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Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang

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Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang
Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang Digital Instant Download Author(s): Wenwu Wang ISBN(s): 9781615209194, 1615209190 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 12.40 MB Year: 2010 Language: english
Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang
Machine Audition: Principles, Algorithms and Systems Wenwu Wang University of Surrey, UK Hershey • New York InformatIon scIence reference
Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Director of Book Publications: Julia Mosemann Acquisitions Editor: Lindsay Johnston Development Editor: Joel Gamon Publishing Assistants: Casey Conapitski and Travis Gundrum Typesetter: Michael Brehm Production Editor: Jamie Snavely Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2011 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or com- panies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Machine audition : principles, algorithms, and systems / Wenwu Wang, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary:"Thisbookcoversadvancesinalgorithmicdevelopments,theoreticalframeworks,andexperimentalresearchfindings to assist professionals who want an improved understanding about how to design algorithms for performing automatic analysis of audio signals, construct a computing system for understanding sound, and to learn how to build advanced human-computer interactive systems"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-61520-919-4 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-61520-920-0 (ebook) 1. Computational auditory scene analysis. 2. Signal processing. 3. Auditory perception--Computer simulation. I. Wang, Wenwu, 1974- TK7881.4.M27 2010 006.4'5--dc22 2010010161 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Editorial Advisory Board Jonathon Chambers, Loughborough University, UK Jingdong Chen, Bell Labs, USA Shlomo Dubnov, University of California at San Diego, USA Philip Jackson, University of Surrey, UK Maria Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Gerasimos Potamianos, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Greece Gaël Richard, TELECOM ParisTech, France Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Paris Smaragdis, Adobe Systems, USA George Tzanetakis, University of Victoria, Canada List of Reviewers Tjeerd C. Andringa, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Thierry Bertin-Mahieux, Columbia University, USA Jingdong Chen, Bell Labs, USA Selina Chu, University of Southern California, USA Cédric Févotte, TELECOM ParisTec, France Pedro Gómez-Vilda, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Philip Jackson, University of Surrey, UK Maria Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Nilesh Madhu, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany Syed Mohsen Naqvi, Loughborough University, UK Hector Perez-Meana, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Paris Smaragdis, Adobe Systems, USA Stefan Soltuz, University of Surrey, UK Clive Cheong Took, Imperial College London, UK Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Ruohua Zhou, Queen Mary University of London, UK
Preface ................................................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................xxi Section 1 Audio Scene Analysis, Recognition and Modeling Chapter 1 Unstructured Environmental Audio: Representation, Classification and Modeling............................... 1 Selina Chu, University of Southern California, USA Shrikanth Narayanan, University of Southern California, USA C.-C. Jay Kuo, University of Southern California, USA Chapter 2 Modeling Grouping Cues for Auditory Scene Analysis using a Spectral Clustering Formulation ...... 22 Luís Gustavo Martins, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto Portugal Mathieu Lagrange, CNRS - Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique Musique (IRCAM), France George Tzanetakis, University of Victoria, Canada Chapter 3 Cocktail Party Problem: Source Separation Issues and Computational Methods ................................ 61 Tariqullah Jan, University of Surrey, UK Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Chapter 4 Audition: From Sound to Sounds ......................................................................................................... 80 Tjeerd C. Andringa, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Table of Contents
Section 2 Audio Signal Separation, Extraction and Localization Chapter 5 A Multimodal Solution to Blind Source Separation of Moving Sources............................................ 107 Syed Mohsen Naqvi, Loughborough University, UK Yonggang Zhang, Harbin Engineering University, China Miao Yu, Loughborough University, UK Jonathon A. Chambers, Loughborough University, UK Chapter 6 Sound Source Localization: Conventional Methods and Intensity Vector Direction Exploitation..... 126 Banu Günel, University of Surrey, UK Hüseyin Hacıhabiboğlu, King’s College London, UK Chapter 7 Probabilistic Modeling Paradigms for Audio Source Separation ....................................................... 162 Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Samer A. Abdallah, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mike E. Davies, University of Edinburgh, UK Chapter 8 Tensor Factorization with Application to Convolutive Blind Source Separation of Speech.............. 186 Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Bahador Makkiabadi, Cardiff University, UK Chapter 9 Multi-Channel Source Separation: Overview and Comparison of Mask-Based and Linear Separation Algorithms ...................................................................................................... 207 Nilesh Madhu, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany André Gückel, Dolby Laboratories, Nürnberg, Germany Chapter 10 Audio Source Separation Using Sparse Representations.................................................................... 246 Andrew Nesbit, Queen Mary University of London, UK Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK
Section 3 Audio Transcription, Mining and Information Retrieval Chapter 11 Itakura-Saito Nonnegative Factorizations of the Power Spectrogram for Music Signal Decomposition ........................................................................................................ 266 Cédric Févotte, TELECOM ParisTech, France Chapter 12 Music Onset Detection........................................................................................................................ 297 Ruohua Zhou, Queen Mary University of London, UK Josh D. Reiss, Queen Mary University of London, UK Chapter 13 On the Inherent Segment Length in Music......................................................................................... 317 Kristoffer Jensen, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark Chapter 14 Automatic Tagging of Audio: The State-of-the-Art............................................................................ 334 Thierry Bertin-Mahieux, Columbia University, USA Douglas Eck, University of Montreal, Canada Michael Mandel, University of Montreal, Canada and Columbia University, USA Chapter 15 Instantaneous vs. Convolutive Non-Negative Matrix Factorization: Models, Algorithms and Applications to Audio Pattern Separation................................................................. 353 Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Section 4 Audio Cognition, Modeling and Affective Computing Chapter 16 Musical Information Dynamics as Models of Auditory Anticipation................................................. 371 Shlomo Dubnov, University of California in San Diego, USA Chapter 17 Multimodal Emotion Recognition ...................................................................................................... 398 Sanaul Haq, University of Surrey, UK Philip J.B. Jackson, University of Surrey, UK
Chapter 18 Machine Audition of Acoustics: Acoustic Channel Modeling and Room Acoustic Parameter Estimation.......................................................................................................................... 424 Francis F. Li, The University of Salford, UK Paul Kendrick, The University of Salford, UK Trevor J. Cox, The University of Salford, UK Chapter 19 Neuromorphic Speech Processing: Objectives and Methods ............................................................. 447 Pedro Gómez-Vilda, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain José Manuel Ferrández-Vicente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Victoria Rodellar-Biarge, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Roberto Fernández-Baíllo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Agustín Álvarez-Marquina, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Rafael Martínez-Olalla, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Víctor Nieto-Lluis, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Luis Miguel Mazaira-Fernández, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Cristina Muñoz-Mulas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 474 About the Contributors.................................................................................................................... 515 Index................................................................................................................................................... 526
Preface ................................................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................xxi Section 1 Audio Scene Analysis, Recognition and Modeling Chapter 1 Unstructured Environmental Audio: Representation, Classification and Modeling............................... 1 Selina Chu, University of Southern California, USA Shrikanth Narayanan, University of Southern California, USA C.-C. Jay Kuo, University of Southern California, USA The goal of this chapter is on the characterization of unstructured environmental sounds for understand- ing and predicting the context surrounding of an agent or device. Most research on audio recognition has focused primarily on speech and music. Less attention has been paid to the challenges and oppor- tunities for using audio to characterize unstructured audio. This chapter investigates issues in charac- terizing unstructured environmental sounds such as the development of appropriate feature extraction algorithms and learning techniques for modeling backgrounds of the environment. Chapter 2 Modeling Grouping Cues for Auditory Scene Analysis using a Spectral Clustering Formulation ...... 22 Luís Gustavo Martins, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto Portugal Mathieu Lagrange, CNRS - Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique Musique (IRCAM), France George Tzanetakis, University of Victoria, Canada Computational Auditory Scene Analysis (CASA) is challenging problem, to which many approaches can be broadly categorized as either model-based or grouping-based. Most existing systems either rely on prior source models or are solely based on grouping cues. In this chapter the authors argue that formulating this integration problem as clustering based on similarities between time-frequency atoms provides an expressive yet disciplined approach to building sound source characterization and separa- Detailed Table of Contents
tion systems and evaluating their performance. They describe the main components of the architecture, its advantages, implementation details, and related issues. Chapter 3 Cocktail Party Problem: Source Separation Issues and Computational Methods ................................ 61 Tariqullah Jan, University of Surrey, UK Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Cocktail party problem is a classical and challenging scientific problem that is still unsolved. Many efforts have been attempted by researchers to address this problem using different techniques. This chapter provides a review on recent progresses in several areas, such as independent component analy- sis, computational auditory scene analysis, model-based approaches, non-negative matrix factorization, sparse representation and compressed sensing. As an example, a multistage approach is also provided for addressing the source separation issue within this problem. Chapter 4 Audition: From Sound to Sounds ......................................................................................................... 80 Tjeerd C. Andringa, University of Groningen, The Netherlands The demand to function in uncontrolled listening environments has severe implications for machine audition. The natural system has addressed this demand by adapting its function flexibly to changing task demands. This chapter addresses the functional requirements of auditory systems, both natural and artificial, to be able to deal with the complexities of uncontrolled real-world input. Signal processing methods that are needed for such scenarios are also discussed. Section 2 Audio Signal Separation, Extraction and Localization Chapter 5 A Multimodal Solution to Blind Source Separation of Moving Sources............................................ 107 Syed Mohsen Naqvi, Loughborough University, UK Yonggang Zhang, Harbin Engineering University, China Miao Yu, Loughborough University, UK Jonathon A. Chambers, Loughborough University, UK Machine separation of moving audio sources is a challenging problem. This chapter presents a novel multimodal solution to blind source separation (BSS) of moving sources, where the visual modality is utilized to facilitate the separation of moving sources. The movement of the sources is detected by a relatively simplistic 3-D tracker based on video cameras. The tracking process is based on particle fil- tering which provides robust tracking performance. Positions and velocities of the sources are obtained from the 3-D tracker and if the sources are moving, real time speech enhancement and separation of the sources are obtained by using a beamforming algorithm.
Chapter 6 Sound Source Localization: Conventional Methods and Intensity Vector Direction Exploitation..... 126 Banu Günel, University of Surrey, UK Hüseyin Hacıhabiboğlu, King’s College London, UK Automatic sound source localization may refer to determining only the direction of a sound source, which is known as the direction-of-arrival estimation, or also its distance in order to obtain its coordi- nates. Many of the methods proposed previously use the time and level differences between the signals captured by each element of a microphone array. This chapter presents an overview of these conven- tional array processing methods and a discussion of the factors that affect their performance. The chap- ter also discusses an emerging source localization method based on acoustic intensity, and addresses two well-known problems, localization of multiple sources and localization of acoustic reflections. Chapter 7 Probabilistic Modeling Paradigms for Audio Source Separation ....................................................... 162 Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Samer A. Abdallah, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mike E. Davies, University of Edinburgh, UK Source separation aims to provide machine listeners with similar skills to humans by extracting the sounds of individual sources from a given audio scene. Existing separation systems operate either by emulating the human auditory system or inferring the parameters of probabilistic sound models. In this chapter, the authors focus on the latter approach and provide a joint overview of established and recent models, including independent component analysis, local time-frequency models and spectral template-based models. They show that most models are instances of one of the following two general paradigms: linear modeling or variance modeling, and they compare the merits of either paradigm, report objective performance figures and discuss promising combinations of probabilistic priors and inference algorithms. Chapter 8 Tensor Factorization with Application to Convolutive Blind Source Separation of Speech.............. 186 Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Bahador Makkiabadi, Cardiff University, UK In this chapter, Tensor factorization (TF) is introduced to the problem of separation of sound particu- larly speech sources from their corresponding convolutive mixtures. TF is flexible and can easily in- corporate all possible parameters or factors into the separation formulation. As a consequence of that fewer assumptions (such as uncorrelatedness and independency) will be required. The new formulation allows further degree of freedom to the original parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) problem in which the scaling and permutation problems of the frequency domain blind source separation (BSS) can be resolved.
Chapter 9 Multi-Channel Source Separation: Overview and Comparison of Mask-Based and Linear Separation Algorithms ...................................................................................................... 207 Nilesh Madhu, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany André Gückel, Dolby Laboratories - Nürnberg, Germany Machine-based multi-channel source separation in real life situations is a challenging problem, and has a wide range of applications, from medical to military. This chapter considers the specific application of a target speaker enhancement in the presence of competing speakers and background noise. It presents not only an exhaustive overview of state-of-the-art separation algorithms and the specific models they are based upon, but also the relations between these algorithms, where possible. In particular, it com- pares the performance difference between the mask-based techniques and the independent component analysis (ICA) techniques. Chapter 10 Audio Source Separation using Sparse Representations .................................................................... 246 Andrew Nesbit, Queen Mary University of London, UK Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK The authors address the problem of audio source separation based on the sparse component analysis framework. The overriding aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how this framework can be used to solve different problems in different mixing scenarios. To address the instantaneous and underdeter- mined mixing model, a lapped orthogonal transform is adapted to the signal by selecting a basis from a library of predetermined bases. In considering the anechoic and determined mixing case, a greedy adaptive transform is used based on orthogonal basis functions that are learned from the observed data. The chapter also demonstrates the good signal approximations and separation performance by these methods using experiments on mixtures of speech and music signals. Section 3 Audio Transcription, Mining and Information Retrieval Chapter 11 Itakura-Saito Nonnegative Factorizations of the Power Spectrogram for Music Signal Decomposition ........................................................................................................ 266 Cédric Févotte, TELECOM ParisTech, France This chapter presents a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) technique for audio decomposition by considering factorization of the power spectrogram, with the Itakura-Saito (IS) divergence. The author shows that IS-NMF is connected to maximum likelihood inference of variance parameters in a well-defined statistical model of superimposed Gaussian components which is well suited to audio. The chapter further discusses the model order selection strategies and Markov regularization of the
activation matrix. Extensions of NMF to the multichannel case, in both instantaneous and convolutive recordings, possibly underdetermined, together with audio source separation results of a real stereo musical excerpt are also included. Chapter 12 Music Onset Detection........................................................................................................................ 297 Ruohua Zhou, Queen Mary University of London, UK Josh D. Reiss, Queen Mary University of London, UK The authors provide a comprehensive introduction to the design of music onset detection algorithms. First, it introduces the general scheme and commonly-used time-frequency analysis for onset detec- tion. Then, it reviews many methods for onset detection in detail, such as energy-based, phase-based, pitch-based and supervised learning methods. The chapter also includes commonly used performance measures, onset annotation software, public database, and evaluation methods. Chapter 13 On the Inherent Segment Length in Music......................................................................................... 317 Kristoffer Jensen, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark This chapter presents automatic segmentation methods using different original representations of mu- sic, corresponding to rhythm, chroma, and timbre, and by calculating a shortest path through the self- similarity calculated from each time/feature representation. Each segmentation scale quality is ana- lyzed through the use of the mean silhouette value, which permits automatic segmentation on different time scales and gives indication on the inherent segment sizes in the music analyzed. Different methods are employed to verify the quality of the inherent segment sizes, by comparing them to the literature (grouping, chunks), by comparing them among themselves, and by measuring the strength of the inher- ent segment sizes. Chapter 14 Automatic Tagging of Audio: The State-of-the-Art............................................................................ 334 Thierry Bertin-Mahieux, Columbia University, USA Douglas Eck, University of Montreal, Canada Michael Mandel, University of Montreal, Canada and Columbia University, USA A great deal of attention has been paid recently to the automatic prediction of tags for music and au- dio in general. In the case of music, social tags have become an important component of ``Web 2.0’’ recommender systems. In an effort to better understand the task and also to help new researchers bring their insights to bear on this problem, this chapter provides a review of the state-of-the-art methods for addressing automatic tagging of audio. It is divided in the following sections: goal, framework, audio representation, labeled data, classification, evaluation, and future directions. Chapter 15 Instantaneous vs. Convolutive Non-Negative Matrix Factorization: Models, Algorithms and Applications to Audio Pattern Separation................................................................. 353 Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK
Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been shown recently to be a useful technique for audio decomposition. However, the instantaneous NMF model has difficulty in dealing with the audio signals whose frequencies change dramatically over time, which is nevertheless in practice a case for many real signals. This chapter intends to provide a brief overview of the models and algorithms for both instan- taneous and convolutive NMF, with a focus on the theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of the convolutive NMF algorithms, and their applications to audio pattern separation problems. Section 4 Audio Cognition, Modeling and Affective Computing Chapter 16 Musical Information Dynamics as Models of Auditory Anticipation................................................. 371 Shlomo Dubnov, University of California in San Diego, USA This chapter investigates the modeling methods for musical cognition. The author explores possible relations between cognitive measures of musical structure and statistical signal properties that are re- vealed through information dynamics analysis. The addressed questions include: (1) description of music as an information source, (2) modeling of music–listener relations in terms of communication channel, (3) choice of musical features and dealing with their dependencies, (4) survey of different information measures for description of musical structure and measures of shared information between listener and the music, and (5) suggestion of new approach to characterization of listening experience in terms of different combinations of musical surface and structure expectancies. Chapter 17 Multimodal Emotion Recognition ...................................................................................................... 398 Sanaul Haq, University of Surrey, UK Philip J.B. Jackson, University of Surrey, UK This chapter provides a survey of research efforts in emotion recognition using different modalities: audio, visual and audio-visual combined. It also describes fifteen audio, visual and audio-visual data sets, and the types of feature that researchers have used to represent the emotional content. Several important issues, such as feature selection and reduction, emotion classification, and methods for fus- ing information from multiple modalities are also discussed. The chapter concludes by pointing out interesting areas in this field for future investigation. Chapter 18 Machine Audition of Acoustics: Acoustic Channel Modeling and Room Acoustic Parameter Estimation.......................................................................................................................... 424 Francis F. Li, University of Salford, UK Paul Kendrick, University of Salford, UK Trevor J. Cox, University of Salford, UK
