the steady state? Assume both economies have the same population growth rate of
workers and the same depreciation rate. Explain your answer using a diagram.
REFERENCES
Solow, Robert. “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics,
February 1956, pp. 65-94.
Symposium on New Growth Theory, Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, (Winter 1994),
pp. 3-72.

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battle which you are to fight to-morrow?” Quoth Sir Bors, “Lady, it is even
as it was aforetime. For ever I do believe in your innocence and deem it be
impossible that you could administer poison to one of your guests. So I will
do battle for you to the best of my ability as I promised you I would do. But
should another knight, better fitted by skill at arms than I, appear to assume
that honor, then would I surrender the honor to that knight; yea, even at the
last minute.”
So after Sir Bors had departed from her, the Queen went to
the King and told him what Sir Bors had said to her. Quoth the
King, “Lady, thou hast one of the best champions that can be
found in the entire world to defend this case in thy behalf. For I
know of no knight who could be better chosen to defend thine honor than
Sir Bors, unless it were his kinsman, Sir Launcelot of the Lake. For even Sir
Gawaine is not stronger nor better, nor was Sir Percival stronger nor better
than is Sir Bors de Ganis.”
So said the King, and at his words the Queen took great comfort and
cheerfulness.
So came the next day of trial. For at about the eleventh hour
of the morning there came to the open square within the walls of
the town the King and the Queen and the Court of the King. At
that place the Lord Constable was already come, and to one side
was a great pile of dried fagots laid cross wise, the one upon the
other, and in the midst of that pile of fagots was an iron stake
with fetterlocks attached to it about as high as one could reach, standing
before that stake. Those high lords and ladies who were there looked very
closely at the Queen, and they beheld that she smiled as she looked about
her, but that her face was white like to purified wax for whiteness. And the
Queen was clad entirely in white; for her robe was long and spotless of
color, and she wore a belt of white leather, studded with silver, bound about
her waist, and her hair hung down upon either side and was wound about
with ribbons of white and silver. And some of those who looked upon her
were grieved and sorrow-struck at her trouble, but others were pleased and
triumphant to see her thus brought low, even to the trial of her life and her
good fame.
Then King Arthur called the constable to him and he said to him, “Lord
Constable, here do I commit to thee the tender body of this my Queen, who

The King
sitteth
beside the
Queen.
Sir
Mador de
la Porte
appeareth
.
Sir
Mador
challenge
th the
Queen.
stands here wrongfully accused of the crime of murder. Take her; she is
thine until after this trial of battle.” So saying, the King took the Queen by
the right hand and led her to the constable, and he gave the right hand of the
Queen into the hand of the constable. And the constable took the Queen by
the hand, and he said, “Lord King; here take I the body of this lady who is
my Queen. But I take that body only to return it unto thy ward; so hold thou
this lady in thy keeping, and may God keep ye both, amen.”
Therewith the constable replaced the hand of the Queen into
the hand of the King, and thereupon withdrew to one side.
Thereafter the King conducted the Queen by the hand up the
flight of steps to a high seat that had been prepared for her
beside his own seat. Then the King said, “Let the accusers of
this lady be summoned.”
Then came Sir Mador de la Porte, clad all in very brilliantly
shining armor, and riding a red-roan horse, whose coat glistened
like red silk. So he drew rein in front of the King’s pew in the
list. And the King looked at Sir Mador, frowning till his eyes
disappeared beneath his brows; yea, till the veins at his forehead
became expanded and knotted, and until his entire visage
became empurpled with blood.
Anon he found his voice, and he said, “Sir, what brings you here? For
you claim to be a gentleman of my court and of my Round Table, and yet
you bring accusation against your Queen, and the lady of all others whom
you should be most called upon by honor to defend.”
Then Sir Mador spoke up in a very bold voice, both high and
loud. “Sovereign and awful lord,” said he, “here stand I for
justice and for right; without awe and without fear of anyone or
of anything. Wit ye then, that some days ago I and several others
sat at feast with the Queen. What time my near kinsman, Sir
Patrice of Ireland, ate an apple at that feast, and the apple was
poisoned and he died of eating thereof. Now that was the Queen’s feast and
we were the Queen’s guests; how, then, was the poisoning done, saving by
the Queen’s orders? So here stand I now to accuse that Queen of the treason
of poisoning; nor will I rest satisfied from that accusation, saving only as
someone shall overthrow me in this, my coming battle.”