Propagation of sound from a source to a receiver in an enclosure can be modeled as an acoustic trans- mission channel. Objective room acoustic parameters are routinely used to quantify properties of such channels in the design and assessment of acoustically critical spaces. This chapter discusses a number of new methods and algorithms for determining room acoustic parameters using machine audition of naturally occurring sound sources, i.e. speech and music. In particular, reverberation time, early decay time and speech transmission index can be estimated from received speech or music signals using sta- tistical machine learning or maximum likelihood estimation in a semi-blind or blind fashion. Chapter 19 Neuromorphic Speech Processing: Objectives and Methods ............................................................. 447 Pedro Gómez-Vilda, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain José Manuel Ferrández-Vicente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Victoria Rodellar-Biarge, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Roberto Fernández-Baíllo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Agustín Álvarez-Marquina, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Rafael Martínez-Olalla, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Víctor Nieto-Lluis, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Luis Miguel Mazaira-Fernández, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Cristina Muñoz-Mulas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain In speech perception and recognition, many hidden phenomena are not well understood yet, including the semantic gap going from spectral time-frequency representations to the symbolic translation into phonemes and words, and the construction of morpho-syntactic and semantic structures. This chapter is intended to explore some of these facts at a simplifying level under two points of view: that of top- down analysis provided from speech perception, and the symmetric from bottom-up synthesis provided by the biological architecture of auditory pathways. It also includes an application-driven design of a neuromorphic speech processing architecture and the simulation details provided by a parallel imple- mentation of the architecture in a supercomputer. Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 474 About the Contributors.................................................................................................................... 515 Index................................................................................................................................................... 526
xv Outline and Subject Of thiS bOOk Machine audition is the field of the study of algorithms and systems for the automatic analysis and understanding of sound by machine. It plays an important role in many applications, such as automatic audio indexing for internet searching, robust speech recognition in un-controlled natural environment, untethered audio communication within an intelligent office scenario, and speech enhancement for hear- ing aids and cochlear implants, etc. It has recently attracted increasing interest within several research communities, such as signal processing, machine learning, auditory modelling, perception and cognition, psychology, pattern recognition, and artificial intelligence. However, the developments made so far are fragmented within these disciplines, lacking connections and incurring potentially overlapping research activities in this subject area. The proposed book intends to bring together the advances in recent algo- rithmic developments, bridge the gaps between the methodologies adopted by the various disciplines, and overlook future directions in this subject. ObjectiveS, MiSSiOnS and the SchOlarly value This book aims to provide algorithmic developments, theoretical frameworks and empirical and ex- perimental research findings in the area of machine audition. It could be useful for professionals who want to improve their understanding about how to design algorithms for performing automatic analysis of audio signals, how to construct a computing system that could understand sound sources around us, and how to build advanced human-computer interactive systems. The book covers the existing and the emerging algorithms and frameworks for processing sound mixtures, the practical approaches for imple- menting machine audition systems, as well as the relationship between human and machine audition. It will provide professionals, academic researchers, students, consultants and practitioners with a good overview of how the sound might be understood by a machine based on algorithmic operation, and how the machine audition approaches might be useful for solving practical engineering problems in daily life. The book is the first of its kind that describes the theoretical, algorithmic and systematic results from the area of machine audition. It intends to promote “machine audition” as a subject area that is equally attractive to the popular subject of “computer vision”. The book treats audition in the context of general audio, rather than for specific data, such as speech in some existing literature. It contains many new approaches and algorithms, most recent numerical and experimental results, which could foster a better understanding of the state of the art of the subject and ultimately motivate novel ideas and thinking in Preface
xvi the research communities. A unique characteristic about the book is that it brings together the fragments of the research findings in machine audition research across several disciplines, which could potentially promote cutting-edge research in this subject area. target audience The contents of this book are expected to be attractive to professionals, researchers, students and practi- tioners working in the fields of machine audition, audio engineering and signal processing. Researchers from the field of computer sciences, information technology and psychology will also be the audience of the book. The proposed book will be a precious reference for these audience who wish to have better understanding about the subject, to contribute to research of the subject, and to implement their new ideas and to provide technical consultancy in the field. The potential uses of the book include library reference, upper-level course supplement, resource for instructors, reference for researchers, reference book for policy makers, reference book for business- man, studying material for undergraduate or postgraduate students, resource for practitioners, resource for consultants, etc. OrganizatiOn Of the bOOk This book has nineteen chapters divided into four broader areas as follows: • Audio Scene Analysis, Recognition and Modeling • Audio Signal Separation, Extraction and Localization • Audio Transcription, Mining and Information Retrieval • Audio Cognition, Modeling and Affective Computing We briefly summarize the contents of each section and the main contributions of each chapter, based on the abstracts and details of the chapters provided by the authors. To be as much consistent with the original contributions as possible, the following summaries for each chapter are direct quotations of the descriptions provided by the authors, with some moderations. Section 1: audio Scene analysis, recognition and Modeling This section focuses on the computational principles and algorithms for audio scene analysis, recognition and modeling. It includes four chapters in several aspects of audio scene analysis, such as environmental audio recognition, computational auditory scene analysis, cocktail party problem, and the functional requirements of auditory systems for uncontrolled natural environments. The key issue that machine audition attempts to address is on the automatic analysis (understanding by computers) of the audio scenes using algorithm-based operations. From this aspect, progresses in this area are likely to have significant impact on this subject. Chapter 1, “Unstructured Environmental Audio: Representation, Classification and Modeling” by Chu, Narayanan, and Jay Kuo, discusses the characterization of unstructured environmental sounds for
xvii understanding and predicting the context surrounding of an agent or device. Most research on audio recognition has focused primarily on speech and music. Less attention has been paid to the challenges and opportunities for using audio to characterize unstructured audio. This chapter investigates issues in characterizing unstructured environmental sounds such as the development of appropriate feature extraction algorithms and learning techniques for modeling backgrounds of the environment. Chapter 2, “Modeling Grouping Cues for Auditory Scene Analysis using a Spectral Clustering Formulation” by Martins, Lagrange, and Tzanetakis, proposes to formulate the integration problem in scene analysis as clustering based on similarities between time-frequency atoms and this provides an expressive yet disciplined approach to building sound source characterization and separation systems and evaluating their performance. The authors describe the main components of the architecture, its advantages, implementation details, and related issues. Chapter 3, “Cocktail Party Problem: Source Separation Issues and Computational Methods” by Jan and Wang, provides a review on recent progresses for cocktail party problem in several areas, such as independent component analysis, computational auditory scene analysis, model-based approaches, non- negativematrixfactorization,sparserepresentationandcompressedsensing.Asanexample,amultistage approach is also provided for addressing the source separation issue within this problem.The chapter also discusses the applications of cocktail party processing and its potential research directions for the future. Chapter 4, “Audition: From Sound to Sounds” by Andringa, addresses the functional requirements of auditory systems, both natural and artificial, to be able to deal with the complexities of uncontrolled real-world input. Signal processing methods that are needed for such scenarios are also discussed. The discussions are based on the demand to function in uncontrolled listening environments and their im- plications for machine audition. Section 2: audio Signal Separation, extraction and localization Source separation, extraction and localization play a central role in automatic auditory scene analysis. This section collects six recent contributions in this area, such as a multimodal approach for moving source separation, source separation based on probabilistic modeling or sparse representation, tensor factorization for source separation, multichannel source separation, and sound source localization based on intensity vector directions. Source separation problems have been studied extensively in the past two decades. It has widespread applications in, for example, robust speech recognition, teleconferencing, human-computer interaction and so on. Chapter 5, “A Multimodal Solution to Blind Source Separation of Moving Sources” by Naqvi, Zhang, Yu, and Chambers, proposes a novel multimodal solution to blind source separation (BSS) of moving sources, where the visual modality is utilized to facilitate the separation of moving sources. The movement of the sources is detected by a relatively simplistic 3-D tracker based on video cameras. The tracking process is based on particle filtering which provides robust tracking performance. Positions and velocities of the sources are obtained from the 3-D tracker and if the sources are moving, real time speech enhancement and separation of the sources are obtained by using a beamforming algorithm. Chapter 6, “Sound Source Localization: Conventional Methods and Intensity Vector Direction Exploitation” by Günel and Hacıhabiboğlu, presents an overview of the conventional array processing methods for sound source localization and a discussion of the factors that affect their performance. The chapter then discusses an emerging source localization method based on acoustic intensity, and addresses two well-known problems, localization of multiple sources and localization of acoustic reflections.
xviii Chapter 7, “Probabilistic Modeling Paradigms for Audio Source Separation” by Vincent, Jafari, Abdallah, Plumbley, and Davies, focuses on the audio source separation methods by inferring the pa- rameters of probabilistic sound models. The authors provide a joint overview of established and recent models, including independent component analysis, local time-frequency models and spectral template- based models. They show that most models are instances of one of the following two general paradigms: linear modeling or variance modeling, and they compare the merits of either paradigm, report objective performancefiguresanddiscusspromisingcombinationsofprobabilisticpriorsandinferencealgorithms. Chapter8,“TensorFactorizationwithApplicationtoConvolutiveBlindSourceSeparationofSpeech” by Sanei and Makkiabadi, introduces the Tensor factorization (TF) technique for the separation of sound particularly speech sources from their corresponding convolutive mixtures. TF is flexible and can easily incorporate all possible parameters or factors into the separation formulation. As a consequence of that fewer assumptions (such as uncorrelatedness and independency) will be required. The new formulation allows further degree of freedom to the original parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) problem in which the scaling and permutation problems of the frequency domain blind source separation (BSS) can be resolved. Chapter 9, “Multi-Channel Source Separation: Overview and Comparison of Mask-Based and Linear Separation Algorithms” by Madhu and Gückel, considers the specific application of a target speaker enhancement in the presence of competing speakers and background noise. It presents not only an exhaustive overview of state-of-the-art separation algorithms and the specific models they are based upon, but also the relations between these algorithms, where possible. In particular, it compares the performance difference between the mask-based techniques and the independent component analysis (ICA) techniques. Chapter 10, “Audio Source Separation using Sparse Representations” by Nesbit, Jafari, Vincent, and Plumbley, addresses the problem of audio source separation based on the sparse component analysis framework. The overriding aim is to demonstrate how this framework can be used to solve different problemsindifferentmixingscenarios.Toaddresstheinstantaneousandunderdeterminedmixingmodel, a lapped orthogonal transform is adapted to the signal by selecting a basis from a library of predetermined bases.Inconsideringtheanechoicanddeterminedmixingcase,agreedyadaptivetransformisusedbased on orthogonal basis functions that are learned from the observed data. The chapter also demonstrates the good signal approximations and separation performance by these methods using experiments on mixtures of speech and music signals. Section 3: audio transcription, Mining and information retrieval This section includes five contributions on different aspects of audio transcription, mining and informa- tionretrieval,suchasmusicdecompositionbasedonmachinelearningtechniques,musiconsetdetection, music segmentation, and automatic tagging of audio. All these are important topics in machine audition and they attract increasing research interests recently. Research outputs in this area are likely to have strong impact in audio coding, compression, and indexing. Chapter 11, “Itakura-Saito Nonnegative Factorizations of the Power Spectrogram for Music Signal Decomposition” by Févotte, presents a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) technique for audio decomposition by considering factorization of the power spectrogram, with the Itakura-Saito (IS) di- vergence. The author shows that IS-NMF is connected to maximum likelihood inference of variance parametersinawell-definedstatisticalmodelofsuperimposedGaussiancomponentswhichiswellsuited
xix to audio. The chapter further discusses the model order selection strategies and Markov regularization of the activation matrix. Extensions of NMF to the multichannel case, in both instantaneous and convolu- tive recordings, possibly underdetermined, together with audio source separation results of a real stereo musical excerpt are also included. Chapter 12, “Music Onset Detection” by Zhou and Reiss, provides a comprehensive introduction to the design of music onset detection algorithms. First, it introduces the general scheme and commonly- used time-frequency analysis for onset detection. Then, it reviews many methods for onset detection in detail, such as energy-based, phase-based, pitch-based and supervised learning methods. The chapter also includes commonly used performance measures, onset annotation software, public database, and evaluation methods. Chapter 13, “On the Inherent Segment Length in Music” by Jensen, presents automatic segmenta- tion methods using different original representations of music, corresponding to rhythm, chroma, and timbre, and by calculating a shortest path through the self-similarity calculated from each time/feature representation. Each segmentation scale quality is analyzed through the use of the mean silhouette value, which permits automatic segmentation on different time scales and gives indication on the inherent segment sizes in the music analyzed. Different methods are employed to verify the quality of the inher- ent segment sizes, by comparing them to the literature (grouping, chunks), by comparing them among themselves, and by measuring the strength of the inherent segment sizes. Chapter 14, “Automatic Tagging of Audio: The State-of-the-Art” by Bertin-Mahieux, Eck, and Mandel, provides a review of the state-of-the-art methods for addressing automatic tagging of audio. A great deal of attention has been paid recently to the automatic prediction of tags for music and audio in general. In the case of music, social tags have become an important component of ``Web 2.0’’ recom- mender systems. The chapter is devoted as an effort to better understand the task and also to help new researchers bring their insights to bear on this problem. It is divided in the following sections: goal, framework, audio representation, labeled data, classification, evaluation, and future directions. Chapter15,“Instantaneousvs.ConvolutiveNon-NegativeMatrixFactorization:Models,Algorithms and Applications to Audio Pattern Separation” by Wang, presents an overview of the models and al- gorithms for instantaneous and convolutive non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), with a focus on the convolutive NMF algorithms and their performance. The chapter discusses the limitations of the instantaneous model and the advantages of the convolutive model in addressing such limitations. The chapter also provides application examples of both models and algorithms in audio pattern separation and onset detection. A theoretical analysis of the convolutive NMF algorithms is also included. Section 4: audio cognition, Modeling and affective computing This section is a collection of four contributions in the area of audio cognition, modeling and affective computing, such as the modeling methods for music cognition, in particular, music anticipation, emotion recognition from audio, video, or audio-visual data, acoustic channel modeling and parameter estima- tion from speech or music signals recorded in a room, and using semantic and symbolic information from speech perception for the design of speech processing systems. The topics in this section bring together knowledge from several subjects including signal processing, psychology, computer science, and statistics. Many of these topics are emerging areas in the field. Chapter 16, “Musical Information Dynamics as Models of Auditory Anticipation” by Dubnov, in- vestigates the modeling methods for musical cognition. The author explores possible relations between
Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
Pinic, painik: Pinic-acid = dennenzuur. Pinion, pinj’n, subst. vleugel, wiek, vleugelpunt; handboei; Pinion verb. kortwieken, omklemmen, vastklemmen, boeien: He was seized and pinioned = gegrepen en weerloos gemaakt. Pink, piŋk, subst. rose anjelier, lichtroode kleurstof; uitstekendheid, hoogte, puikje; [403]pink (schip); Pink adj. rosekleurig, lichtrood; uitstekend (Am.): The champion-rider was in the pink of condition = was in uitstekende “conditie”; He is the pink of fashion = hij is de spiegel (het toonbeeld) der mode; Napoleon dreaded the pink of that society more than Russia itself = die allerhoogste kringen; The Pink’un = een sportblad (Vergel. De “Groene”); To change to pink = een rooden jagersrok aantrekken; Pink-eyed = met kleine glinsterende oogen; Pink-sterned = met smallen achtersteven; Pinky = rose, vleeschkleurig; subst. pink (Amer.). Pink, piŋk, doorboren, doorsteken; verfraaien, verbloemen (Amer.). Pinkster, piŋkstə, Pinksteren (Amer.). Pinnace, pinis, pinas, 6 of 8 riemssloep van een oorlogsschip. Pinnacle, pinək’l, subst. tinne, toppunt; Pinnacle verb. van eene tinne of een top voorzien, kronen: The pinnacle of fame = toppunt van beroemdheid. Pinnate, pinit, gevederd. Pinniped, piniped, vinpootig (dier). Pinnock, pinək, meesje.
Pint, paint, subst. pint (⅛ gallon = ± 0,568 L.); Pint-pot = klein huisje (Am.); kan die een pint inhoudt. Pintle, pint’l, pen, bout, roerhaak. Piny, paini, vol pijnboomen, pijnboomachtig. Pioneer, paiənîə, subst. pionier, baanbreker, wegbereider; Pioneer verb. den weg bereiden. Piony, paiəni, pioen. Pious, paiəs, vroom, godvruchtig, teeder; Pious-minded = met vroom gemoed. Pip, pip, subst. pip (vogelziekte), pit (v. eene vrucht), oog (op eene kaart); verk. v. Philip: Pip verb. piepen, sjilpen: Count your pips = tel, hoeveel oogen gij hebt. Pipe, paip, pijp, buis, fluit(je), luchtpijp, stem; maat v. twee okshoofden of 126 gallons; Pipe verb. op de fluit spelen, een fluitsignaal geven, van pijpen voorzien, huilen, zingen: In a feeble pipe = met zwakke stem; All the children were on full pipe, on the full howl = waren om het hardst aan het janken en gillen; To charge (fill) a pipe = stoppen; I’ll clear my pipe first = mijne keel schrapen; To hit the pipe = opium schuiven; I’ll put your pipe out = ik zàl je wel; Put that in your pipe and smoke it = steek dat in je zak; His pipe was stopped, went out = was verstopt, ging uit; He began to pipe down = een toontje lager te zingen; He dances as she pipes = hij danst naar haar pijpen; Pipe-bowl = kop; Pipe-clay = pijpaarde; Pipe-clay verb. pijpaarden; Pipe-cleaner (Pipe-cleanser); Pipe-laying = het leggen van pijpen; politieke intrigues (Amer.); Pipe-light = fidibus; Pipe-picker = pijpuitpluizer; Pipe-rack = pijpenstander; Pipe-
stem = steel; Pipe-tree = sering; Piper: Who is to pay the piper? = “Wie zal dat betalen, zoete, lieve Gerritje”? Piping = schril, schel, zwak, kokend heet (= Piping hot): The piping days of yore = de goede oude tijd. Piperic, paiperik: Piperic acid = piperinezuur. Pipkin, pipkin, aarden pot, tobbetje. Pippin, pipin, kleine zure appel, pippeling. Pipul, pipul, de heilige vijgenboom (Brit. Ind.). Piquancy, pîk’nsi, pik’nsi, scherpheid, stekeligheid; Piquant = pikant, scherp, doordringend; Pique, pîk, subst. pik of piek, wrok, spijtigheid, gevoeligheid; Pique verb. boos maken, beleedigen, prikkelen: In a moment of pique she accepted him = in een spijtig oogenblik schonk ze hem hare hand; She piqued herself on her ladylike tastes = liet zich heel wat voorstaan op. Piquet, piket, pikət, piket, piketspel. Piracy, pairisi, zeerooverij, nadruk = Book piracy; Pirate, pairit, subst. zeeroover(sschip), letterdief; Pirate verb. zeeroof plegen, onbevoegd nadrukken; Piratical, pairatik’l, zeerooverij of letterkundigen diefstal plegend: Piratical printer. Piraeus, pairîəs; Pirie, piri. Pirn, pɐ̂ n, (garen)klos, spoel. Pirogue, piroug, uitgeholde boomstam (als kano); smalle boot. Pirouette, piruet, subst. pirouette: To turn a pirouette = To pirouette.
Pisa, pîzə; Pisanio, piseiniou. Piscary, piskəri, vischrecht, ook: Common of piscary; Piscatorial, piskətôriəl, Piscatory, piskətəri, visschers…, tot het visschen behoorende; Pisces, pisîz, de Visschen (dierenriem); Pisciculture, pisikɐltjə, vischteelt; Piscine, pis(a)in, tot de visschen behoorende; Piscivorous, pisivərɐs, vischetend. Pisé, pîzei, ineengestampte aarde. Pish, piš, interj. foei! bah! Pish verb. verachting uitdrukken: To cry pish at = To pish at. Piss, pis, subst. urine; Piss verb. urineeren. Pistachio, pisteišiou, pistatšou: Pistachio nut = groene amandel. Pistareen, pistərîn, peseta (munt); adj. gering. Pistil, pistil, stamper (v. bloemen); Pistillaceous pistileišəs, tot den stamper behoorend, stamper…; Pistillate = met een stamper. Pistol, pist’l, subst. pistool; Pistol verb. doodschieten (met een pistool): Pistol-bag = holster; Pistol-case = pistoolkistje. Pistole, pistoul, pistoul, gouden munt (ƒ 9 à ƒ 12). Piston, pist’n, klep, zuiger; zuignapje: Piston-rod = zuigerstang; Piston-stroke = zuigerslag; Piston-valve = zuigerklep. Pit, pit, subst. put, kuil, afgrond, diepte, parterre (schouwburg), plaats voor hanengevechten; een kaartspel; Pit verb. uithollen, in eene put plaatsen, aanzetten, ophitsen, met kuiltjes of pokken merken: The pit = het graf; He flew the pit = hij gaf den strijd op; He hit the pit of my stomach = raakte me in de maagholte;
He has the power of pit and gallows = kerker en dood; To pit against = stellen tegenover; He pitted his brains against that difficult language = hij studeerde hard op die taal; Pitted with the smallpox = van de pokken geschonden (ook: Pock-pitted); Pitfall = val, strik, valluik; Pitman = putwerker; Pit-pat = tik.… tak; Pit-saw = kraanzaag (voor twee man: de onderste heet Pitman of Pit-sawyer, de bovenste [404]top-sawyer); Pittite = volgeling van Pitt, parterre-bezoeker = Pitster. Pit-a-pat, pitəpat, subst. klopping, tiktak, getrippel; adv. tikketak; Pit-a-pat verb. trippelen: And my heart went pit-a-pat = ging rikketik. Pitch, pitš, subst. pik of pek; hoogte, toppunt, graad of trap; diepte, helling; toestand; toonhoogte; worp, stalletje; Pitch verb. teeren, pikken; bevestigen, zetten, opstellen, steken, regelen, werpen, slingeren, met een hooivork gooien of aanreiken, ruw plaveien, stemmen, den (grond)toon bepalen, kampeeren, (voorover) vallen, zich storten op, neerkomen, stampen (v. een schip): One cannot touch pitch without being defiled; As dark (black) as pitch = zoo donker als de nacht; Pitch-and-toss = kop of leeuw; It rose to the highest pitch = het bereikte het toppunt; Pitch of a roof = helling v. een dak; Pitch of a room = de hoogte van vloer tot zolder; Pitch of a saw = helling van de tanden van eene zaag; (All our rooms are well pitched = van behoorlijke hoogte); A pitched battle = geregelde slag; A pitched street = eene met granietblokken geplaveide straat; They pitched a camp near the town = sloegen op; Pitch into him = sla er op; I could not pitch upon the right word = kon niet vinden; The 17th was pitched upon = het werd op den 17en vastgesteld; Mind the pitching = denk om de helling; The pitching of the ship was something terrible = het schip stampte verschrikkelijk; Pitch-farthing = het spelen met centen in een kuil; Pitchfork = hooivork; Pitchfork
verb. met een hooivork opgooien of aanreiken: He was pitchforked into that office = kreeg dat ambt door zijne vele kruiwagens; Pitch-pipe = stemfluitje; Pitchiness, subst. v. Pitchy = pikachtig, pikzwart, duister, akelig. Pitcher, pitšə, soort v. houweel; kruik of kan; iemand, die van een stalletje verkoopt; straatkunstenaar: Pitchers have ears = kleine potjes hebben ook ooren; So often goes the pitcher to the well, that it comes home broken at last = de kruik gaat zoolang te water tot ze breekt. Piteous, pitjəs, ellendig, jammerlijk, treurig; medelijden hebbend met (of); subst. Piteousness. Pith, pith, pit, kern, merg, kracht, nadruk, het essentiëele; Pithiness = pittigheid, kracht; Pithless = zonder pit (ook fig.), slap, zwak; subst. Pithlessness; Pithy = pittig, krachtig. Pitiable, pitiəb’l, jammerlijk; subst. Pitiableness. Pitiful, pitiful, medelijdend; erbarmelijk, onbeduidend; subst. Pitifulness; Pitiless = onbarmhartig; subst. Pitilessness. Pittance, pit’ns, gave, kleine portie, schrale kost, beetje. Pity, piti, subst. medelijden, jammer, ellende; Pity verb. medelijden hebben; beklagen: It’s a great pity = het is (erg) jammer; Do it, for pity’s sake = doe het om Gods wil; More is the pity = jammer genoeg, wat nog erger is; Have (take) pity on him = wees hem genadig, heb deernis met; I pity you, though you never complain of him = ik beklaag u, ofschoon gij nooit over hem klaagt; He is to be pitied = is te beklagen. Pius, paiəs.
Pivot, pivət, spil, guide (= Pivot-man); Pivot verb. draaien; Pivotal question = hoofdzaak. Pix, piks = Pyx. Pixy, piksi, fee, toovergodin. Pizzle, piz’l, roede: Bull’s pizzle = bullepees. Placability, plakəbiliti, pleikəbiliti, verzoenbaarheid, vergevensgezindheid, toegevendheid; adj. Placable, plakəb’l, pleikəb’l. Placard, pləkâd, plakəd, subst. plakkaat, aanplakbiljet; Placard verb. biljetten aanplakken, bekend maken door plakkaten. Place, pleis, subst. plaats, ruimte, inrichting, gebouw, verblijf, stad, dorp, betrekking, rang, stand; Place verb. plaatsen, op intrest zetten, (geld) beleggen (ook: to place out), schatten, de eerste, tweede of derde plaats toekennen (bij wedrennen), aanstellen: In place = op de juiste plaats; In the first place = ten eerste; In his place = in zijn plaats; In place of = in plaats van; The right man in the right place = de rechte man op de rechte plaats; To be out of place = buiten betrekking; To be badly (entirely) out of place = totaal misplaatst; To be all over the place = aan de orde van den dag zijn; I do not wish to change my place = ik wensch geene andere betrekking; Shall we change places = van plaats verwisselen; He filled his place to everybody’s satisfaction = nam zijne betrekking waar; To give place to = vervangen worden door; Censure began to give place to curiosity = begon te wijken voor; He has long since gone to his place = is ten grave gedaald; To know one’s place = weten waar men moet staan (ook fig.); To put in his place = op zijn nummer zetten; To take place = plaats hebben; To take places = plaatsen bespreken; Place-hunter =
baantjesjager; Placeman = iemand, die door zijne partij aan een baantje geholpen wordt; Place-name = plaatsnaam. Placenta, pləsentə, moederkoek; adj. Placental. Placer, pleisə, plasə, goudbevattend terrein, goudmijn (ook fig.). Placid, plasid, kalm, rustig, vreedzaam; subst. Placidity, pləsiditi = Placidness. Placket, plakət, split v. een vrouwenrok (= Placket-hole); rok, schort, vrouw. Plagiarism, pleidžiərizm, letterdieverij; Plagiarist, pleidžiərist, letterdief; Plagiarize = letterdieverij plegen. Plague, pleig, subst. pest, plaag, ramp, straf; Plague verb. met de pest besmetten, met eenige ramp bezoeken; kwellen, plagen: (A) plague on his sentiments = laat hij met zijne opinies naar den duivel loopen; You little plague = kleine rakker! Plague-spot (Plague-token) = pestbuil, schandvlek; Plaguy, pleigi, pest - -, besmettelijk, vervelend, lastig, ondragelijk, veel, zeer. Plaice, pleis, schol; platvisch. Plaid, plad, pleid, subst. geruite wollen omslagdoek in Schotland; reisdeken; adj. Schotsch. Plain, plein, subst. vlakte, vlak, veld; adj. [405]vlak, open, helder, duidelijk, eenvoudig, niet schoon, leelijk; Plain verb. klagen, beklagen; uitleggen: In plain clothes = in burgerkleeren; A plain face = alledaagsch, niet mooi; In plain terms = ronduit; That’s the plain truth = dat is de zuivere waarheid; Sausage and plain = worst met gekookte aardappelen; He put it very plain = drukte zich zeer duidelijk uit; Plain cooking = burgerpot; Plain-dealer =
oprecht en eerlijk man; Plain-dealing = oprechtheid, rondheid; Plain-song = koraalgezang; Plain-speaking = openhartigheid, oprechtheid; Plain-spoken = openhartig, rond; Plain-work = nuttige handwerken; Plainness = vlakheid, etc. Plaint, pleint, weeklacht, klaaglied; aanklacht; Plaintiff = (aan)klager, eischer; Plaintive = jammerend, klagend, droevig; subst. Plaintiveness. Plaister, plâstə, pleistə; Zie Plaster. Plait, pleit, subst. platte vouw, plooi; vlecht; bonbon, borstplaat; Plait verb. vouwen, plooien, vlechten: She carefully removes my plaits (= valsche vlechten of valsch haar) and gingerly applies the comb to what is left on my head. Plan, plan, subst. ontwerp, plan, schets, methode; Plan verb. een plan maken, schetsen, ontwerpen, beoogen: Plan of campaign = krijgsplan; On an entirely new plan = volgens eene geheel nieuwe methode; The plan fell away (through) = viel in duigen; I have changed my plans = ik ben van plan veranderd; They were always planning and plotting = aan het plannen maken en samenzweren; Planless; Planner. Planchet, planšət, muntplaatje. Plane, plein, vlak, effen; subst. vlakte, vlak, oppervlak, basis, sfeer, trap, gebied; schaaf; plataan (= Plane-tree); Plane verb. effenen, schaven: Plane chart = kaart naar Mercators projectie; Plane geometry = vlakke meetkunde; Plane sailing = zeilen op een gelijkgradige kaart; eenvoudige zaak; Plane-table = planchet (in graden verdeeld instrument voor het landmeten); Plane-tree = plataanboom; Planer = schaver; schaaf.
Planet, planət, planeet; Planet-struck, Planet-stricken = door den invloed van planeten getroffen, als verlamd; Planet-wheel = planeetrad; Planetarium, planətêriəm, planetarium; Planetary = veroorzaakt door planeten; planeet…; Planetoid, planətôid, asteroid. Plangent, planž’nt, luid klotsend. Planimetric(al), pleinimetrik(’l), planimetrik(’l), planimetrisch; Planimetry, plənimətri, pleinimətri, vlakke meetkunde. Planing, pleiniŋ: Planing bench = schaafbank; Planing- machine = schaafmachine. Planish, planiš, planeeren, glad schaven, polijsten, pletten; Planisher. Planisphere, planisfîə, planisfeer. Plank, plaŋk, subst. plank; beginsel van een politiek programma; Plank verb. met planken beleggen of bedekken; neerleggen (gooien) = To plank down (Amer.); The pirates made their captives walk the plank = spoelden hun gevangenen de voeten; A planked way = plankier. Plano, pleinou: Plano-concave = planconcaaf; Plano-conical = planconisch; Plano-convex = planconvex. Plant, plânt, subst. plant, gewas; al het materiaal voor een bepaalden arbeid; bedriegerij, zwendel; Plant verb. planten, vestigen, neerzetten, zaaien: Railway plant = al het materiaal voor een spoorweg; I am sure he has some plant on = dat hij iets in het schild voert; Planting his right foot with some force on the ground = neerzettende; To plant oneself four square = zich schrap zetten; Plant-cane = suikerriet van het eerste jaar; Plant-
marker = naambordje (bij plant.); Planter; Planting-ground = (kunstmatige) oesterbank; Plantlet = plantje. Plantain, plantən, weegbree; pisang. Plantation, planteiš’n, aanplanting, beplanting, plantage, nederzetting. Plantigrade, plantigreid, op de zolen loopend; zoolganger. Plap, plap, kletteren (v. water). Plaque, plâk, geëmailleerd of beschilderd bord van aardewerk of metaal; ster van eene orde, schijf; Plaquette, pləket, plaquette. Plash, plaš, subst. tak (in eene heg) met andere takken dooreengevlochten; geklots, geplas, plas; Plash verb. dooreenvlechten van takken; plassen, sprenkelen; Plashy, plaši, drassig; gespikkeld. Plasma, plazmə, plasma; een soort van groen kwarts; Plasmatic(al) = vorm of gedaante gevend; plasma-achtig. Plaster, plâstə, subst. pleister(werk), gips, cement; pleister; Plaster verb. bepleisteren, berapen, besmeren: Calcined plaster = Plaster of Paris = gebrande gips; Plaster bust = buste van gips; Plaster image = gipsen beeldje; Plaster image maker; Adhesive (Sticking) plaster = hechtpleister; Blistering (Cantharides, Vesicating) plaster = trekpleister; Court plaster (Isinglass plaster) = Engelsche pleister; He was plastered all over = als bedekt met pleisters of pappen; Plasterer = stucadoor. Plastic, plastik, plastisch, beeldend, vormend, vormbaar: Plastic art = de beeldende kunst; Plastic clay = pottebakkersaarde; Plasticity, pləstisiti, plasticiteit, vormbaarheid.