The King
challenge
th Sir
Mador.
Sir Bors
appeareth
.
Sir Bors
appealeth
for delay.
Sir
Mador
Then spake the King, “Sir, did you make research concerning
this accusation, or did you question anyone concerning this
affair? For certes it is very criminal and very wicked to
administer poison to another; but it is none the less criminal and
none the less wicked to utter such treason as you do by accusing
the Queen unjustly and without cause. Wherefore, Sir, you should be very
certain of your accusation.”
Quoth Sir Mador, “Sir, I believe the testimony of mine eyes; for they
beheld that which my lips have spoken, and so my hand shall uphold in this,
my just encounter against the Queen’s strong champion.”
Then the King spoke very haughtily. “Sir,” quoth he, “you have
entrusted the verity of your case to the testimony of your eyes, and that
testimony has deceived and misled you. Nevertheless, I shall not answer
you here, for anon you shall be answered to your pain.” Then the King
spake to an esquire who stood below in the tilt yard. “Hasten,” said he, “and
bid Sir Bors de Ganis to come hither.”
So the esquire departed and anon he returned, leading the
white horse of Sir Bors by the bridle. And Sir Bors was clad all
in armor of pure and virgin white, and all his trappings and the
trappings of his horse were white, so that he shone glistening,
like to a figure of pure silver.
“Sir,” said Sir Mador to Sir Bors, “Knowest thou why I am
here, and upon what accusation?” Sir Bors said, “Aye, I know it
well.” Then said Sir Mador, “Dost thou stand for the other
side?” Sir Bors said, “Yea, I stand heart and soul for the other
side. But I will tell thee truly. I said that I would undertake this quarrel upon
the Queen’s behalf unless some better knight than I should take that battle
upon him. I know you, Sir Mador, for a noble and valiant knight, and you
know me for what you have beheld of me, wherefore you know that I fear
not to meet you or any knight in all of the world, and that I would do battle
with anyone with all of my might in a lesser quarrel than this. Wherefore I
ask you now to postpone this battle until the hour of noon, for by that time
there may come more worthy than I to defend this honorable and much
abused lady.”
“Is that all you have to say?” said Sir Mador. “Well, then,
Messire, either come you to battle with me without loss of time,

denieth
him any
delay.
A new
champion
appeareth
upon the
Queen’s
behalf.
The new
knight
appeareth
before the
King.
Sir
Mador is
overthro
wn.
or else withdraw you from the field for someone else to take
your place.”
“Take your horse and your arms,” said Sir Bors, “and as I
suppose you will not tarry long, so also will I not tarry long, but will be
with you anon.” So each knight withdrew from the field, and each busied
himself in preparing for the conflict. In this Sir Mador was the quicker, and
so rode out of his pavilion and around the course, and whilst none
applauded him in that procession, yet there were some who frowned not
upon him.
So Sir Bors, when he was made ready, came forth from his
pavilion, and he cast his eyes toward the forest and immediately
he was aware that a knight was coming thence, riding easily yet
swiftly. And this knight was clad in strange armor, and he bore a
shield without any escutcheon, nor was there any emblazonment
about him whatsoever to tell what knight he was. But Sir Bors
knew very well that that knight was none other than Sir Launcelot of the
Lake.
Anon this knight came quickly to where Sir Bors was, and he said to
him, “Messire, I give you grammercy for assuming this quarrel upon behalf
of the Queen. But now I come to assume that quarrel myself and so you are
freed from it.” Sir Bors said, “Come you to King Arthur.” And the knight
said, “Conduct me to him.”
So Sir Bors conducted the knight to where King Arthur sat,
and when he was come there King Arthur said to him, “Sir, what
knight are you? For that I should know ere I consent to establish
you instead of Sir Bors in this quarrel.” To which Sir Bors made
reply, “Lord, I know this knight, and I know that he is a better
knight than I am, so I yield my rights in this quarrel unto him.”
Then King Arthur said to Sir Mador de la Porte, “Sir, will you accept this
new knight in your quarrel?” To which Sir Mador replied, “Sir, I will accept
him or any.”
So each knight withdrew to his end of the lists and there they
made themselves ready. And when they were all prepared, then
each launched against the other with all the speed and
vehemence that he possessed. So they met in the midst of the
course and in that encounter the spear of Sir Mador was broken

Sir
Mador is
beaten in
battle.
Sir
Launcelot
spareth
Sir
Mador.
all to pieces, but the spear of the other knight held so that Sir Mador and his
horse were both overturned into the dust.
But Sir Mador recovered from his fall very suddenly, and drawing his
sword and setting his shield in front of him he came forward to the assault
of his enemy as though this were the very beginning of the battle. Upon this
the other knight leaped very nimbly and quickly down from his horse, and
setting his shield before him, he drew his sword and came forward as with
great eagerness for battle.
Each struck at the other with great fierceness, for Sir Mador
was a very strong and powerful knight, and was further upheld
by his indignation. So they fought for above an hour, and in that
time Sir Launcelot held his strength, but the strength of Sir
Mador began to wane so that he could hardly sustain his arm.
Then Sir Launcelot redoubled his strokes until Sir Mador held his shield
full low. At that Sir Launcelot lifted up his sword and he smote Sir Mador
so terribly upon the helm that he fell grovelling to the earth. Then Sir
Launcelot drew near to Sir Mador to smite him again, but Sir Mador raised
himself a little and lifting his sword he smote Sir Launcelot through the
thick of the thigh.
But when Sir Launcelot felt himself to be thus wounded and when he
beheld how that the blood flowed forth in a red stream from the wound in
his thigh, he drew away and waited for Sir Mador to rise again. And when
Sir Mador had arisen he rushed upon him and smote him again, so terrible a
blow that the blade bit through the iron helmet, and the leather coif and into
the bone beneath the coif.
Then Sir Mador fell down and lay upon the ground like one
who was dead, and Sir Launcelot ran in to where he lay and
seizing the helmet that covered the head, he cut the thongs with
his misericordia and rushed it off from his head. With that the
light shone in upon the face of Sir Mador and aroused him from
his swoon; and beholding Sir Launcelot standing terribly above
him, he cried out, in a loud piercing voice, “Spare me my life, Sir Knight!
Spare me my life!” Quoth Sir Launcelot, “I will not spare thee thy life,
unless thou dost confess that thou wert mistaken concerning the guilt of the
Queen, and that she is innocent of evil.” Said Sir Mador, “I do confess it.”