Plastron, plastr’n, borstharnas, borst- of stootlap (voor schermers), borststuk, borst in kleedingstuk; plastron. Plat, plat, subst. lapje grond, plan, vlecht, vlechtstroo (= Platting); Plat verb. een plattegrond maken van, vlechten; Platband = rabat (bloembed), bovenstijl van venster of deur. Platan, plat’n, Platane, platein, plataan. Plate, pleit, subst. plaat, bord, metalen vaatwerk, gouden en zilveren schotels of andere voorwerpen (als prijzen), tafelzilver, schaal, gang, etc.; harnas; Plate verb. met zilver of goud bedekken, pantseren, pletten; Plate-armour = pantserplaten; Plate-basket = afhaalmandje; Plate-fleet = (de Spaansche) zilvervloot; Plate- glass = spiegelglas; Plate-iron = plaatijzer; Plate-layer = legger van spoorstaven; Plate-mark = keur; Plate-rack = rek voor borden en schotels; Plate-warmer. Plateau, plətou, hoogvlakte, tafelland. Platen, plat’n, degel (boekdr.). [406] Platform, platföm, verhoogde vloer, tribune, terras, balkon (van tram), perron, politiek programma of pol. redevoeringen; bedding van een stuk geschut. Platina, platinə, plətînə, Platinum, platinɐm, plətînəm, platina: Platinum crucible; Platinum-wire; adj. Platinic; Platiniferous = platina opleverend. Platitude, platitjûd, platheid, onbeduidendheid, oppervlakkigheid: He is endlessly prolix and platitudinous = en vol gemeenplaatsen. Plato, pleitou, Plato; Platonic, plətonik, platonisch: Platonic love (= Platonics); Platonic year = platonisch jaar (ongeveer 26,000
jaren); Platonism = wijsbegeerte van P.; Platonist = volgeling van Plato. Platoon, plətûn, peleton: In (By) platoons; Platoon firing. Platter, platə, houten bord, groote platte schotel. Plaudit, plôdit, toejuiching; Plauditory = toejuichend. Plausibility, plôzibiliti, subst. v. Plausible, plôzib’l, plausibel, aannemelijk, aangenaam voor oog of zinnen, mooi pratend, met gladde tong; subst. Plausibleness. Play, plei, subst. spel, vermaak, vrijheid van handeling, ruimte, tooneelstuk, wijze van spelen; Play verb. spelen, in beweging zijn, bespuiten, beschieten, etc.: It was as good as a play = onbetaalbaar; Play of colours = kleurenspel; A play on (upon) words = woordspeling; To leave off boys’ play = de kinderschoenen uittrekken; Let him have fair play = geef hem een eerlijke kans, behandel hem zoo royaal mogelijk; That is not fair play = niet eerlijk; To give full (free) play = vrij spel laten; A child at play = spelend; His pen was in full play = hij gebruikte zijne pen ter dege; The waterworks were in full play = aan ’t springen; I am in play = aan stoot (bilj.); He called into play all his influence = hij liet al zijn invloed gelden; You must try to hold (keep) them in play = aan den gang te houden; To put into play = in beweging brengen; You must play or pay = ge moet doorspelen of alles verbeuren (“hangen of verzuipen”); To play fair, foul = eerlijk, oneerlijk; You play me false = bedriegt mij; He plays fast and loose with his money = hij gooit zijn geld weg; He plays fast and loose = hij is grillig, wispelturig; To play boats (horses, school, soldiers) = scheepjezeilen, paardje spelen, etc.; To play (at) cards (chess, dice); To play the deuce (devil) with = beetnemen, erg te pakken nemen, ondermijnen; To play a
fish = laten uitspartelen; To play the fool (with) = zich mal aanstellen (malle streken uithalen met); To play the game = eerlijk of flink handelen; He plays a capital knife and fork = kan geducht eten, eet kolossaal; To play a prominent part = een hoofdrol spelen; He has played (the) truant = hij is stil uit school (van zijn werk) weggebleven; They played first at blindman’s buff and then at keeping house = ze speelden eerst blindemannetje en toen huismoedertje; Two can play at this = dàt kan ik ook; We will not play for money but for love = niet om geld, maar om de eer (voor ons plezier); I only play for safety = op goed af (bilj.); To play into each other’s hands = elkaar den bal toekaatsen (fig.); He played off that trick on me = hij bakte mij die poets; To play off one against the other = tegen elkaar uitspelen; He has many talents, but he plays them off = loopt er mee te koop; To play on words = woordspelingen maken; They played out their dinner = betaalden het diner met hun spelen; Played out = op, verbruikt, uitgeput; The musicians must play up = beginnen, opspelen; They did not play up to me = zij speelden niet in mijn kaart; You play upon me = gij bedriegt mij; I played with his follies as an angler plays the fish at the end of his line = ik speelde met zijn dwaasheden, zooals de hengelaar den visch laat uitspartelen; Play-acting = tooneelspelen; Play-actor = tooneelspeler; Playbill = affiche, programma; Play-book = tekstboekje; Play-day = speeldag; vacantiedag; Play-debt = speelschuld; Playfellow = speelmakker; Playgoer = geregeld theaterbezoeker; Playground = speelplaats; Playhouse = theater; Playmate = speelkameraad; Plaything = stuk speelgoed; Playwright = schrijver van tooneelstukken = Play-writer; Player = speler; Playful = speelsch, schalksch; subst. Playfulness. Plea, plî, pleit, pleidooi, excuus, verweer, dringend verzoek: Court of Common Pleas = vroeger gerechtshof, thans onder The Queen’s Bench Division van het High Court of Justice; On (Under) the plea
that = onder voorwendsel; To urge the plea of necessity = op de noodzakelijkheid wijzen. Pleach, plîtš: Pleached walk = berceau. Plead, plîd, pleiten, een pleidooi houden, zich verweren, bewijzen voor of tegen bijbrengen, voorgeven, aanvoeren, verontschuldigen: To plead for a person, To plead a person’s cause = iemands zaak bepleiten; He pleaded ignorance, innocence, guilty = hij gaf voor dat hij er niets van wist, dat hij onschuldig was, hij bekende; Pleadable = wat aangevoerd kan worden; Pleader: Special pleader = sophistisch verdediger; Special pleading = het aanvoeren van nieuw bewijsmateriaal (in tegenstelling met het weerleggen van het door de tegenpartij aangevoerde), draaierij; Pleadings = protocollen, processen-verbaal, processtukken. Pleasance, plez’ns, vermaak, vroolijkheid; lusthof; Pleasant, plez’nt, aangenaam, prettig, vroolijk; subst. Pleasantness; Pleasantry, plez’ntri, vroolijkheid, scherts, grapje. Please, plîz, behagen, genot verschaffen, believen: He was pleased to say so = het behaagde hem; Are you not yet pleased! = hebt ge nog niet genoeg? He was pleased at hearing of my success = was verheugd te hooren; Pleased with = ingenomen met; Please come in = Will you please to walk in? = mag ik u verzoeken binnen te gaan; As you please = naar u verkiest; As pleased as Punch = dolblij; If you please = alstublieft; [407]ook: met permissie, note bene; Please, don’t say so = zeg dàt nu niet; Please acknowledge receipt = ontvangbewijs verzocht; Pleasing, subst. het behagen of voldoen; adj. aangenaam, behaaglijk: Pleasing ways = innemende manier van doen; subst. Pleasingness = innemendheid.
Pleasurable, pležərəb’l, aangenaam, subst. Pleasurableness; Pleasure, pležə, subst. genoegen, vermaak, genot, wensch, wil, welbehagen, keus, begeerte; Pleasure verb. zich vermaken: I am at your pleasure = ik hang af van uw welbehagen; At pleasure = naar goedvinden; It is a pleasure to me to do it = het is mij een genot; The pleasure is ours = het genoegen is aan ons; To take pleasure in = behagen scheppen in; Use your pleasure = doe wat gij niet laten kunt; I’ll wait his good pleasure = wachten tot het hem behagen zal; Pleasure-boat = pleizierboot; Pleasure- ground = park, uitspanningstuin; Pleasure-train = pleiziertrein (Amer.); Pleasure-trip = pleiziertochtje; To go (out) a-pleasuring = pret gaan maken. Pleat, plît; Zie Plait. Plebeian, plibîən, subst. plebejer; adj. plebejisch, plat, gemeen; Plebeianism = ploertenmanieren of -gewoonten, platheid; Plebeii, plibîai, plebejers. Plebiscite, plebis(a)it, plebisît, plebisci(e)t; Plebs, plebz, plebs. Pledge, pledž, subst. pand, onderpand, borgtocht, het drinken van iemands gezondheid, liefdepand; Pledge verb. verpanden, als onderpand geven, plechtig verbinden, iemands gezondheid drinken: He has redeemed his pledge = zijn pand ingelost, zijne belofte gehouden of gestand gedaan; To take the pledge = afschaffer worden; To hold in pledge = in pand houden; To put in pledge = verpanden; He pledged me in return = deed mij bescheid; I pledge my word on it = verpand er mijn woord onder; They have pledged themselves too deeply to recant = zich te zeer en te plechtig verbonden; I have pledged myself to you on behalf of my brother = ben bij u borg gebleven; Pledgee, pledžî = pandnemer; Pledger.
Pledget, pledžət, plok, plukselverband. Pleiades, plîədîz, het zevengesternte. Plenary, plînəri, plenəri, volkomen, geheel: Plenary absolution, Plenary indulgence = volle absolutie, aflaat; Plenary meeting = plenum, voltallige vergadering; Plenary power = volmacht. Plenipotentiary, plenipətenšəri, plînipətenšəri, subst. en adj. gevolmachtigd(e). Plenitude, plenitjûd, volheid, volkomenheid. Plenteous, plentjəs, overvloedig, in groot aantal; subst. Plenteousness; Plentiful = overvloedig: Apples were plentiful and rare this year = dit jaar gaf een overvloed van zeldzaam mooie appels; subst. Plentifulness; Plenty, plenti, subst. overvloed; adj. en adv. overvloedig: He has plenty of money = veel geld; You will be in plenty of time (have plenty of time) = hebt meer dan tijd; Horn of plenty = hoorn des overvloeds. Pleonasm, plîənazm, pleonasme; Pleonastic = overtollig. Plesiosaurus, plîziəsôrəs, fossiele zeehagedis. Plethora, plethərə, volbloedigheid, overvloed; adj. Plethoric, pləthorik, plethərik. Pleura, plûrə, borstvlies; Pleural = borstvlies..; Pleurisy, plûrisi, borstvliesontsteking, pleuris = Pleuritis, pluraitis. Pliability, plaiəbiliti, subst. v. Pliable, plaiəb’l, buigzaam, lenig, volgzaam; subst. Pliableness = Pliancy, plaiənsi; Pliant, plaiənt, buigzaam, smijdig, gedwee.
Plicate(d), plaikit(id), gevouwen, geplooid; Plication = platte vouw. Pliers, plaiəz, vouw- of buigtang. Plight, plait, subst. belofte; toestand, geval; Plight verb. verpanden, beloven: In good (a sorry) plight = er goed (slecht) aan toe; He plighted his faith = gaf zijn eerewoord; They had plighted their troth to each other = hadden elkander trouw beloofd. Plimsoll, plimsol: Plimsoll’s mark = wettig voorgeschreven lastlijn. Plinth, plinth, plint, onderste gedeelte van den zuilsokkel. Pliny, plini, Plinius. Plod, plod, zwoegen, ploeteren, hard blokken: To plod at one’s books = vossen; Plodder. Plop, plop, plonsen; interj. plomp, klets: To fall plop into the water. Plot, plot, subst. samenzwering, complot, intrige of knoop; stuk gronds, platte grond; Plot verb. samenzweren, plannen smeden; ontwerpen, traceeren: A complicated plot = ingewikkelde intrige; Secondary, Subplot; They laid (wove) a plot = zij smeedden eene samenzwering; Grass plot = grasveld; To plot a line = een spoorlijn traceeren; To plot against = een samenzwering smeden tegen; To plot down (out) = ontwerpen; Plotter = plannenteekenaar, samenzweerder; Plotting-scale = verkleinde schaal. Plough, plau, subst. ploeg, holle schaaf; Plough verb, ploegen, groeven: You must put your hand to the plough = de hand aan
den ploeg slaan; To plough a lonely furrow = alleen staan; To plough the sands = nutteloos werk doen; To plough in = onderploegen; To plough up = omploegen; He was ploughed = hij zakte voor het examen; Ploughboy = ploeger, arbeider; kinkel; Plough-handle = staart; He had a plough-handle-stoop in his shoulders = hij liep met krommen rug; Ploughland = bouwland, geploegd land; Ploughman = ploeger, boer; Plough Monday = Maandag na Driekoningen (6 Jan.); Plough-share = ploegijzer, kouter; Plough-tail = ploegstaart; Ploughing-machine; Ploughing-match. Plover, plɐvə, pluvier. Pluck, plɐk, subst. ruk, trek, ingewand, moed, vuur, korf (bij examen); Pluck verb. (kaal) plukken, rukken, afwijzen: He has no end of pluck = hij heeft veel “durf”; He is a plucked one = heeft durf; The best plucked man I ever saw = kranigste; I have a crow to pluck with you = een appeltje met u te schillen; To pluck a pigeon = een suffer plukken (bij ’t spel); To pluck up courage, spirit = moed vatten, bijeenrapen; He was (got) plucked = hij is gezakt; Plucky; You [408]are a plucky little fellow = een dapper ventje. Plug, plɐg, subst. plug, prop, pin; Plug verb. dichtstoppen, plombeeren: Plug of a pump = zuiger van eene pomp; Plug of tobacco = prop tabak; She thinks that I am going to be plugged = neergeschoten zal worden (Amer.); Plug-basin = fonteintje; Plug-hat = hooge “dop”. Plum, plɐm, pruim, rozijn, 100.000 pond sterling, groot fortuin, beste deel, goed zaakje; Plum-cake = rozijnentaart; Plum-loaf = rozijnenbrood; Plum-pudding = rozijnenpudding; Plum-tree = pruimenboom.
Plumage, plûmidž, gevederte. Plumb, plɐm, subst. schietlood; adj. loodrecht, degelijk, eerlijk; adv. pardoes; Plumb verb. loodrecht zetten, polsen, peilen: Out of plumb = uit het lood; She plumbed their depths of misery = peilde; Plumb-line = schiet- of loodlijn; ook verb.; Plumb-rule = waterpas; Plumber, plɐmə, loodwerker, loodgieter: All the crowned heads, bankers and plumbers of Europe = en groote lui (Amer.) van Europa; Plumbery = artikelen van loodwerk, loodgieterij, het loodgieten; Plumbic, plɐmbik, loodhoudend; Plumbiferous, plɐmbifərɐs, lood opleverend; Plumbing, plɐmiŋ, het werken in lood, looden pijpen. Plumbago, plɐmbeigou, graphiet. Plume, plûm, subst. veer, pluim, eereteeken, lauwer; Plume verb. de veeren terecht of gelijk leggen, met veeren versieren, pochen, plukken, plunderen: The swan plumed itself = streek zijne veeren glad; He plumed himself on his liberality = liet zich voorstaan op; Plumeless; Plumelet = pluimpje; Plumiped, plûmiped, subst. en adj. (vogel) met veeren aan de pooten. Plummet, plɐmət, dieplood, peillood. Plummy, plɐmi, voortreffelijk. Plumose, plumous, plûmous, vederachtig, gevederd; Plumosity, plumositi, gevederdheid. Plump, plɐmp, subst. klomp; adj. mollig, dik, grof; Plump verb. dik worden, opzwellen, neerploffen, uitflappen (out), alles op één paard zetten; stemmen op één candidaat (in plaats van op alle personen op wie men stemmen mag) = To plump one’s vote = To plump for a candidate; adv. plotseling, pardoes, zwaar, eenvoudig,
botweg: Plump in the pocket = met vollen buidel; To come plump upon = overvallen; Say it out plump = vooruit! zeg op! Plumper = pruim tabak, valsche buste; stem aan slechts één der candidaten, stemmer op slechts één der candidaten; brutale leugen; Plumply = rond, botweg, platweg; Plumpness; Plumpy = dik, mollig, glad. Plumy, plûmi, gevederd. Plunder, plɐndə, subst. plundering, buit, roof, bagage en huisraad van een landverhuizer (Amer.), winst; Plunder verb, plunderen, rooven; Plunderage = verduistering aan boord; Plunderer. Plunge, plɐnž, subst. indompeling, doop (door onderdompeling), achteruitslaan van een paard, hooge en roekelooze weddenschap of speculatie, plotseling en opzienbarend bericht, afgrond, draaikolk, klem (fig.); Plunge verb. (onder)dompelen, plonzen, springen, doopen, achteruit slaan, steil afhellen, zwaar en roekeloos wedden, geld uitgeven: To make the plunge = den beslissenden stap doen, op den slechten weg geraken; To take a plunge = duiken, storten; The plunge of the Pall Mall Gazette about Mr. Gladstone’s retirement = opzienbarend bericht omtrent het aftreden van den minister G.; By plunges = bij rukken; He plunged awfully = speelde, speculeerde hoog; To plunge after a person = achterna springen; I have plunged a bit in trifles = heb wat geld in kleinigheden gestoken; The ship plunged on her way = zette stampend zijne reis voort; Plunged in thought = in gedachten verzonken; Plunger = dolleman, dolle speculant of wedder; zuiger (v. perspomp); Plungers = zware cavalerie; Plunging = van boven naar onderen gericht: Plunging-fire. Pluperfect, plûpɐ̂ fəkt, plupɐ̂ fəkt, voltooid verleden (tijd).
Plural, plûr’l, subst. en adj. meervoudig (woord); Pluralism = meervoudigheid; het gelijktijdig bezitten van meer dan één living; Pluralist = geestelijke, die te gelijkertijd meer dan één living heeft; Plurality, pluraliti, getal van twee of meer, meerderheid; Pluralize = meervoudig maken. Plus, plɐs, plus(teeken) = +. Plush, plɐš, pluche: Plush-velvet = zijden pluche; Plush- velveteen = wollen pluche; Plushy. Plutarch, plûtâk. Pluto, plûtou, Pluto; Plutocracy, geldheerschappij(aristocratie); adj. Plutocratic; Plutonian = Plutonic = tot Pluto of de onderwereld behoorende, door vuur ontstaan: Plutonic theory, of Plutonism = de theorie der Plutonists, die beweren, dat de gesteenten door de werking van het vuur zijn ontstaan; Plutus, plûtəs. Pluvial, plûvjəl, vochtig, regenachtig, regen - -; Pluviameter, Pluviometer = regenmeter; Pluviose, plûvious, vijfde maand van het republik. jaar (20 Jan.–19 Febr.); Pluvious, plûvjəs, vochtig, regenachtig. Ply, plai, subst. kronkel, vouw, plooi, neiging, zin, aanleg; Ply verb. zich toeleggen op, ijverig doen of uitvoeren, zich bezighouden, aandringen, gedurig lastig vallen, geregeld varen of zeilen, laveeren, omzien naar: He took a ply from his tutor = plooide zich naar de inzichten van; To ply the bottle = geducht aanspreken; The spider plied its nimble legs = bewoog vlug, snel; To ply the oars = krachtig roeien; She plied her task = zij werkte ijverig aan hare taak; To ply a trade = uitoefenen; Many steamers ply between Holland and America = varen; They plied him with drink = maakten hem dronken; They so plied him with smiles and favours
that he grew crazy with ecstasy = overlaadden hem; To ply with questions = overstelpen met; Plyer. Plymouth, pliməth: Plymouth Brethren = eene Calvinistische broedergemeente, opgericht tusschen 1820–35 te Dublin en Plymouth; Plymouthism. [409] Pneumatic(al), njumatik(’l), lucht-, gasachtig, met lucht gevuld, door luchtdruk bewogen: Pneumatic dispatch = luchtdrukpost; Pneumatic pump = luchtpomp; Pneumatic tyres = luchtbanden; Pneumatics = pneumatica. Pneumonia, njumounjə, longontsteking; Pneumonic, njumonik, long - - -; subst. middel voor de longen. Poach, poutš, stroopen (ook fig.); door veel loopen modderig of moerassig maken, (zijn, worden), gepelde eieren bakken in boter, of breken in kokend water; Poacher = strooper; Poachy = drassig, moerassig. Po(a)chard, po(u)tšəd, poukəd, tafeleend. Pock, pok, pok; Pock-mark, Pock-pit = pokteeken; Pock- marked, Pock-pitted, Pock-fretten = van de pokken geschonden, pokdalig = Pocky. Pocket, pokət, subst. zak, holte, diepte, maat voor hop, gember, wol, enz.; Pocket verb. in den zak steken, gappen, stoppen, hinderen: I am in pocket, out of pocket = ik win, verlies; I am out of pocket = heb geen cent; Nothing but empty pockets lies between her and William = dat zij en W. niets hebben staat alleen hun engagement in den weg; I am in her pocket = bij haar in de gunst; I have Pa in my pocket = kan met Pa doen wat ik wil; This would have placed Turkey in the pocket of the Czar =
in de macht gebracht hebben van; Put that in your pocket = steek dat in je zak; He had spent the evening in her pocket = had alleen werk van haar gemaakt; Hip-pocket, Pistol pocket = heupzak (achterzak) in een pantalon; He pocketed the affront, insult, wrong = hij slikte de beleediging, het onrecht; You pocketed my ball by a fluke = stopte; Pocket-argument = zelfzuchtig argument; Pocket-book = zakboek(je); Pocket- borough = kiesdistrict dat geheel in de macht is van één grondbezitter; Pocket-copy (= Pocket-edition); Pocket-glass = zakspiegeltje; Pocket-handkerchief = zakdoek; Pocket-hole = zakopening; Pocket-knife = zakmes; Pocket-money = zakgeld. Pockwood, pokwud, pokhout. Poco, poukou, een weinig (muz.). Pod, pod, subst. dop, schil, peul; school robben, walvisschen; Pod verb. opzwellen, doppen, peulen vormen; Pod-net = fuik; Podded (fig.) = gemakkelijk. Podagra, podəgrə, pədagrə, het “pootje”, voeteuvel; adj. Podagral = Podagric(al). Podge, podž, modderige poel; Podge verb. roeren. Podgy, podži, kort en gezet; dronken. Podium, poudiəm, podium. Podrida, pədrîdə, mengelmoes. Podsnap, podsnap, type van stijve deftigheid; Podsnappery = peuterige, stijve deftigheid. Poe, pou.