Sir
Mador
confesset
h a wrong
accusatio
n.
Sir
Launcelot
pledgeth
the
Queen.
Then Sir Launcelot called the Lord Constable of the lists to him and he
said to Sir Mador, “Confess what thou hast confessed to me to this
gentleman.” And Sir Mador said, “Sir, to this constable I do confess and
acknowledge that I was mistook as to the guilt of the Queen, and that she is
indeed guiltless of that of which I have accused her, and of all other crimes
whatsoever.”
Then Sir Launcelot said, “Bear this knight hence away from this spot.”
Upon that there came several attendants to that place and they lifted Sir
Mador and carried him away from that place.
Then Sir Launcelot and the constable went from that place of conflict to
the presence of King Arthur, and the King and the Queen descended from
their high seats to welcome him. Quoth the King, “Sir, well have you fought
this day, and well may we guess who you are who have done this battle. We
do both give you thanks—I for that you have saved to me my Queen; she
that you have saved to her her life and her honor.”
“Lord,” said Sir Launcelot, “here have I brought with me this
constable to avouch for it that Sir Mador hath confessed that he
hath wrongfully accused the Queen of this crime, and that she is
as guiltless of it as she is of any other crime at this present.”
And the constable said, “I do avouch for the truth of that.” Then
the King said to Sir Launcelot, “Sir, I perceive that thou art
wounded. Wilt thou not refresh thyself with a glass of wine?” And Sir
Launcelot said, “Yea, Lord, for wine would be exceedingly grateful to me at
this present.”
So a little page ran and presently returned, bringing a flagon of sparkling
yellow wine, and Sir Launcelot unlaced his helmet and removed it from his
head, so that all beheld his face and knew him for Sir Launcelot.
And then King Arthur said, “Sir, methought that you were Sir
Launcelot of the Lake when I beheld how you did battle a little
while ago. Moreover, when Sir Bors spoke of a better knight
than he rising for the Queen’s defence, I wist he must mean you,
for you are the only one who is better than he. But now we have
you, we will not let you go again.” “Lord,” quoth Sir Launcelot,
“I will not leave this court again unless I am bidden to go. For here may I
defend both your honor and the honor of your Queen. For first of all do I
owe my duty to you who made me a knight; and then do I owe my duty to

King
Arthur
dismisset
h Sir
Mador
from the
court.
her who is my revered and honored lady.” Then, taking the flagon of wine
into his hands he turned him about and lifting that flagon on high, he cried
in a loud, clear voice so that all might hear him, “Here do I drink this flagon
of golden wine to the truth and innocence of my Queen. Health to her
friends, confusion to her enemies, and may harm fall upon those who
contemplate harm to her!”
Then he put the brim of the flagon to his lips and drank off the entire
draught of wine ere he removed it again.
Then King Arthur said, “Let us go visit that wounded knight, for I have
something that I would say to him.” So Sir Launcelot and the constable and
King Arthur went across the meadow of battle to the pavilion of Sir Mador.
And they entered the pavilion and Sir Mador was lying upon a couch and
the surgeon was searching his wounds.
King Arthur said to him, “Sir, who besides yourself were the
accusers of the Queen?” Sir Mador said, “Lord, I was her only
accuser.” The King said, “Thou liest, for there was a conspiracy
against her to undo her, and thou wert but the instrument of that
conspiracy. I will ask thee no further to betray those who were
with thee in this affair. Only I have this to say to thee, that if by
to-morrow morning thou art within the purlieus of this court, or
if at any future time thou comest into my power again, or if ever I meet thee
in battle or out of battle, that time spells for thee thy death. Bear my words
well in mind; for though I spare thee this time upon behest of the Queen,
yet will I not spare thee again upon the beseeching of anyone in all of the
world.”
Sir Mador said very bitterly to the King, “My Lord, thou speakest as a
sound man to one who is very grievously wounded and who may not defend
himself.” “Not so,” said the King very calmly, “I speak, first of all, as a
king to his knight, and next I speak as one knight to another knight who
hath wrought him a grievous injury. For thou canst not undo what thou hast
done; for thy quarrel hath sowed dissension and evil thought among my
entire court, so that I, who was one time loved by my entire court, know not
now who are my friends and who mine enemies.” Then the King turned to
the constable, and he said, “Lord Constable, thou hearest what I have said.
If this man is found hereabouts to-morrow day, cast him immediately into
prison and report the same to me. For if after this day he falleth into my