Poem, pouim, gedicht: Minor poems = kleinere gedichten; Poesy, pouəsi, dichtkunst; Poet = dichter: Minor poet = dichter van den tweeden of derden rang; Poet Laureate = gekroonde of hofdichter (in Engeland); Poetaster, pouətastə, pouətastə, rijmelaar; Poetess, pouətəs, dichteres; Poetic(al), pouetik(’l), dichterlijk; Poetics = gedichten; leer (theorie) der dichterlijke vormen (ook Poetic); Poetize, pouətaiz, dichten, dichterlijk behandelen; Poetry = dichtkunst, poëzie, gedichten. Pogrom, pogrom, pogrom (Rusland). Poh, pou, bah! Poignancy, pôin’nsi, subst. v. Poignant, pôin’nt, scherp, bitter, stekelig, pijnlijk. Poind, pôind, schutten van vee; beslag leggen op (voor schuld). Point, pôint, subst. punt, spits, stip, stift, naald, nestel, oog, naaldkantwerk, doel, nadruk, gedachte, uitdrukking, eigenaardigheid, trek, wissel; Point verb. punten, scherpen, wijzen, richten, aanleggen, voegen, staan, pointeeren: What is the point = wat is de kwestie? That is a great point for me = van groot belang; That is rather a nice point with him = teer punt; He enumerated all the good points of his horse = eigenschappen; Blue points = een klein soort oesters (Amer.); The points of a speech = hoofdpunten; At the point of death (= On the point of dying); This is a case in point = dit is zoo’n geval als waarvan we thans spreken; In point of money = uit een oogpunt van; To rise to a point of order = vragen of de spreker niet “buiten de orde” is; In (from) a literary point of view = uit een letterkundig oogpunt; What you say there is not to the point = ter zake dienende; To be armed at all points = van top tot teen gewapend, op alles voorbereid; To come to a point = staan (van jachthonden); Things
had come to such a point that further delay would have been disastrous = hadden zulk eene hoogte bereikt; That’s what I call coming to the point = dat is nu eens op den man af; It came to the point = het kwam er op aan; Things were growing to a point = men kon het einde zien aankomen; We hate militarism to the point that = zoozeer, dat; You didn’t gain your point, you missed it = ge hebt uw doel niet bereikt, uw zin niet gekregen; He gave me points in (at) billiards = gaf mij vóór; To lend point to = accentueeren, sterk doen uitkomen; He always made (it) a point to stand (of standing) high in his employer’s regard = hij stelde zich altijd ten doel; The rain always makes a point of setting in when I wish to go out = heeft het er altijd op gezet te beginnen; He has tried to prove it, but his point is not absolutely made = maar is hierin niet volkomen geslaagd; Don’t press the point = dring niet te zeer aan; We shall not pursue the point = er niet verder op aandringen; I will not put too fine a point upon it = er niet te veel van zeggen; That would be straining (stretching) a point = daarmee zouden we een uitzondering maken, het niet zoo nauw nemen; To point a moral = tot zedeles doen strekken; This story points a moral against party disputes = bevat een les tegen; He pointed at me = behandelde verachtelijk; The cannon was pointed at the gate = was gericht op; To point out = aanwijzen, in ’t licht stellen; The clock pointed to the hour, to seven = wees het uur aan, stond op zeven; Point-blank = recht op het doel af, zonder omwegen, op den man af, botweg: I told [410]him so point-blank = ik heb het hem in zijn gezicht gezegd; Pointsman = wisselwachter; Pointed = gepunt, scherp, geestig, geestrijk: A pointed remark = fijne, scherpe opmerking; She only answered when pointedly addressed = als het woord bepaaldelijk tot haar gericht werd; Pointer = wijzer, staande hond, stift, graveerstift; etsnaald; Pointless = stomp, dom, niet geschikt of ter zake.
Poise, pôiz, subst. gewicht, belang, evenwicht, houding; Poise verb. wegen, overwegen, in evenwicht brengen of zijn: The elegant poise of her head; The cloud hung at poise over the hill = hing zwevend; Poise down = drukken, onderdrukken. Poison, pôiz’n, subst. vergift; Poison verb. vergiftigen, besmetten: Poisoned cup = giftbeker = Poison-cup; Poison-fang = gifttand; Poisoner; Poisonous = vergiftig; subst. Poisonousness. Poitiers, pôitîəz. Poke, pouk, subst. zak, blaas, stoot, duw; Poke verb. duwen, stooten, tasten, voelen, zoeken, onderzoeken, beuzelen (Amer.): That was a sly poke at him = dat was een steek op hem; His life and character were poked into = nauwkeurig onderzocht; He poked his head through the window = stak; He can poke fun urbanely = op fijne wijze spotten of schertsen met, over; He poked some very effective fun at continental customs = spotte raak met.…; Poke-bonnet = ouderwetsche tuithoed; Poker = pook; boeman (Am.), pedèl v. den Vice-Chancellor (Oxf.), slakkensteker (degen), bluffen (kaartspel): As stiff as a poke; To have swallowed the poke = To have a poke up one’s back = zich stijf houden (gedragen); Poke-drawing = brandschilderen; Poky = onnoozel, dom; bekrompen, nauw, klein: A poky little place = bekrompen, klein; A poky little staircase = zeer nauwe trap. Polacca, pəlakə, driemaster (Middell. Z.). Poland, poul’nd, Polen; Polander = Pool. Polar, poulə, pool…: Polar bear = ijsbeer; Polar circles = poolcirkels; Polar expedition; Polar sea; Polar star = poolster; Polarity, pəlariti, polariteit; Polarizable, pouləraizəb’l,
polariseerbaar; Polarization = het polariseeren; Polarize = polariseeren. Polder, pouldə, polder. Pole, poul, Pool. Pole, poul, pool, paal, stang, dissel, stok, pols, uiterste punt; 5½ yard; Pole verb. staken zetten bij, voortboomen, beschoeien, inpompen; Pole-ax(e), subst. hellebaard, enterbijl, slachtbijl; Pole- axe verb. met eene bijl dooden; Pole-axe isolation will be necessary against the rinderpest = afmaking van aangetast en verdacht vee; A lot of crippled crocks, only fit to be pole-axed = een troep kreupele vilderspaarden, alleen geschikt om gedood te worden; Pole-star = poolster. Polecat, poulkat, bunzing. Polemic, pəlemik, polemisch; polemicus: Polemics = polemiek. Polenta, pəlentə, soort pap van maïs, aardappelmeel of gerstemeel. Police, pəlîs, subst. politie; ook verb.: Mounted police = bereden politie; A number of troops will be necessary to police the country = orde en regel te brengen in; Police-commissioner = commissaris; Police-constable = agent; Police-court = politierechtbank; Police-inspector = inspecteur; Police- magistrate = politierechter; Policeman = agent; Police-office = bureau (Police-station); Police-officer = ambtenaar bij de politie. Policy, polisi, staatkunde, staatsbeleid, overleg, omzichtigheid, wijsheid; polis; park van een landgoed (Schotland): Honesty is the best policy = eerlijk duurt het langst; Life policy = levensverzekeringspolis.
Polish, pouliš, Poolsch. Polish, poliš, subst. politoer, glans, verfijning, beschaving; Polish verb. polijsten, poetsen, beschaven, gaan glimmen, zich laten polijsten: He polished his eye-glasses = veegde af; To polish glass = glas slijpen; May I polish off that job for you? = dat zaakje … opknappen; I polished him off in no time = zette hem gauw op z’n plaats; Polished = gepolijst, beschaafd; Polishing: Polishing- cloths = wrijflappen; Polishing-paste = poetspommade; Let us give it a polishing = polijsten, politoeren, poetsen. Polite, pəlait, beschaafd, beleefd; subst. Politeness. Politic, politik, politiek, staatkundig, slim, sluw: The Body Politic = burgerlijke staat; Political, pelitik’l, politiek, staatsrechtelijk, staats - -, staatkundig: Political Economy = staathuishoudkunde; Politician, politiš’n, staatsman, staatkundige, politicus; Politics, politiks, staatkunde, politiek, slimheid: They were talking politics the whole evening = zij hadden het den geheelen avond over staatkunde; Polity, politi, regeerings(vorm), inrichting. Polk, poulk, een polka dansen: They liked waltzing and polking; Polka, poulkə, polkə, polka. Poll, pol, Mietje; papegaai, lorretje = Poll-parrot. Poll, poul, subst. hoofd, achterhoofd, persoon, register, lijst, stemming, stembus, stembureau; benedeneind van eene bijl; Poll verb. toppen, snoeien, knippen; stemmen, stemmen verkrijgen; registreeren, slaan (sport): The poll is over = de stemming is afgeloopen; At six the poll closed = sloot het stembureau; To go to the poll = gaan stemmen; kandidaat zijn; He was at the head of the poll = hij had de meeste stemmen; The ordinary or poll (ook pol uitgesproken) degree at Cambridge = de gewone graad
(Zie Pass) bij het B.A.; The jury was polled = de leden der jury werden hoofdelijk ondervraagd omtrent hun aandeel in de genomen beslissing (Amer.); Poll-cattle = ongehoornd vee; Poll-tax = hoofdelijke omslag; Polling-booths = (verplaatsbare) stembureaux; Polling-clerk = officieel stemopnemer; Polling- place (Poll-station) = stembureau. Pollard, poləd, geknotte of getopte boom (b.v. Pollard willow = knotwilg); dier dat zijn gewei of horens kwijt is; grootkop (visch, Zie Chub), zemelenmeel. [411] Pollen, pol’n, stuifmeel; Pollenize = bevruchten met stuifmeel; Pollinary (Pollinose) = als met stuifmeel bedekt; Pollination = bevruchting door insecten. Polliwig, poliwig, donderpad, kikkervischje. Pollute, pəljût, bezoedelen, besmetten, bevlekken, ontheiligen; Polluted(ness); Polluter; Pollution, pəljûš’n, bezoedeling, besmetting, bevlekking. Pollux, poləks; Polly, poli, Mietje, Marie(tje). Polo, poulou, soort balspel, te paard (of in ’t water) gespeeld. Polonaise, po(u)ləneiz, soort v. japon; Polonaise. Polony, pəlouni, worst van halfgaar-gekookt varkensvleesch. Poltroon, poltrûn, subst. lafaard; adj. lafhartig, verachtelijk; Poltroonery = lafheid; Poltroonish = laf. Polyandrian, poliandriən, polyandrisch; subst. Polyandry, Polyandry.
Polyanthus, polianthəs, tuberoos. Polygamist, poligəmist, voorstander der polygamie; adj. Polygamous; Polygamy = polygamie. Polyglot, poliglot, veeltalig; polyglotte, boek in vele talen; adj. Polyglottous. Polygon, poligon, veelhoek; Polygonal, Polygonous, pəligən’l, pəligənɐs, veelhoekig; Polygonum, pəligənɐm, Polygony, pəligəni, duizendknoop (grassoort). Polygraph, poligraf, soort hectograaf; verzameling van verschillende werken, veelschrijver; adj. Polygraphic(al), poligrafik(’l). Polyhymnia, polihimniə; Polynesia, polinîšə, polinîžə, Polynesië; Polynesian = van P.; Polynesiër. Polyp(e), polip, poliep. Polypod, polipod, duizendpoot; naaktvaren. Polypus, polipɐs, poliep inktvisch. Polysyllabic(al), polisilabik(’l), veellettergrepig; Polysyllable, polisiləb’l, polisiləb’l, veellettergrepig woord. Polysyndeton, polisindəton, polysyndeton. Polytechnic, politeknik, polytechnisch; subst. = Polytechnic- school = polytechnische school. Polytheism, polithîizm, veelgodenleer; Polytheist = geloover in veelgodenleer; adj. Polytheistic(al).
Pomace, pomis, pɐmis, pəmeis, droesem van geperste appelen; adj. Pomaceous = appel… Pomade, pəmeid, pəmâd, Pomatum, pəmeit’m, pommade; Pomade verb. pommadeeren. Pome, poum, appelvrucht; Pomegranate, pomgranit, pɐmgranit, granaatappel. Pomerania, poməreinjə, Pommeren: Pomeranian = Pommersch; Pommeriaan, keeshond; Pomfret, pomfrət. Pomiculture, poumikɐltšə, ooftboomkweekerij. Pommel, pɐm’l, subst. degen- of zadelknop; Pommel verb. slaan, bont en blauw slaan: They pommel(l)ed his back = sloegen op zijn rug; To pommel to a jelly = tot moes slaan. Pomologist, pəmolədžist, pomoloog; Pomology, pəmolədži de kunst v. (leerboek over) vruchten en vruchtboomen kweeken; Pomona. Pomp, pomp, praal, praalvertooning. Pompeian, pompeiən, pompîən; Pompeii, pompeijî, pompîjai; Pompeius, pompîjəs = Pompey, pompi, Pompeji; Pompejus. Pompion, pɐmpj’n, pompoen. Pompom, pompom, revolverkanon. Pompon, pompən, pompon. Pomposity, pompositi, praalzucht, vertoon, verwaandheid; gewichtigheid; adj. Pompous, pompəs, subst. Pompousness; Pomposo, pompousou, statig en waardig (muz.).
Pond, pond, vijver, poel. Ponder, pondə, overwegen, overpeinzen: He pondered the past = hij bepeinsde wat er gebeurd was; Ponderability = weegbaarheid; Ponderable = weegbaar; Ponderosity = zwaarte, gewicht, gewichtigheid; Ponderous = zwaar, gewichtig, saai; subst. Ponderousness. Pondicherry, pondišeri. Pone, poun, maïsbrood (Amer.). Pongee, pöndžî, mindere soort v. Chineesche zijde. Poniard, ponjəd, subst. dolk; Poniard verb. doorsteken. Ponsonby, pons’nbi. Pont, pont, veerschuit, veerpont. Pontic, pontik: Pontic Sea = Zwarte Zee. Pontifex, pontifeks (Mv. Pontifices, pontifisîz), Romeinsch priester; bisschop, paus; Pontifex-maximus = eerste dezer priesters, de Paus; Pontiff = hoogepriester, paus (= Supreme Pontifex); Pontifical, pontifik’l, subst. het liturgische boek voor de bisschoppelijke bedieningen; adj. hoogepriesterlijk, pauselijk: Pontifical States = de kerkelijke staat; Pontificals = onderscheidingen gedragen door bisschoppen en prelaten: In full pontificals = in pontificaal; Pontificate, pontifikit, hoogepriesterlijke of pauselijke waardigheid. Pont levis, pontləvis, pontlevis, ophaalbrug; het steigeren (van een paard).
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Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang

  • 1. Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang pdf download https://ebookfinal.com/download/machine-audition-principles- algorithms-and-systems-premier-reference-source-1st-edition- wenwu-wang/ Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks at ebookfinal.com
  • 2. We have selected some products that you may be interested in Click the link to download now or visit ebookfinal.com for more options!. Information Systems and New Applications in the Service Sector Models and Methods Premier Reference Source 1st Edition John Wang https://ebookfinal.com/download/information-systems-and-new- applications-in-the-service-sector-models-and-methods-premier- reference-source-1st-edition-john-wang/ Advanced Design Approaches to Emerging Software Systems Principles Methodologies and Tools Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Xiaodong Liu https://ebookfinal.com/download/advanced-design-approaches-to- emerging-software-systems-principles-methodologies-and-tools-premier- reference-source-1st-edition-xiaodong-liu/ Intelligent Soft Computation and Evolving Data Mining Integrating Advanced Technologies Premier Reference Source First Edition Leon Shyue-Liang Wang https://ebookfinal.com/download/intelligent-soft-computation-and- evolving-data-mining-integrating-advanced-technologies-premier- reference-source-first-edition-leon-shyue-liang-wang/ Crisis Response and Management and Emerging Information Systems Critical Applications Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Murray E. Jennex https://ebookfinal.com/download/crisis-response-and-management-and- emerging-information-systems-critical-applications-premier-reference- source-1st-edition-murray-e-jennex/
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  • 5. Machine Audition Principles Algorithms and Systems Premier Reference Source 1st Edition Wenwu Wang Digital Instant Download Author(s): Wenwu Wang ISBN(s): 9781615209194, 1615209190 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 12.40 MB Year: 2010 Language: english
  • 7. Machine Audition: Principles, Algorithms and Systems Wenwu Wang University of Surrey, UK Hershey • New York InformatIon scIence reference
  • 8. Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Director of Book Publications: Julia Mosemann Acquisitions Editor: Lindsay Johnston Development Editor: Joel Gamon Publishing Assistants: Casey Conapitski and Travis Gundrum Typesetter: Michael Brehm Production Editor: Jamie Snavely Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2011 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or com- panies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Machine audition : principles, algorithms, and systems / Wenwu Wang, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary:"Thisbookcoversadvancesinalgorithmicdevelopments,theoreticalframeworks,andexperimentalresearchfindings to assist professionals who want an improved understanding about how to design algorithms for performing automatic analysis of audio signals, construct a computing system for understanding sound, and to learn how to build advanced human-computer interactive systems"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-61520-919-4 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-61520-920-0 (ebook) 1. Computational auditory scene analysis. 2. Signal processing. 3. Auditory perception--Computer simulation. I. Wang, Wenwu, 1974- TK7881.4.M27 2010 006.4'5--dc22 2010010161 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
  • 9. Editorial Advisory Board Jonathon Chambers, Loughborough University, UK Jingdong Chen, Bell Labs, USA Shlomo Dubnov, University of California at San Diego, USA Philip Jackson, University of Surrey, UK Maria Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Gerasimos Potamianos, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Greece Gaël Richard, TELECOM ParisTech, France Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Paris Smaragdis, Adobe Systems, USA George Tzanetakis, University of Victoria, Canada List of Reviewers Tjeerd C. Andringa, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Thierry Bertin-Mahieux, Columbia University, USA Jingdong Chen, Bell Labs, USA Selina Chu, University of Southern California, USA Cédric Févotte, TELECOM ParisTec, France Pedro Gómez-Vilda, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Philip Jackson, University of Surrey, UK Maria Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Nilesh Madhu, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany Syed Mohsen Naqvi, Loughborough University, UK Hector Perez-Meana, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Paris Smaragdis, Adobe Systems, USA Stefan Soltuz, University of Surrey, UK Clive Cheong Took, Imperial College London, UK Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Ruohua Zhou, Queen Mary University of London, UK
  • 10. Preface ................................................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................xxi Section 1 Audio Scene Analysis, Recognition and Modeling Chapter 1 Unstructured Environmental Audio: Representation, Classification and Modeling............................... 1 Selina Chu, University of Southern California, USA Shrikanth Narayanan, University of Southern California, USA C.-C. Jay Kuo, University of Southern California, USA Chapter 2 Modeling Grouping Cues for Auditory Scene Analysis using a Spectral Clustering Formulation ...... 22 Luís Gustavo Martins, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto Portugal Mathieu Lagrange, CNRS - Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique Musique (IRCAM), France George Tzanetakis, University of Victoria, Canada Chapter 3 Cocktail Party Problem: Source Separation Issues and Computational Methods ................................ 61 Tariqullah Jan, University of Surrey, UK Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Chapter 4 Audition: From Sound to Sounds ......................................................................................................... 80 Tjeerd C. Andringa, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Table of Contents
  • 11. Section 2 Audio Signal Separation, Extraction and Localization Chapter 5 A Multimodal Solution to Blind Source Separation of Moving Sources............................................ 107 Syed Mohsen Naqvi, Loughborough University, UK Yonggang Zhang, Harbin Engineering University, China Miao Yu, Loughborough University, UK Jonathon A. Chambers, Loughborough University, UK Chapter 6 Sound Source Localization: Conventional Methods and Intensity Vector Direction Exploitation..... 126 Banu Günel, University of Surrey, UK Hüseyin Hacıhabiboğlu, King’s College London, UK Chapter 7 Probabilistic Modeling Paradigms for Audio Source Separation ....................................................... 162 Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Samer A. Abdallah, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mike E. Davies, University of Edinburgh, UK Chapter 8 Tensor Factorization with Application to Convolutive Blind Source Separation of Speech.............. 186 Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Bahador Makkiabadi, Cardiff University, UK Chapter 9 Multi-Channel Source Separation: Overview and Comparison of Mask-Based and Linear Separation Algorithms ...................................................................................................... 207 Nilesh Madhu, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany André Gückel, Dolby Laboratories, Nürnberg, Germany Chapter 10 Audio Source Separation Using Sparse Representations.................................................................... 246 Andrew Nesbit, Queen Mary University of London, UK Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK
  • 12. Section 3 Audio Transcription, Mining and Information Retrieval Chapter 11 Itakura-Saito Nonnegative Factorizations of the Power Spectrogram for Music Signal Decomposition ........................................................................................................ 266 Cédric Févotte, TELECOM ParisTech, France Chapter 12 Music Onset Detection........................................................................................................................ 297 Ruohua Zhou, Queen Mary University of London, UK Josh D. Reiss, Queen Mary University of London, UK Chapter 13 On the Inherent Segment Length in Music......................................................................................... 317 Kristoffer Jensen, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark Chapter 14 Automatic Tagging of Audio: The State-of-the-Art............................................................................ 334 Thierry Bertin-Mahieux, Columbia University, USA Douglas Eck, University of Montreal, Canada Michael Mandel, University of Montreal, Canada and Columbia University, USA Chapter 15 Instantaneous vs. Convolutive Non-Negative Matrix Factorization: Models, Algorithms and Applications to Audio Pattern Separation................................................................. 353 Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Section 4 Audio Cognition, Modeling and Affective Computing Chapter 16 Musical Information Dynamics as Models of Auditory Anticipation................................................. 371 Shlomo Dubnov, University of California in San Diego, USA Chapter 17 Multimodal Emotion Recognition ...................................................................................................... 398 Sanaul Haq, University of Surrey, UK Philip J.B. Jackson, University of Surrey, UK
  • 13. Chapter 18 Machine Audition of Acoustics: Acoustic Channel Modeling and Room Acoustic Parameter Estimation.......................................................................................................................... 424 Francis F. Li, The University of Salford, UK Paul Kendrick, The University of Salford, UK Trevor J. Cox, The University of Salford, UK Chapter 19 Neuromorphic Speech Processing: Objectives and Methods ............................................................. 447 Pedro Gómez-Vilda, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain José Manuel Ferrández-Vicente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Victoria Rodellar-Biarge, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Roberto Fernández-Baíllo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Agustín Álvarez-Marquina, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Rafael Martínez-Olalla, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Víctor Nieto-Lluis, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Luis Miguel Mazaira-Fernández, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Cristina Muñoz-Mulas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 474 About the Contributors.................................................................................................................... 515 Index................................................................................................................................................... 526
  • 14. Preface ................................................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................xxi Section 1 Audio Scene Analysis, Recognition and Modeling Chapter 1 Unstructured Environmental Audio: Representation, Classification and Modeling............................... 1 Selina Chu, University of Southern California, USA Shrikanth Narayanan, University of Southern California, USA C.-C. Jay Kuo, University of Southern California, USA The goal of this chapter is on the characterization of unstructured environmental sounds for understand- ing and predicting the context surrounding of an agent or device. Most research on audio recognition has focused primarily on speech and music. Less attention has been paid to the challenges and oppor- tunities for using audio to characterize unstructured audio. This chapter investigates issues in charac- terizing unstructured environmental sounds such as the development of appropriate feature extraction algorithms and learning techniques for modeling backgrounds of the environment. Chapter 2 Modeling Grouping Cues for Auditory Scene Analysis using a Spectral Clustering Formulation ...... 22 Luís Gustavo Martins, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto Portugal Mathieu Lagrange, CNRS - Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique Musique (IRCAM), France George Tzanetakis, University of Victoria, Canada Computational Auditory Scene Analysis (CASA) is challenging problem, to which many approaches can be broadly categorized as either model-based or grouping-based. Most existing systems either rely on prior source models or are solely based on grouping cues. In this chapter the authors argue that formulating this integration problem as clustering based on similarities between time-frequency atoms provides an expressive yet disciplined approach to building sound source characterization and separa- Detailed Table of Contents
  • 15. tion systems and evaluating their performance. They describe the main components of the architecture, its advantages, implementation details, and related issues. Chapter 3 Cocktail Party Problem: Source Separation Issues and Computational Methods ................................ 61 Tariqullah Jan, University of Surrey, UK Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK Cocktail party problem is a classical and challenging scientific problem that is still unsolved. Many efforts have been attempted by researchers to address this problem using different techniques. This chapter provides a review on recent progresses in several areas, such as independent component analy- sis, computational auditory scene analysis, model-based approaches, non-negative matrix factorization, sparse representation and compressed sensing. As an example, a multistage approach is also provided for addressing the source separation issue within this problem. Chapter 4 Audition: From Sound to Sounds ......................................................................................................... 80 Tjeerd C. Andringa, University of Groningen, The Netherlands The demand to function in uncontrolled listening environments has severe implications for machine audition. The natural system has addressed this demand by adapting its function flexibly to changing task demands. This chapter addresses the functional requirements of auditory systems, both natural and artificial, to be able to deal with the complexities of uncontrolled real-world input. Signal processing methods that are needed for such scenarios are also discussed. Section 2 Audio Signal Separation, Extraction and Localization Chapter 5 A Multimodal Solution to Blind Source Separation of Moving Sources............................................ 107 Syed Mohsen Naqvi, Loughborough University, UK Yonggang Zhang, Harbin Engineering University, China Miao Yu, Loughborough University, UK Jonathon A. Chambers, Loughborough University, UK Machine separation of moving audio sources is a challenging problem. This chapter presents a novel multimodal solution to blind source separation (BSS) of moving sources, where the visual modality is utilized to facilitate the separation of moving sources. The movement of the sources is detected by a relatively simplistic 3-D tracker based on video cameras. The tracking process is based on particle fil- tering which provides robust tracking performance. Positions and velocities of the sources are obtained from the 3-D tracker and if the sources are moving, real time speech enhancement and separation of the sources are obtained by using a beamforming algorithm.
  • 16. Chapter 6 Sound Source Localization: Conventional Methods and Intensity Vector Direction Exploitation..... 126 Banu Günel, University of Surrey, UK Hüseyin Hacıhabiboğlu, King’s College London, UK Automatic sound source localization may refer to determining only the direction of a sound source, which is known as the direction-of-arrival estimation, or also its distance in order to obtain its coordi- nates. Many of the methods proposed previously use the time and level differences between the signals captured by each element of a microphone array. This chapter presents an overview of these conven- tional array processing methods and a discussion of the factors that affect their performance. The chap- ter also discusses an emerging source localization method based on acoustic intensity, and addresses two well-known problems, localization of multiple sources and localization of acoustic reflections. Chapter 7 Probabilistic Modeling Paradigms for Audio Source Separation ....................................................... 162 Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Samer A. Abdallah, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK Mike E. Davies, University of Edinburgh, UK Source separation aims to provide machine listeners with similar skills to humans by extracting the sounds of individual sources from a given audio scene. Existing separation systems operate either by emulating the human auditory system or inferring the parameters of probabilistic sound models. In this chapter, the authors focus on the latter approach and provide a joint overview of established and recent models, including independent component analysis, local time-frequency models and spectral template-based models. They show that most models are instances of one of the following two general paradigms: linear modeling or variance modeling, and they compare the merits of either paradigm, report objective performance figures and discuss promising combinations of probabilistic priors and inference algorithms. Chapter 8 Tensor Factorization with Application to Convolutive Blind Source Separation of Speech.............. 186 Saeid Sanei, Cardiff University, UK Bahador Makkiabadi, Cardiff University, UK In this chapter, Tensor factorization (TF) is introduced to the problem of separation of sound particu- larly speech sources from their corresponding convolutive mixtures. TF is flexible and can easily in- corporate all possible parameters or factors into the separation formulation. As a consequence of that fewer assumptions (such as uncorrelatedness and independency) will be required. The new formulation allows further degree of freedom to the original parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) problem in which the scaling and permutation problems of the frequency domain blind source separation (BSS) can be resolved.
  • 17. Chapter 9 Multi-Channel Source Separation: Overview and Comparison of Mask-Based and Linear Separation Algorithms ...................................................................................................... 207 Nilesh Madhu, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany André Gückel, Dolby Laboratories - Nürnberg, Germany Machine-based multi-channel source separation in real life situations is a challenging problem, and has a wide range of applications, from medical to military. This chapter considers the specific application of a target speaker enhancement in the presence of competing speakers and background noise. It presents not only an exhaustive overview of state-of-the-art separation algorithms and the specific models they are based upon, but also the relations between these algorithms, where possible. In particular, it com- pares the performance difference between the mask-based techniques and the independent component analysis (ICA) techniques. Chapter 10 Audio Source Separation using Sparse Representations .................................................................... 246 Andrew Nesbit, Queen Mary University of London, UK Maria G. Jafari, Queen Mary University of London, UK Emmanuel Vincent, INRIA, France Mark D. Plumbley, Queen Mary University of London, UK The authors address the problem of audio source separation based on the sparse component analysis framework. The overriding aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how this framework can be used to solve different problems in different mixing scenarios. To address the instantaneous and underdeter- mined mixing model, a lapped orthogonal transform is adapted to the signal by selecting a basis from a library of predetermined bases. In considering the anechoic and determined mixing case, a greedy adaptive transform is used based on orthogonal basis functions that are learned from the observed data. The chapter also demonstrates the good signal approximations and separation performance by these methods using experiments on mixtures of speech and music signals. Section 3 Audio Transcription, Mining and Information Retrieval Chapter 11 Itakura-Saito Nonnegative Factorizations of the Power Spectrogram for Music Signal Decomposition ........................................................................................................ 266 Cédric Févotte, TELECOM ParisTech, France This chapter presents a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) technique for audio decomposition by considering factorization of the power spectrogram, with the Itakura-Saito (IS) divergence. The author shows that IS-NMF is connected to maximum likelihood inference of variance parameters in a well-defined statistical model of superimposed Gaussian components which is well suited to audio. The chapter further discusses the model order selection strategies and Markov regularization of the
  • 18. activation matrix. Extensions of NMF to the multichannel case, in both instantaneous and convolutive recordings, possibly underdetermined, together with audio source separation results of a real stereo musical excerpt are also included. Chapter 12 Music Onset Detection........................................................................................................................ 297 Ruohua Zhou, Queen Mary University of London, UK Josh D. Reiss, Queen Mary University of London, UK The authors provide a comprehensive introduction to the design of music onset detection algorithms. First, it introduces the general scheme and commonly-used time-frequency analysis for onset detec- tion. Then, it reviews many methods for onset detection in detail, such as energy-based, phase-based, pitch-based and supervised learning methods. The chapter also includes commonly used performance measures, onset annotation software, public database, and evaluation methods. Chapter 13 On the Inherent Segment Length in Music......................................................................................... 317 Kristoffer Jensen, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark This chapter presents automatic segmentation methods using different original representations of mu- sic, corresponding to rhythm, chroma, and timbre, and by calculating a shortest path through the self- similarity calculated from each time/feature representation. Each segmentation scale quality is ana- lyzed through the use of the mean silhouette value, which permits automatic segmentation on different time scales and gives indication on the inherent segment sizes in the music analyzed. Different methods are employed to verify the quality of the inherent segment sizes, by comparing them to the literature (grouping, chunks), by comparing them among themselves, and by measuring the strength of the inher- ent segment sizes. Chapter 14 Automatic Tagging of Audio: The State-of-the-Art............................................................................ 334 Thierry Bertin-Mahieux, Columbia University, USA Douglas Eck, University of Montreal, Canada Michael Mandel, University of Montreal, Canada and Columbia University, USA A great deal of attention has been paid recently to the automatic prediction of tags for music and au- dio in general. In the case of music, social tags have become an important component of ``Web 2.0’’ recommender systems. In an effort to better understand the task and also to help new researchers bring their insights to bear on this problem, this chapter provides a review of the state-of-the-art methods for addressing automatic tagging of audio. It is divided in the following sections: goal, framework, audio representation, labeled data, classification, evaluation, and future directions. Chapter 15 Instantaneous vs. Convolutive Non-Negative Matrix Factorization: Models, Algorithms and Applications to Audio Pattern Separation................................................................. 353 Wenwu Wang, University of Surrey, UK