The
servant
telleth
how Sir
Pinal
placed
the apple.
Yet is the
Queen
accused
by many.
Of the
dissensio
ns at the
court.
power, then he shall himself suffer destruction by the flames, as he would
have consigned his own Queen to the flames.”
Thereupon the King turned upon his heel and left Sir Mador de la Porte
gnawing his finger nails.
That day the King held a council of his chief lords and
subordinate kings. And before this council came that servant
who had hidden behind the screen as aforetold of. And this
servant told of how he had beheld Sir Pinal place the apple upon
the table whereon the feast was to be held. This evidence they
all heard and listened to, and when it was ended the King said,
“Send for this Sir Pinal and let us hear what he hath to say to
this.”
So they sent for Sir Pinal, but he was nowhere to be found, for the
Queen’s enemies had told him that that evidence was to be admitted and he
had fled away from the court into the wilderness, never to return again.
So was the innocence of the Queen proven. But still there
were some who disbelieved that evidence, for they said, “See ye
not how it is? For first they overthrow Sir Mador and then they
drive him away from this court. Then they bring in this evidence
to clear the Queen from guilt and they lay that guilt upon poor
Sir Pinal, who is not of the Round Table. Thus there is no one to contradict
the evidence of this poor knave, and so the Queen is to be cleared of the
suspicion of guilt.”
So spake several, and the news of this was brought to the ears of Sir
Gawaine. But Sir Gawaine would say no word upon the matter, for whilst
he felt bitter enmity toward the Queen, and whilst he suspected the worst
things of her, yet he would not give voice to that which he suspected.
Neither would he give accusation against her, but went his own way
thinking his own thoughts and keeping those thoughts within his own
bosom.
Thus have I told you the history of these things as I myself
have read of them in the ancient books that treat of them. For
this was the first beginning of the end. For now that the Grail
had been lifted from the earth, there was naught to hold together
the Court of King Arthur as it had been held together before.

But each knight began now to think of his own glory and of himself, and
not of the glory of the King and the Good of the world.
So now begin we with the history of those dissensions that presently
broke forth in the Court of the King.

N
Sir
Mordred
and Sir
Agravain
e accuse
Sir
Launcelot
of
treason.
Sir
Gawaine
will not
join with
them.
Chapter Fourth
How there came quarrels at the court, and how Sir Launcelot of the Lake
was assaulted by the brothers of Sir Gawaine.
OW there was at court at that time much dissension and many angry
recriminations back and forth between the one party and the other
party. For the one party maintained that the Queen had been ill-used
and had suffered much, and would have suffered death, saving only for the
defence of Sir Launcelot of the Lake; and the other party maintained that
the Queen possessed an evil soul, and that Sir Launcelot was her
dishonorable lover and that it was for this reason that he had fought for her.
Of this latter party were some of the brothers of Sir Gawaine,
who were at the head of that party; to wit, there was Sir
Mordred and Sir Agravaine. These knights spoke very boldly
and openly, saying that Sir Launcelot practised treachery with
the Queen against the King’s high honor. Sir Agravaine said,
“Well is it that Sir Launcelot is the greatest knight now living on
the earth (for this is true now that Sir Galahad had departed in
glory), yet it is not to be forgotten that he is not greater in his
strength than several knights who might come against him at
once. So when Sir Launcelot next visits the Queen, if a number of us shall
fall upon him, it can scarcely be but that those knights should overcome
him, and that so the King’s honor should be revenged.”
Whilst he so spoke, Sir Gawaine sat at one side gnawing his
mustache. Then he up and spake, saying, “What is this you
would do? Would you practise treachery against Sir Launcelot
and against the Queen? God knows I have no love for the
Queen, and never have had love for her, but neither would I
practise treachery against her, but would assail her openly and
against the entire world. As for Sir Launcelot of the Lake; long hath he been
my dearest friend and companion at arms; am I then to practise treason
against him?” Then turning to Sir Geharis and Sir Gareth, he said, “What

Sir
Mordred
declares
that he
will
arrest Sir
Launcelot
.
Sir
Mordred
betrayeth
say you, my brothers? Speak!” Then Sir Geharis and Sir Gareth said, “What
thou sayst, Gawaine, we also say.” And Sir Gareth said upon his part, “I
cannot now forget and I can never fail to remember that it was Sir
Launcelot of the Lake who made me a knight. Shall I then sit in judgment
upon my godfather in knighthood, and undertake to practise evil against
him?”
Quoth Sir Mordred, “I say with my brother Agravaine that the Queen is
altogether evil and that Sir Launcelot is her lover, and that saying I am
ready to maintain to the peril of my life.”
Said Sir Gawaine, “I pray you tell me; what is it you seek to
do?” Him answered Sir Mordred, “We seek to spy upon Sir
Launcelot and, when next he visits the Queen in her apartments,
we would make assault upon him. When we have thus espied
upon him, then we and several others will fall upon him and
seize him and hale him before the King for trial.” Said Sir
Gawaine, “That is no such easy matter for to do. And when you
have done it, it will be but of little avail; for the King will not
condemn Sir Launcelot upon such uncertain accusation. For what
accusation shall you bring against Sir Launcelot and the Queen that you
dare mention to the King?”
Then Sir Mordred made no immediate answer, but when he was come to
a place apart from those three, he said to Sir Agravaine, “Sir Launcelot is
guilty of thou knowest what treason against the King. Now I told Gawaine
that we would arrest him and bring him to the King. What I really purpose
is this: that we assault Sir Launcelot in the Queen’s apartments, and that we
slay him. For once he is dead the King will quickly forgive us and will
believe the Queen to have been guilty, but if Sir Launcelot is alive he will
never forgive us. Hah, brother, a dead lion is a less dangerous enemy to a
man than a living fox. So it were best that Sir Launcelot died.” In this Sir
Agravaine agreed with him; so after that they set watch upon Sir Launcelot
to take him when next he should visit the Queen. But Sir Launcelot was
warned by one who overheard them, and for that while he did not visit the
Queen in her apartments.
So one night Sir Mordred called to him a page of the Queen’s
court when the page was passing, and he said to him, “Lanadel”
(for such was the page’s name)—“Lanadel, go you to Sir