  • 19. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been shown recently to be a useful technique for audio decomposition. However, the instantaneous NMF model has difficulty in dealing with the audio signals whose frequencies change dramatically over time, which is nevertheless in practice a case for many real signals. This chapter intends to provide a brief overview of the models and algorithms for both instan- taneous and convolutive NMF, with a focus on the theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of the convolutive NMF algorithms, and their applications to audio pattern separation problems. Section 4 Audio Cognition, Modeling and Affective Computing Chapter 16 Musical Information Dynamics as Models of Auditory Anticipation................................................. 371 Shlomo Dubnov, University of California in San Diego, USA This chapter investigates the modeling methods for musical cognition. The author explores possible relations between cognitive measures of musical structure and statistical signal properties that are re- vealed through information dynamics analysis. The addressed questions include: (1) description of music as an information source, (2) modeling of music–listener relations in terms of communication channel, (3) choice of musical features and dealing with their dependencies, (4) survey of different information measures for description of musical structure and measures of shared information between listener and the music, and (5) suggestion of new approach to characterization of listening experience in terms of different combinations of musical surface and structure expectancies. Chapter 17 Multimodal Emotion Recognition ...................................................................................................... 398 Sanaul Haq, University of Surrey, UK Philip J.B. Jackson, University of Surrey, UK This chapter provides a survey of research efforts in emotion recognition using different modalities: audio, visual and audio-visual combined. It also describes fifteen audio, visual and audio-visual data sets, and the types of feature that researchers have used to represent the emotional content. Several important issues, such as feature selection and reduction, emotion classification, and methods for fus- ing information from multiple modalities are also discussed. The chapter concludes by pointing out interesting areas in this field for future investigation. Chapter 18 Machine Audition of Acoustics: Acoustic Channel Modeling and Room Acoustic Parameter Estimation.......................................................................................................................... 424 Francis F. Li, University of Salford, UK Paul Kendrick, University of Salford, UK Trevor J. Cox, University of Salford, UK
  • 20. Propagation of sound from a source to a receiver in an enclosure can be modeled as an acoustic trans- mission channel. Objective room acoustic parameters are routinely used to quantify properties of such channels in the design and assessment of acoustically critical spaces. This chapter discusses a number of new methods and algorithms for determining room acoustic parameters using machine audition of naturally occurring sound sources, i.e. speech and music. In particular, reverberation time, early decay time and speech transmission index can be estimated from received speech or music signals using sta- tistical machine learning or maximum likelihood estimation in a semi-blind or blind fashion. Chapter 19 Neuromorphic Speech Processing: Objectives and Methods ............................................................. 447 Pedro Gómez-Vilda, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain José Manuel Ferrández-Vicente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Victoria Rodellar-Biarge, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Roberto Fernández-Baíllo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Agustín Álvarez-Marquina, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Rafael Martínez-Olalla, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Víctor Nieto-Lluis, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Luis Miguel Mazaira-Fernández, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Cristina Muñoz-Mulas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain In speech perception and recognition, many hidden phenomena are not well understood yet, including the semantic gap going from spectral time-frequency representations to the symbolic translation into phonemes and words, and the construction of morpho-syntactic and semantic structures. This chapter is intended to explore some of these facts at a simplifying level under two points of view: that of top- down analysis provided from speech perception, and the symmetric from bottom-up synthesis provided by the biological architecture of auditory pathways. It also includes an application-driven design of a neuromorphic speech processing architecture and the simulation details provided by a parallel imple- mentation of the architecture in a supercomputer. Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 474 About the Contributors.................................................................................................................... 515 Index................................................................................................................................................... 526
  • 21. xv Outline and Subject Of thiS bOOk Machine audition is the field of the study of algorithms and systems for the automatic analysis and understanding of sound by machine. It plays an important role in many applications, such as automatic audio indexing for internet searching, robust speech recognition in un-controlled natural environment, untethered audio communication within an intelligent office scenario, and speech enhancement for hear- ing aids and cochlear implants, etc. It has recently attracted increasing interest within several research communities, such as signal processing, machine learning, auditory modelling, perception and cognition, psychology, pattern recognition, and artificial intelligence. However, the developments made so far are fragmented within these disciplines, lacking connections and incurring potentially overlapping research activities in this subject area. The proposed book intends to bring together the advances in recent algo- rithmic developments, bridge the gaps between the methodologies adopted by the various disciplines, and overlook future directions in this subject. ObjectiveS, MiSSiOnS and the SchOlarly value This book aims to provide algorithmic developments, theoretical frameworks and empirical and ex- perimental research findings in the area of machine audition. It could be useful for professionals who want to improve their understanding about how to design algorithms for performing automatic analysis of audio signals, how to construct a computing system that could understand sound sources around us, and how to build advanced human-computer interactive systems. The book covers the existing and the emerging algorithms and frameworks for processing sound mixtures, the practical approaches for imple- menting machine audition systems, as well as the relationship between human and machine audition. It will provide professionals, academic researchers, students, consultants and practitioners with a good overview of how the sound might be understood by a machine based on algorithmic operation, and how the machine audition approaches might be useful for solving practical engineering problems in daily life. The book is the first of its kind that describes the theoretical, algorithmic and systematic results from the area of machine audition. It intends to promote “machine audition” as a subject area that is equally attractive to the popular subject of “computer vision”. The book treats audition in the context of general audio, rather than for specific data, such as speech in some existing literature. It contains many new approaches and algorithms, most recent numerical and experimental results, which could foster a better understanding of the state of the art of the subject and ultimately motivate novel ideas and thinking in Preface
  • 22. xvi the research communities. A unique characteristic about the book is that it brings together the fragments of the research findings in machine audition research across several disciplines, which could potentially promote cutting-edge research in this subject area. target audience The contents of this book are expected to be attractive to professionals, researchers, students and practi- tioners working in the fields of machine audition, audio engineering and signal processing. Researchers from the field of computer sciences, information technology and psychology will also be the audience of the book. The proposed book will be a precious reference for these audience who wish to have better understanding about the subject, to contribute to research of the subject, and to implement their new ideas and to provide technical consultancy in the field. The potential uses of the book include library reference, upper-level course supplement, resource for instructors, reference for researchers, reference book for policy makers, reference book for business- man, studying material for undergraduate or postgraduate students, resource for practitioners, resource for consultants, etc. OrganizatiOn Of the bOOk This book has nineteen chapters divided into four broader areas as follows: • Audio Scene Analysis, Recognition and Modeling • Audio Signal Separation, Extraction and Localization • Audio Transcription, Mining and Information Retrieval • Audio Cognition, Modeling and Affective Computing We briefly summarize the contents of each section and the main contributions of each chapter, based on the abstracts and details of the chapters provided by the authors. To be as much consistent with the original contributions as possible, the following summaries for each chapter are direct quotations of the descriptions provided by the authors, with some moderations. Section 1: audio Scene analysis, recognition and Modeling This section focuses on the computational principles and algorithms for audio scene analysis, recognition and modeling. It includes four chapters in several aspects of audio scene analysis, such as environmental audio recognition, computational auditory scene analysis, cocktail party problem, and the functional requirements of auditory systems for uncontrolled natural environments. The key issue that machine audition attempts to address is on the automatic analysis (understanding by computers) of the audio scenes using algorithm-based operations. From this aspect, progresses in this area are likely to have significant impact on this subject. Chapter 1, “Unstructured Environmental Audio: Representation, Classification and Modeling” by Chu, Narayanan, and Jay Kuo, discusses the characterization of unstructured environmental sounds for
  • 23. xvii understanding and predicting the context surrounding of an agent or device. Most research on audio recognition has focused primarily on speech and music. Less attention has been paid to the challenges and opportunities for using audio to characterize unstructured audio. This chapter investigates issues in characterizing unstructured environmental sounds such as the development of appropriate feature extraction algorithms and learning techniques for modeling backgrounds of the environment. Chapter 2, “Modeling Grouping Cues for Auditory Scene Analysis using a Spectral Clustering Formulation” by Martins, Lagrange, and Tzanetakis, proposes to formulate the integration problem in scene analysis as clustering based on similarities between time-frequency atoms and this provides an expressive yet disciplined approach to building sound source characterization and separation systems and evaluating their performance. The authors describe the main components of the architecture, its advantages, implementation details, and related issues. Chapter 3, “Cocktail Party Problem: Source Separation Issues and Computational Methods” by Jan and Wang, provides a review on recent progresses for cocktail party problem in several areas, such as independent component analysis, computational auditory scene analysis, model-based approaches, non- negativematrixfactorization,sparserepresentationandcompressedsensing.Asanexample,amultistage approach is also provided for addressing the source separation issue within this problem.The chapter also discusses the applications of cocktail party processing and its potential research directions for the future. Chapter 4, “Audition: From Sound to Sounds” by Andringa, addresses the functional requirements of auditory systems, both natural and artificial, to be able to deal with the complexities of uncontrolled real-world input. Signal processing methods that are needed for such scenarios are also discussed. The discussions are based on the demand to function in uncontrolled listening environments and their im- plications for machine audition. Section 2: audio Signal Separation, extraction and localization Source separation, extraction and localization play a central role in automatic auditory scene analysis. This section collects six recent contributions in this area, such as a multimodal approach for moving source separation, source separation based on probabilistic modeling or sparse representation, tensor factorization for source separation, multichannel source separation, and sound source localization based on intensity vector directions. Source separation problems have been studied extensively in the past two decades. It has widespread applications in, for example, robust speech recognition, teleconferencing, human-computer interaction and so on. Chapter 5, “A Multimodal Solution to Blind Source Separation of Moving Sources” by Naqvi, Zhang, Yu, and Chambers, proposes a novel multimodal solution to blind source separation (BSS) of moving sources, where the visual modality is utilized to facilitate the separation of moving sources. The movement of the sources is detected by a relatively simplistic 3-D tracker based on video cameras. The tracking process is based on particle filtering which provides robust tracking performance. Positions and velocities of the sources are obtained from the 3-D tracker and if the sources are moving, real time speech enhancement and separation of the sources are obtained by using a beamforming algorithm. Chapter 6, “Sound Source Localization: Conventional Methods and Intensity Vector Direction Exploitation” by Günel and Hacıhabiboğlu, presents an overview of the conventional array processing methods for sound source localization and a discussion of the factors that affect their performance. The chapter then discusses an emerging source localization method based on acoustic intensity, and addresses two well-known problems, localization of multiple sources and localization of acoustic reflections.
  • 24. xviii Chapter 7, “Probabilistic Modeling Paradigms for Audio Source Separation” by Vincent, Jafari, Abdallah, Plumbley, and Davies, focuses on the audio source separation methods by inferring the pa- rameters of probabilistic sound models. The authors provide a joint overview of established and recent models, including independent component analysis, local time-frequency models and spectral template- based models. They show that most models are instances of one of the following two general paradigms: linear modeling or variance modeling, and they compare the merits of either paradigm, report objective performancefiguresanddiscusspromisingcombinationsofprobabilisticpriorsandinferencealgorithms. Chapter8,“TensorFactorizationwithApplicationtoConvolutiveBlindSourceSeparationofSpeech” by Sanei and Makkiabadi, introduces the Tensor factorization (TF) technique for the separation of sound particularly speech sources from their corresponding convolutive mixtures. TF is flexible and can easily incorporate all possible parameters or factors into the separation formulation. As a consequence of that fewer assumptions (such as uncorrelatedness and independency) will be required. The new formulation allows further degree of freedom to the original parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) problem in which the scaling and permutation problems of the frequency domain blind source separation (BSS) can be resolved. Chapter 9, “Multi-Channel Source Separation: Overview and Comparison of Mask-Based and Linear Separation Algorithms” by Madhu and Gückel, considers the specific application of a target speaker enhancement in the presence of competing speakers and background noise. It presents not only an exhaustive overview of state-of-the-art separation algorithms and the specific models they are based upon, but also the relations between these algorithms, where possible. In particular, it compares the performance difference between the mask-based techniques and the independent component analysis (ICA) techniques. Chapter 10, “Audio Source Separation using Sparse Representations” by Nesbit, Jafari, Vincent, and Plumbley, addresses the problem of audio source separation based on the sparse component analysis framework. The overriding aim is to demonstrate how this framework can be used to solve different problemsindifferentmixingscenarios.Toaddresstheinstantaneousandunderdeterminedmixingmodel, a lapped orthogonal transform is adapted to the signal by selecting a basis from a library of predetermined bases.Inconsideringtheanechoicanddeterminedmixingcase,agreedyadaptivetransformisusedbased on orthogonal basis functions that are learned from the observed data. The chapter also demonstrates the good signal approximations and separation performance by these methods using experiments on mixtures of speech and music signals. Section 3: audio transcription, Mining and information retrieval This section includes five contributions on different aspects of audio transcription, mining and informa- tionretrieval,suchasmusicdecompositionbasedonmachinelearningtechniques,musiconsetdetection, music segmentation, and automatic tagging of audio. All these are important topics in machine audition and they attract increasing research interests recently. Research outputs in this area are likely to have strong impact in audio coding, compression, and indexing. Chapter 11, “Itakura-Saito Nonnegative Factorizations of the Power Spectrogram for Music Signal Decomposition” by Févotte, presents a nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) technique for audio decomposition by considering factorization of the power spectrogram, with the Itakura-Saito (IS) di- vergence. The author shows that IS-NMF is connected to maximum likelihood inference of variance parametersinawell-definedstatisticalmodelofsuperimposedGaussiancomponentswhichiswellsuited
  • 25. xix to audio. The chapter further discusses the model order selection strategies and Markov regularization of the activation matrix. Extensions of NMF to the multichannel case, in both instantaneous and convolu- tive recordings, possibly underdetermined, together with audio source separation results of a real stereo musical excerpt are also included. Chapter 12, “Music Onset Detection” by Zhou and Reiss, provides a comprehensive introduction to the design of music onset detection algorithms. First, it introduces the general scheme and commonly- used time-frequency analysis for onset detection. Then, it reviews many methods for onset detection in detail, such as energy-based, phase-based, pitch-based and supervised learning methods. The chapter also includes commonly used performance measures, onset annotation software, public database, and evaluation methods. Chapter 13, “On the Inherent Segment Length in Music” by Jensen, presents automatic segmenta- tion methods using different original representations of music, corresponding to rhythm, chroma, and timbre, and by calculating a shortest path through the self-similarity calculated from each time/feature representation. Each segmentation scale quality is analyzed through the use of the mean silhouette value, which permits automatic segmentation on different time scales and gives indication on the inherent segment sizes in the music analyzed. Different methods are employed to verify the quality of the inher- ent segment sizes, by comparing them to the literature (grouping, chunks), by comparing them among themselves, and by measuring the strength of the inherent segment sizes. Chapter 14, “Automatic Tagging of Audio: The State-of-the-Art” by Bertin-Mahieux, Eck, and Mandel, provides a review of the state-of-the-art methods for addressing automatic tagging of audio. A great deal of attention has been paid recently to the automatic prediction of tags for music and audio in general. In the case of music, social tags have become an important component of ``Web 2.0’’ recom- mender systems. The chapter is devoted as an effort to better understand the task and also to help new researchers bring their insights to bear on this problem. It is divided in the following sections: goal, framework, audio representation, labeled data, classification, evaluation, and future directions. Chapter15,“Instantaneousvs.ConvolutiveNon-NegativeMatrixFactorization:Models,Algorithms and Applications to Audio Pattern Separation” by Wang, presents an overview of the models and al- gorithms for instantaneous and convolutive non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), with a focus on the convolutive NMF algorithms and their performance. The chapter discusses the limitations of the instantaneous model and the advantages of the convolutive model in addressing such limitations. The chapter also provides application examples of both models and algorithms in audio pattern separation and onset detection. A theoretical analysis of the convolutive NMF algorithms is also included. Section 4: audio cognition, Modeling and affective computing This section is a collection of four contributions in the area of audio cognition, modeling and affective computing, such as the modeling methods for music cognition, in particular, music anticipation, emotion recognition from audio, video, or audio-visual data, acoustic channel modeling and parameter estima- tion from speech or music signals recorded in a room, and using semantic and symbolic information from speech perception for the design of speech processing systems. The topics in this section bring together knowledge from several subjects including signal processing, psychology, computer science, and statistics. Many of these topics are emerging areas in the field. Chapter 16, “Musical Information Dynamics as Models of Auditory Anticipation” by Dubnov, in- vestigates the modeling methods for musical cognition. The author explores possible relations between
  • 26. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
  • 27. Pinic, painik: Pinic-acid = dennenzuur. Pinion, pinj’n, subst. vleugel, wiek, vleugelpunt; handboei; Pinion verb. kortwieken, omklemmen, vastklemmen, boeien: He was seized and pinioned = gegrepen en weerloos gemaakt. Pink, piŋk, subst. rose anjelier, lichtroode kleurstof; uitstekendheid, hoogte, puikje; [403]pink (schip); Pink adj. rosekleurig, lichtrood; uitstekend (Am.): The champion-rider was in the pink of condition = was in uitstekende “conditie”; He is the pink of fashion = hij is de spiegel (het toonbeeld) der mode; Napoleon dreaded the pink of that society more than Russia itself = die allerhoogste kringen; The Pink’un = een sportblad (Vergel. De “Groene”); To change to pink = een rooden jagersrok aantrekken; Pink-eyed = met kleine glinsterende oogen; Pink-sterned = met smallen achtersteven; Pinky = rose, vleeschkleurig; subst. pink (Amer.). Pink, piŋk, doorboren, doorsteken; verfraaien, verbloemen (Amer.). Pinkster, piŋkstə, Pinksteren (Amer.). Pinnace, pinis, pinas, 6 of 8 riemssloep van een oorlogsschip. Pinnacle, pinək’l, subst. tinne, toppunt; Pinnacle verb. van eene tinne of een top voorzien, kronen: The pinnacle of fame = toppunt van beroemdheid. Pinnate, pinit, gevederd. Pinniped, piniped, vinpootig (dier). Pinnock, pinək, meesje.
  • 28. Pint, paint, subst. pint (⅛ gallon = ± 0,568 L.); Pint-pot = klein huisje (Am.); kan die een pint inhoudt. Pintle, pint’l, pen, bout, roerhaak. Piny, paini, vol pijnboomen, pijnboomachtig. Pioneer, paiənîə, subst. pionier, baanbreker, wegbereider; Pioneer verb. den weg bereiden. Piony, paiəni, pioen. Pious, paiəs, vroom, godvruchtig, teeder; Pious-minded = met vroom gemoed. Pip, pip, subst. pip (vogelziekte), pit (v. eene vrucht), oog (op eene kaart); verk. v. Philip: Pip verb. piepen, sjilpen: Count your pips = tel, hoeveel oogen gij hebt. Pipe, paip, pijp, buis, fluit(je), luchtpijp, stem; maat v. twee okshoofden of 126 gallons; Pipe verb. op de fluit spelen, een fluitsignaal geven, van pijpen voorzien, huilen, zingen: In a feeble pipe = met zwakke stem; All the children were on full pipe, on the full howl = waren om het hardst aan het janken en gillen; To charge (fill) a pipe = stoppen; I’ll clear my pipe first = mijne keel schrapen; To hit the pipe = opium schuiven; I’ll put your pipe out = ik zàl je wel; Put that in your pipe and smoke it = steek dat in je zak; His pipe was stopped, went out = was verstopt, ging uit; He began to pipe down = een toontje lager te zingen; He dances as she pipes = hij danst naar haar pijpen; Pipe-bowl = kop; Pipe-clay = pijpaarde; Pipe-clay verb. pijpaarden; Pipe-cleaner (Pipe-cleanser); Pipe-laying = het leggen van pijpen; politieke intrigues (Amer.); Pipe-light = fidibus; Pipe-picker = pijpuitpluizer; Pipe-rack = pijpenstander; Pipe-
  • 29. stem = steel; Pipe-tree = sering; Piper: Who is to pay the piper? = “Wie zal dat betalen, zoete, lieve Gerritje”? Piping = schril, schel, zwak, kokend heet (= Piping hot): The piping days of yore = de goede oude tijd. Piperic, paiperik: Piperic acid = piperinezuur. Pipkin, pipkin, aarden pot, tobbetje. Pippin, pipin, kleine zure appel, pippeling. Pipul, pipul, de heilige vijgenboom (Brit. Ind.). Piquancy, pîk’nsi, pik’nsi, scherpheid, stekeligheid; Piquant = pikant, scherp, doordringend; Pique, pîk, subst. pik of piek, wrok, spijtigheid, gevoeligheid; Pique verb. boos maken, beleedigen, prikkelen: In a moment of pique she accepted him = in een spijtig oogenblik schonk ze hem hare hand; She piqued herself on her ladylike tastes = liet zich heel wat voorstaan op. Piquet, piket, pikət, piket, piketspel. Piracy, pairisi, zeerooverij, nadruk = Book piracy; Pirate, pairit, subst. zeeroover(sschip), letterdief; Pirate verb. zeeroof plegen, onbevoegd nadrukken; Piratical, pairatik’l, zeerooverij of letterkundigen diefstal plegend: Piratical printer. Piraeus, pairîəs; Pirie, piri. Pirn, pɐ̂ n, (garen)klos, spoel. Pirogue, piroug, uitgeholde boomstam (als kano); smalle boot. Pirouette, piruet, subst. pirouette: To turn a pirouette = To pirouette.