Sir
Launcelot
.
Sir
Launcelot
goeth to
the
Queen’s
bower.
The
Queen is
warned.
Launcelot of the Lake and tell him that the Queen would fain
speak with him in her bower.” Thereupon the page, suspecting
no evil, went to Sir Launcelot, and delivered that message to
him, and Sir Launcelot, suspecting no evil, fulfilled the terms of that
message, and went secretly thither to the Queen’s apartments.
Finding the Queen there, Sir Launcelot said to her, “Lady,
what is it thou wouldst say to me?” She looked upon him in
astonishment and said, “Sir, I did not send for you to say
anything to you.” Sir Launcelot said, “How is this? Your page,
Lanadel, came to me and brought it to me as a message that you
would speak to me at this place.” She said, “Launcelot, I sent no
such message as that to thee. Yet, in very truth, it hath been long since thou
hast been hither to speak to me. Art thou affronted with me, Launcelot?”
He said to her, “Lady, thou knowest that I am not affronted with thee.
But there is this: I must consider thine honor and reputation as I do mine
own. But, Lady, touching this message of late delivered to me, here is
treachery of some sort, for certes that message came to me as from thee,
wherefore I know that some treachery is brewing against us, though I know
not what that treachery is.”
Now turn we to those enemies of Sir Launcelot to see what they did
upon this occasion. For Sir Mordred watched at the entrance of the Queen’s
apartments until that he beheld Sir Launcelot enter them. Upon that he ran
to Sir Agravaine, and said to him, “Brother, wit ye that Sir Launcelot is at
this time in the Queen’s chamber. Let us now make haste to take him.” So
those two called about them certain knights who were at enmity with Sir
Launcelot, and they said to them, “Gentlemen, let us hasten and take that
traitor knight who is even now in the Queen’s bower.”
Now those knights whom they called upon to accompany them were as
follows: There were Sir Colgrance and Sir Gingaline, and Sir Melyot of
Logris, and Sir Galleron of Galway; there were Sir Melion of the Mountain,
and Sir Petypas of Winchelsea; there were Sir Gromer Somerjour and Sir
Astamore, Sir Cuselaine, Sir Florence, and Sir Lovel. And these last two
were sons to Sir Gawaine.
These eleven knights, together with Sir Agravaine and Sir
Mordred, making thirteen in all, went together in a party to the
apartments of the Queen. And the ladies of the Queen beheld

The
thirteen
knights
challenge
Sir
Launcelot
to appear.
them coming, and wist that they came for no good purpose. Wherefore
these ladies ran screaming and in haste and bolted and barred the door. Then
they ran to the Queen’s apartment and they found that Sir Launcelot was
there and they cried out, “Lady, arouse you, for your enemies are upon
you!”
By this those knights were at the door, and Sir Agravaine
knocked and cried aloud in a very loud and thunderous voice,
“Thou traitor knight! What doest thou here? Why liest thou
behind locked doors in the Queen’s apartments? Come forth to
us who are thy fellows of the court and of the Round Table, and
render an account to us. For we are here to receive thine
account!”
These words were uttered so loudly and so powerfully that they echoed
and re-echoed throughout that entire part of the castle, and when they struck
upon the Queen’s ears, she fell as white as an ash of wood and sank back
upon a couch, placing her hand above her heart.
Then Sir Launcelot stood up from where he sat and he cast his eyes
around him from side to side, but he could see no armor for defence, and no
way of escape. And ever those knights without smote upon the door, and
ever Sir Agravaine cried out, “Sir Launcelot of the Lake; what doest thou
there in the Queen’s chamber? Come forth and deliver thyself to us.”
Then Sir Launcelot said, “Lady, I prithee tell me, is there ere a suit of
armor in this place as I could clothe myself withal?” She said, “Nay,
Launcelot, there is no armor in this room.” Then Sir Launcelot said to her,
“Then must I defend myself without armor; for I know that these knights
have no purpose for to take me prisoner to the King. Otherwise, that which
they purpose is to take my life.” Then the Queen sank down terrified upon
her knees before him, and said, “Launcelot, go not forth to them, for
assuredly they mean thy death.” He said to her, “Lady, I must go; but this I
beseech of thee, that thou wilt pray for me. And this also I beseech of thee,
that, should I fall in this encounter, thou wilt go with my relatives, Sir Ector
and Sir Bors and Sir Lionel and Sir Ure, and bid them that they shall take
thee to an asylum of refuge at my castle of Joyous Gard. For there is now
no safety for thee at this place, and only great and continual dangers. For
ever there is growing at this court against thee a rooted jealousy of all that
thou sayest or doest, and if so be I lose my life, then these, mine enemies,

The
thirteen
knights
threaten
to burst
in the
door.
Sir
Launcelot
defendeth
himself
with a
cloak.
He
slayeth
Sir
Colgranc
e.
will overwhelm thee.” Then the Queen wept, and she cried out, “Launcelot!
Launcelot! Go not forth to them!”
As thus they spake, those knights without continually beat
upon the door, crying ever in louder and more violent tones,
“Traitor! Open to us!” And the door was not opened, but
remained closed. Then they cast their eyes about and they
beheld a great form that stood there in the hall. And Sir
Agravaine said to certain of the others, “Bring hither yonder
form, and let us beat down the door with it. For thus alone may
we hope to come at this traitor!” So they brought that form and they beat
with it upon the door, and the door cracked and bent beneath their blows.
Then Sir Launcelot wrapped his cloak about his arm, and he
took his sword in his hand, and he said to those who were
beating upon the door, “Messire, cease your uproar and I will
come forth to you.” Then he turned the key in the lock of the
door, and he opened the door a little, but not very far, setting his
foot against it lest they should burst it open from without and so
rush in, many at once, upon him.
But when the door was opened and they beheld Sir Launcelot standing
there without any armor of defence whatsoever saving only the cloak that
was wrapped about his arm, they took heart of grace that they should easily
overcome him. Then there came forward a tall and very powerful knight,
hight Sir Colgrance of Gore, and he struck a terrible strong and powerful
blow at Sir Launcelot with intent to hew him down. This blow Sir
Launcelot put aside with his sword and immediately delivered a blow in
return.
In that blow he smote Sir Colgrance upon the head, and the
blow bit through the bascinet upon his head and it smote deep
into the bone of the brain so that Sir Colgrance fell down
grovelling to the earth, and immediately he died.
Then Sir Launcelot seized Sir Colgrance’s body by the
shoulders and dragged it into the room ere the others had recovered, and
immediately he bolted and barred the door as it was before. And Sir
Launcelot said to the Queen, “Lady, here hath Providence delivered armor
into my hands. I prithee aid me to arm myself.”

Sir
Launcelot
armeth
himself in
Sir
Colgranc
e’s armor.
Sir
Launcelot
assaileth
his
enemies.
He
slayeth
Sir
Agravain
e and
several
others.
So the Queen and her affrighted ladies hastened to Sir
Launcelot and together they stripped the armor off the body of
Sir Colgrance. And they assisted Sir Launcelot to clothe himself
very quickly and nimbly in that armor. Then, having thus armed
himself in the armor of Sir Colgrance, Sir Launcelot came to the
door of the room and he spoke to those without, and he said to
them, “Messires, what is it you would have with me?” They say,
“We would have you come forth and surrender yourself to us so that we
may take you to King Arthur.” Sir Launcelot said, “I cannot surrender
myself to you, but this I will promise to do: if you will go hence and leave
me in peace, I will surrender myself to King Arthur to-morrow morning,
and will then abide by his justice.” Sir Agravaine said, “We will not do this.
We will not trust thee. Deliver thyself to us immediately, or we will slay
thee.”
Then Sir Launcelot said, “I come!” and therewith he flung
wide open the door. And Sir Launcelot strode out amongst them
like to a lion into the midst of a pack of dogs. And they beheld
that Sir Launcelot was clad all in the armor of Sir Colgrance.
And Sir Launcelot fronted Sir Agravaine and the eyes of Sir
Launcelot flashed forth pure fire from under the vizor of his
bascinet. And Sir Launcelot strode to Sir Agravaine, crying out, “Thou
first!” And therewith he smote Sir Agravaine with might and main.
Sir Agravaine warded the blow, but so wonderfully powerful was it that
it smote down that ward; and it smote Sir Agravaine upon the bascinet; and
it cut through the iron of the bascinet and through the bone of the brain pan
and into the brain itself.
Then Sir Agravaine cried out very terribly and fell down
dying to the earth; and Sir Launcelot put his foot upon the neck
of Sir Agravaine, and wrenched forth the sword out of the cut
that he had made. Then Sir Launcelot smote to the right hand
and to the left; and of those eleven knights who were with Sir
Agravaine and Sir Mordred he slew nine in that little room. And
he smote Sir Mordred upon the shoulder so that he sheared the
flesh of the arm, a great slice from the bone, and the other two knights were
more or less wounded, so that anon they fled in tumult from that place.

Sir
Launcelot
is
wounded.
Sir
Launcelot
adviseth
with Sir
Bors.
And Sir Launcelot was also wounded in many places in that conflict, so
that he was, as it were, all bathed in crimson from head to foot. Then,
having put his enemies to flight, he turned him and re-entered the Queen’s
chamber.
But when the Queen beheld him thus all bathed in red, she
shrieked aloud, for she thought him to be mortally wounded.
But Sir Launcelot said to her, “Fear not, Lady, thine enemies are
put to flight and I am not sorely hurt.” And he said to her,
“Lady, my love for thee hath ever been my curse, and now it
hath brought us to this end. For in thy defence and in my defence I have
slain the nephew of the King and two of the sons of Sir Gawaine. So now
the King will be my foe, and so I must quit this place for aye. But I cannot
leave thee, Lady, for without me thou wilt be defenceless. So I prithee
prepare thyself for a journey. I will go forth and gather about me a number
of knights of mine own kindred and friends, and we will take thee hence
away from this place. For to-morrow they will bring thee forth to trial, and
when they bring thee forth, then will we seize thee and carry thee away.”
Then the Queen fell to weeping very bitterly, and she said, “Ah,
Launcelot! Alas and alas! Is this then the end?” And he said, “Aye, Lady.”
Therewith he went forth from that place and left her.
So Sir Launcelot came to Sir Bors’s inn, and when Sir Bors
beheld him, all covered and ensanguined with blood, he cried
out, “God save us! What is this? What aileth thee?” Then Sir
Launcelot told Sir Bors all that had befallen, and when he had
told it Sir Bors sent for Sir Ector and for Sir Lionel and for Sir
Ure, and fourteen other knights, relatives and friends of Sir
Launcelot, and Sir Launcelot told unto them what he had told to Sir Bors.
Then Sir Bors said to those who were there gathered, “Messires his is a
very sad and bitter quarrel. For I do avouch that my relative, Sir Launcelot,
is in all ways perfectly innocent toward the Queen. For we know that he
was deceived into her presence by a false message delivered unto him by
someone who was an enemy to him and who meant to undo him. So this
lady hath also been misused in such a way that it is contrary to his honor as
a knight that we should suffer such harm to approach her. Now it is my
advice that we await to see what shall presently befall. For if this quarrel is
condoned by the King, then is all very well; but if the King seek to punish

Other
knights
swear
fealty to
Sir
Launcelot
.
Sir
Mordred
accuseth
Sir
Launcelot
to the
King.
Sir
Gawaine
sorroweth
.
Sir Launcelot by bringing the Queen to a trial, then shall he save her from
that trial and shall convey her away to Joyous Gard where she may remain
safe from harm.”
Then all those other knights to whom Sir Bors spake held up
their swords with their handles before them, and they said,
“Herewith and upon this holy sign of the crucifix do we swear
that we will ride with and aid Sir Launcelot of the Lake in this
undertaking. And, if it be demanded of us, we will assist him to
bring this lady to Joyous Gard, and we will there aid and defend
him and her with our bodies until the last extremity and until
death.”
Meantime, Sir Mordred had had his wound bound up and had
taken horse and had ridden to the inn of King Arthur, and he
appeared before King Arthur in the room when the King was
then with several of his court. And when the King beheld him
thus wounded, he started up and cried out, “Hah, Sir Mordred!
What bringeth thee before me in this plight? Where gottest thou
that wound?” Then Sir Mordred kneeled down before the King,
and he said, “Sovereign Lord and Master, I got this wound in thy service.
For Sir Launcelot visited the Queen recently in her bower, and I and twelve
other knights sought to arrest him there and to bring him before thee. But he
resisted that arrest, and of the thirteen who assaulted him nine are dead and
one is like to die.”
Then the King drew his breath very hard between his teeth, at that news,
and anon he said, “Who are dead? Are they any of my friends?” Sir
Mordred said, “All are thy friends, and three are of thy kin.” Quoth King
Arthur, “Who are those of my kin?” And Sir Mordred said, “One of them is
Sir Agravaine, thy nephew, and the others are Sir Florence and Sir Lovel,
the young sons of Sir Gawaine.”
Then the King groaned and Sir Gawaine who was with him
covered his head and also groaned in sorrow. Quoth the King,
“To-morrow day this shall be inquired into, and the Queen shall
be brought to trial for this treason.” And with those words he
arose and withdrew from that place, accompanied only by Sir
Gawaine, Sir Geharis and Sir Gareth and Sir Mordred; and leaving the other

knights who were attendant upon him sunk in silence, not knowing which
way to look or what to say.
So when the King was come to a private place, he seated himself and
buried his face in his hands. And he groaned aloud, and he said, “Alas is
me! This is certes the beginning of the end that was foretold by Merlin!”
And anon he said to Sir Gawaine, “To thee, Gawaine, will I entrust the
pushing of that inquiry which must follow. For thou and Geharis and Gareth
shall go with a company of an hundred knights, and ye shall arrest the
Queen, and shall bring her for trial for this offence.”
Then Sir Gawaine kneeled down before King Arthur, and he said,
“Sovereign and lawful Lord and Master, I pray you to spare me from this.”
King Arthur said, “Why should I spare thee?” Sir Gawaine said, “For these
two causes: firstly, I am sworn brother in arms to Sir Launcelot; secondly, I
am not friendly with my lady the Queen and so am not fit to serve her as her
escort.”
Then King Arthur said, “I do not understand your refusal, Messire. Was
not Sir Agravaine your brother? And was not he a strong and noble knight?
And were not Sir Florence and Sir Lovel your sons?”
“Yea, Lord,” said Sir Gawaine. “All this is true; but I suspected evil in
this affair, and I strongly advised them to refrain therefrom. This they have
refused to hearken to and so they have perished, armed and in fair conflict
with Sir Launcelot—he one against many.”
Then King Arthur’s face flushed very red with anger, and he turned to
Sir Geharis and Sir Gareth. “And you, Messires,” said he, “do you also
refuse me this duty?” “Sir,” said Sir Gareth, “if you bid us upon our duty to
undertake this commission, we will do so. Yet wit you that Sir Launcelot
was he who made me a knight; wherefore I will not go in arms to escort the
Queen. But if thou commandest me to go, then will I go without armor or
defence of any sort to protect me. For I will not stand in arms before the
avowed lady of him who made me a knight.”
King Arthur said, “I do command you both to go, so let there be an end
to this argument. But see to it that the Queen shall be brought to her trial in
a plain white robe without a girdle and that she come in her bare feet like to
any criminal. For I shall not believe her to be innocent until she be proved
so.”

Sir
Gareth
and Sir
Geharis
go
unarmed
to arrest
Sir
Launcelot
.
The
Queen
weepeth.
Sir
Launcelot
hasteneth
Now when the next day was come, it being then about the
tenth hour of the morning, Sir Geharis and Sir Gareth took those
five score knights and they rode to the lodgings of the Queen.
Meantime, word had been sent to the Queen that she was to
clothe her in such a guise as the King had said; to wit, ungirdled
and in white, and in her bare feet. And it was said to her that she
was to come to her trial like to a criminal—barefoot in that
wise, and without a girdle about her waist.
Then the Queen wept very many bitter tears, and said, “Alas,
my lord, the King, hath already condemned me in his heart, so
that my trial will mean my death.” And the ladies of the Queen
wept with her and they said, “Lady, alas for thy happiness! For
this is certes the end.” Then the Queen dried her tears and she
said to them, “Comfort ye! For I have done many evil deeds in my life, but
ye know that I am innocent of this deed.” They say, “Yea, we know it and
will avouch for it.”
Now word of all these things had also been brought to Sir Launcelot, and
when he heard of them he aroused himself and called his esquires about
him. Then he went forth in his full armor and he found Sir Bors and Sir
Lionel together. And Sir Launcelot said to them, “Messires, do you
remember that you and several others promised to aid me in the rescue of
the Queen? Well, then, the time is come, for she is about to be brought forth
to her trial, for they have sent for her. She shall not come to the disgrace of
trial, for I will bear her hence. Go you and summon all those who will
support me and bring them in haste to the Queen’s inn, for I go there
immediately.” Sir Bors said, “Go not thither from this place until we
summon aid.” Sir Launcelot said, “Then make haste.”
So Sir Bors and Sir Lionel hastened away from that place, leaving Sir
Launcelot walking in great strides up and down the length of the room.
Anon came one running to where Sir Launcelot was, and said to him,
“Sir, the Queen biddeth thee to come to her in haste, for they are taking her
barefoot to her trial.”
Then Sir Launcelot waited for no further word, but hastened
with all speed to where the Queen was, and when he had come
there he found many of his knights already there, and several
came immediately thereafter. And as Sir Launcelot approached

to aid the
Queen.
Sir
Launcelot
slayeth
Sir
Gareth.
He
slayeth
Sir
Geharis.
Sir
Launcelot
escapeth
with the
Queen.
he beheld the Queen seated upon her horse in her bare feet and
surrounded by that armed escort which the King had sent. Then
the Queen beheld Sir Launcelot and she called to him, saying, “Sir
Launcelot, make haste!” And she reached out her arms toward him.
Then Sir Launcelot emitted a great loud and bitter cry. And
therewith he drew his sword like lightning and his friends drew
their swords and they rushed into the throng smiting from right
to left and from left to right again. And those who were thus
assaulted smote back again at those knights and bore them
hither and thither by weight of numbers because they who
fought for the Queen were so few. But the knights of Sir Launcelot were
prepared for this assault and the knights of King Arthur were not prepared
for it, wherefore those latter were quickly separated and driven back. Now
in the fury of that small battle Sir Gareth was pushed near to Sir Launcelot
and he was unarmed as hath been told of, and Sir Launcelot saw him but
knew him not. So Sir Launcelot smote Sir Gareth upon the head with his
sword and he clave asunder the head of Sir Gareth to the throat and Sir
Gareth fell dead beneath the horses’ feet.
And Sir Launcelot thought nothing of what he had done by that blow; for
in his fury and raging he beheld the Lady Queen Guinevere before him.
With that he spurred forward without looking down upon the earth to see
who it was whom he had smitten down, and he catched the Queen up from
her saddle and seated her on his saddle before him. Then he shouted, “Let
us away and escape while there is yet time!”
So with that Sir Geharis put himself forward to stay Sir
Launcelot, and Sir Launcelot, beholding him there in the way
and not witting who he was, smote him also with his sword and
slew him.
So with that they all ceased fighting and spurred away from
that place, cleaving their way before them and taking Queen
Guinevere with them. And they rode away from that place and
from that city, and they ceased not to ride until they had come to
the confines of Joyous Gard, where there was an asylum of
peace and safety. And in that battle there were lost twenty-seven
knights of the King, and of these there were eleven knights of the Round
Table. And there were lost sixteen knights of Sir Launcelot’s party and of

them there were nine knights of the Round Table. And in that battle Sir Kay
the Seneschal and Sir Gareth and Sir Geharis and Sir Griflet lost their lives.
Chapter Fifth
How King Arthur attacked Sir Launcelot at Joyous Gard; how Sir Lionel
was slain and how Sir Bors was wounded.

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