  • 30. Pisa, pîzə; Pisanio, piseiniou. Piscary, piskəri, vischrecht, ook: Common of piscary; Piscatorial, piskətôriəl, Piscatory, piskətəri, visschers…, tot het visschen behoorende; Pisces, pisîz, de Visschen (dierenriem); Pisciculture, pisikɐltjə, vischteelt; Piscine, pis(a)in, tot de visschen behoorende; Piscivorous, pisivərɐs, vischetend. Pisé, pîzei, ineengestampte aarde. Pish, piš, interj. foei! bah! Pish verb. verachting uitdrukken: To cry pish at = To pish at. Piss, pis, subst. urine; Piss verb. urineeren. Pistachio, pisteišiou, pistatšou: Pistachio nut = groene amandel. Pistareen, pistərîn, peseta (munt); adj. gering. Pistil, pistil, stamper (v. bloemen); Pistillaceous pistileišəs, tot den stamper behoorend, stamper…; Pistillate = met een stamper. Pistol, pist’l, subst. pistool; Pistol verb. doodschieten (met een pistool): Pistol-bag = holster; Pistol-case = pistoolkistje. Pistole, pistoul, pistoul, gouden munt (ƒ 9 à ƒ 12). Piston, pist’n, klep, zuiger; zuignapje: Piston-rod = zuigerstang; Piston-stroke = zuigerslag; Piston-valve = zuigerklep. Pit, pit, subst. put, kuil, afgrond, diepte, parterre (schouwburg), plaats voor hanengevechten; een kaartspel; Pit verb. uithollen, in eene put plaatsen, aanzetten, ophitsen, met kuiltjes of pokken merken: The pit = het graf; He flew the pit = hij gaf den strijd op; He hit the pit of my stomach = raakte me in de maagholte;
  • 31. He has the power of pit and gallows = kerker en dood; To pit against = stellen tegenover; He pitted his brains against that difficult language = hij studeerde hard op die taal; Pitted with the smallpox = van de pokken geschonden (ook: Pock-pitted); Pitfall = val, strik, valluik; Pitman = putwerker; Pit-pat = tik.… tak; Pit-saw = kraanzaag (voor twee man: de onderste heet Pitman of Pit-sawyer, de bovenste [404]top-sawyer); Pittite = volgeling van Pitt, parterre-bezoeker = Pitster. Pit-a-pat, pitəpat, subst. klopping, tiktak, getrippel; adv. tikketak; Pit-a-pat verb. trippelen: And my heart went pit-a-pat = ging rikketik. Pitch, pitš, subst. pik of pek; hoogte, toppunt, graad of trap; diepte, helling; toestand; toonhoogte; worp, stalletje; Pitch verb. teeren, pikken; bevestigen, zetten, opstellen, steken, regelen, werpen, slingeren, met een hooivork gooien of aanreiken, ruw plaveien, stemmen, den (grond)toon bepalen, kampeeren, (voorover) vallen, zich storten op, neerkomen, stampen (v. een schip): One cannot touch pitch without being defiled; As dark (black) as pitch = zoo donker als de nacht; Pitch-and-toss = kop of leeuw; It rose to the highest pitch = het bereikte het toppunt; Pitch of a roof = helling v. een dak; Pitch of a room = de hoogte van vloer tot zolder; Pitch of a saw = helling van de tanden van eene zaag; (All our rooms are well pitched = van behoorlijke hoogte); A pitched battle = geregelde slag; A pitched street = eene met granietblokken geplaveide straat; They pitched a camp near the town = sloegen op; Pitch into him = sla er op; I could not pitch upon the right word = kon niet vinden; The 17th was pitched upon = het werd op den 17en vastgesteld; Mind the pitching = denk om de helling; The pitching of the ship was something terrible = het schip stampte verschrikkelijk; Pitch-farthing = het spelen met centen in een kuil; Pitchfork = hooivork; Pitchfork
  • 32. verb. met een hooivork opgooien of aanreiken: He was pitchforked into that office = kreeg dat ambt door zijne vele kruiwagens; Pitch-pipe = stemfluitje; Pitchiness, subst. v. Pitchy = pikachtig, pikzwart, duister, akelig. Pitcher, pitšə, soort v. houweel; kruik of kan; iemand, die van een stalletje verkoopt; straatkunstenaar: Pitchers have ears = kleine potjes hebben ook ooren; So often goes the pitcher to the well, that it comes home broken at last = de kruik gaat zoolang te water tot ze breekt. Piteous, pitjəs, ellendig, jammerlijk, treurig; medelijden hebbend met (of); subst. Piteousness. Pith, pith, pit, kern, merg, kracht, nadruk, het essentiëele; Pithiness = pittigheid, kracht; Pithless = zonder pit (ook fig.), slap, zwak; subst. Pithlessness; Pithy = pittig, krachtig. Pitiable, pitiəb’l, jammerlijk; subst. Pitiableness. Pitiful, pitiful, medelijdend; erbarmelijk, onbeduidend; subst. Pitifulness; Pitiless = onbarmhartig; subst. Pitilessness. Pittance, pit’ns, gave, kleine portie, schrale kost, beetje. Pity, piti, subst. medelijden, jammer, ellende; Pity verb. medelijden hebben; beklagen: It’s a great pity = het is (erg) jammer; Do it, for pity’s sake = doe het om Gods wil; More is the pity = jammer genoeg, wat nog erger is; Have (take) pity on him = wees hem genadig, heb deernis met; I pity you, though you never complain of him = ik beklaag u, ofschoon gij nooit over hem klaagt; He is to be pitied = is te beklagen. Pius, paiəs.
  • 33. Pivot, pivət, spil, guide (= Pivot-man); Pivot verb. draaien; Pivotal question = hoofdzaak. Pix, piks = Pyx. Pixy, piksi, fee, toovergodin. Pizzle, piz’l, roede: Bull’s pizzle = bullepees. Placability, plakəbiliti, pleikəbiliti, verzoenbaarheid, vergevensgezindheid, toegevendheid; adj. Placable, plakəb’l, pleikəb’l. Placard, pləkâd, plakəd, subst. plakkaat, aanplakbiljet; Placard verb. biljetten aanplakken, bekend maken door plakkaten. Place, pleis, subst. plaats, ruimte, inrichting, gebouw, verblijf, stad, dorp, betrekking, rang, stand; Place verb. plaatsen, op intrest zetten, (geld) beleggen (ook: to place out), schatten, de eerste, tweede of derde plaats toekennen (bij wedrennen), aanstellen: In place = op de juiste plaats; In the first place = ten eerste; In his place = in zijn plaats; In place of = in plaats van; The right man in the right place = de rechte man op de rechte plaats; To be out of place = buiten betrekking; To be badly (entirely) out of place = totaal misplaatst; To be all over the place = aan de orde van den dag zijn; I do not wish to change my place = ik wensch geene andere betrekking; Shall we change places = van plaats verwisselen; He filled his place to everybody’s satisfaction = nam zijne betrekking waar; To give place to = vervangen worden door; Censure began to give place to curiosity = begon te wijken voor; He has long since gone to his place = is ten grave gedaald; To know one’s place = weten waar men moet staan (ook fig.); To put in his place = op zijn nummer zetten; To take place = plaats hebben; To take places = plaatsen bespreken; Place-hunter =
  • 34. baantjesjager; Placeman = iemand, die door zijne partij aan een baantje geholpen wordt; Place-name = plaatsnaam. Placenta, pləsentə, moederkoek; adj. Placental. Placer, pleisə, plasə, goudbevattend terrein, goudmijn (ook fig.). Placid, plasid, kalm, rustig, vreedzaam; subst. Placidity, pləsiditi = Placidness. Placket, plakət, split v. een vrouwenrok (= Placket-hole); rok, schort, vrouw. Plagiarism, pleidžiərizm, letterdieverij; Plagiarist, pleidžiərist, letterdief; Plagiarize = letterdieverij plegen. Plague, pleig, subst. pest, plaag, ramp, straf; Plague verb. met de pest besmetten, met eenige ramp bezoeken; kwellen, plagen: (A) plague on his sentiments = laat hij met zijne opinies naar den duivel loopen; You little plague = kleine rakker! Plague-spot (Plague-token) = pestbuil, schandvlek; Plaguy, pleigi, pest - -, besmettelijk, vervelend, lastig, ondragelijk, veel, zeer. Plaice, pleis, schol; platvisch. Plaid, plad, pleid, subst. geruite wollen omslagdoek in Schotland; reisdeken; adj. Schotsch. Plain, plein, subst. vlakte, vlak, veld; adj. [405]vlak, open, helder, duidelijk, eenvoudig, niet schoon, leelijk; Plain verb. klagen, beklagen; uitleggen: In plain clothes = in burgerkleeren; A plain face = alledaagsch, niet mooi; In plain terms = ronduit; That’s the plain truth = dat is de zuivere waarheid; Sausage and plain = worst met gekookte aardappelen; He put it very plain = drukte zich zeer duidelijk uit; Plain cooking = burgerpot; Plain-dealer =
  • 35. oprecht en eerlijk man; Plain-dealing = oprechtheid, rondheid; Plain-song = koraalgezang; Plain-speaking = openhartigheid, oprechtheid; Plain-spoken = openhartig, rond; Plain-work = nuttige handwerken; Plainness = vlakheid, etc. Plaint, pleint, weeklacht, klaaglied; aanklacht; Plaintiff = (aan)klager, eischer; Plaintive = jammerend, klagend, droevig; subst. Plaintiveness. Plaister, plâstə, pleistə; Zie Plaster. Plait, pleit, subst. platte vouw, plooi; vlecht; bonbon, borstplaat; Plait verb. vouwen, plooien, vlechten: She carefully removes my plaits (= valsche vlechten of valsch haar) and gingerly applies the comb to what is left on my head. Plan, plan, subst. ontwerp, plan, schets, methode; Plan verb. een plan maken, schetsen, ontwerpen, beoogen: Plan of campaign = krijgsplan; On an entirely new plan = volgens eene geheel nieuwe methode; The plan fell away (through) = viel in duigen; I have changed my plans = ik ben van plan veranderd; They were always planning and plotting = aan het plannen maken en samenzweren; Planless; Planner. Planchet, planšət, muntplaatje. Plane, plein, vlak, effen; subst. vlakte, vlak, oppervlak, basis, sfeer, trap, gebied; schaaf; plataan (= Plane-tree); Plane verb. effenen, schaven: Plane chart = kaart naar Mercators projectie; Plane geometry = vlakke meetkunde; Plane sailing = zeilen op een gelijkgradige kaart; eenvoudige zaak; Plane-table = planchet (in graden verdeeld instrument voor het landmeten); Plane-tree = plataanboom; Planer = schaver; schaaf.
  • 36. Planet, planət, planeet; Planet-struck, Planet-stricken = door den invloed van planeten getroffen, als verlamd; Planet-wheel = planeetrad; Planetarium, planətêriəm, planetarium; Planetary = veroorzaakt door planeten; planeet…; Planetoid, planətôid, asteroid. Plangent, planž’nt, luid klotsend. Planimetric(al), pleinimetrik(’l), planimetrik(’l), planimetrisch; Planimetry, plənimətri, pleinimətri, vlakke meetkunde. Planing, pleiniŋ: Planing bench = schaafbank; Planing- machine = schaafmachine. Planish, planiš, planeeren, glad schaven, polijsten, pletten; Planisher. Planisphere, planisfîə, planisfeer. Plank, plaŋk, subst. plank; beginsel van een politiek programma; Plank verb. met planken beleggen of bedekken; neerleggen (gooien) = To plank down (Amer.); The pirates made their captives walk the plank = spoelden hun gevangenen de voeten; A planked way = plankier. Plano, pleinou: Plano-concave = planconcaaf; Plano-conical = planconisch; Plano-convex = planconvex. Plant, plânt, subst. plant, gewas; al het materiaal voor een bepaalden arbeid; bedriegerij, zwendel; Plant verb. planten, vestigen, neerzetten, zaaien: Railway plant = al het materiaal voor een spoorweg; I am sure he has some plant on = dat hij iets in het schild voert; Planting his right foot with some force on the ground = neerzettende; To plant oneself four square = zich schrap zetten; Plant-cane = suikerriet van het eerste jaar; Plant-
  • 37. marker = naambordje (bij plant.); Planter; Planting-ground = (kunstmatige) oesterbank; Plantlet = plantje. Plantain, plantən, weegbree; pisang. Plantation, planteiš’n, aanplanting, beplanting, plantage, nederzetting. Plantigrade, plantigreid, op de zolen loopend; zoolganger. Plap, plap, kletteren (v. water). Plaque, plâk, geëmailleerd of beschilderd bord van aardewerk of metaal; ster van eene orde, schijf; Plaquette, pləket, plaquette. Plash, plaš, subst. tak (in eene heg) met andere takken dooreengevlochten; geklots, geplas, plas; Plash verb. dooreenvlechten van takken; plassen, sprenkelen; Plashy, plaši, drassig; gespikkeld. Plasma, plazmə, plasma; een soort van groen kwarts; Plasmatic(al) = vorm of gedaante gevend; plasma-achtig. Plaster, plâstə, subst. pleister(werk), gips, cement; pleister; Plaster verb. bepleisteren, berapen, besmeren: Calcined plaster = Plaster of Paris = gebrande gips; Plaster bust = buste van gips; Plaster image = gipsen beeldje; Plaster image maker; Adhesive (Sticking) plaster = hechtpleister; Blistering (Cantharides, Vesicating) plaster = trekpleister; Court plaster (Isinglass plaster) = Engelsche pleister; He was plastered all over = als bedekt met pleisters of pappen; Plasterer = stucadoor. Plastic, plastik, plastisch, beeldend, vormend, vormbaar: Plastic art = de beeldende kunst; Plastic clay = pottebakkersaarde; Plasticity, pləstisiti, plasticiteit, vormbaarheid.
  • 38. Plastron, plastr’n, borstharnas, borst- of stootlap (voor schermers), borststuk, borst in kleedingstuk; plastron. Plat, plat, subst. lapje grond, plan, vlecht, vlechtstroo (= Platting); Plat verb. een plattegrond maken van, vlechten; Platband = rabat (bloembed), bovenstijl van venster of deur. Platan, plat’n, Platane, platein, plataan. Plate, pleit, subst. plaat, bord, metalen vaatwerk, gouden en zilveren schotels of andere voorwerpen (als prijzen), tafelzilver, schaal, gang, etc.; harnas; Plate verb. met zilver of goud bedekken, pantseren, pletten; Plate-armour = pantserplaten; Plate-basket = afhaalmandje; Plate-fleet = (de Spaansche) zilvervloot; Plate- glass = spiegelglas; Plate-iron = plaatijzer; Plate-layer = legger van spoorstaven; Plate-mark = keur; Plate-rack = rek voor borden en schotels; Plate-warmer. Plateau, plətou, hoogvlakte, tafelland. Platen, plat’n, degel (boekdr.). [406] Platform, platföm, verhoogde vloer, tribune, terras, balkon (van tram), perron, politiek programma of pol. redevoeringen; bedding van een stuk geschut. Platina, platinə, plətînə, Platinum, platinɐm, plətînəm, platina: Platinum crucible; Platinum-wire; adj. Platinic; Platiniferous = platina opleverend. Platitude, platitjûd, platheid, onbeduidendheid, oppervlakkigheid: He is endlessly prolix and platitudinous = en vol gemeenplaatsen. Plato, pleitou, Plato; Platonic, plətonik, platonisch: Platonic love (= Platonics); Platonic year = platonisch jaar (ongeveer 26,000
  • 39. jaren); Platonism = wijsbegeerte van P.; Platonist = volgeling van Plato. Platoon, plətûn, peleton: In (By) platoons; Platoon firing. Platter, platə, houten bord, groote platte schotel. Plaudit, plôdit, toejuiching; Plauditory = toejuichend. Plausibility, plôzibiliti, subst. v. Plausible, plôzib’l, plausibel, aannemelijk, aangenaam voor oog of zinnen, mooi pratend, met gladde tong; subst. Plausibleness. Play, plei, subst. spel, vermaak, vrijheid van handeling, ruimte, tooneelstuk, wijze van spelen; Play verb. spelen, in beweging zijn, bespuiten, beschieten, etc.: It was as good as a play = onbetaalbaar; Play of colours = kleurenspel; A play on (upon) words = woordspeling; To leave off boys’ play = de kinderschoenen uittrekken; Let him have fair play = geef hem een eerlijke kans, behandel hem zoo royaal mogelijk; That is not fair play = niet eerlijk; To give full (free) play = vrij spel laten; A child at play = spelend; His pen was in full play = hij gebruikte zijne pen ter dege; The waterworks were in full play = aan ’t springen; I am in play = aan stoot (bilj.); He called into play all his influence = hij liet al zijn invloed gelden; You must try to hold (keep) them in play = aan den gang te houden; To put into play = in beweging brengen; You must play or pay = ge moet doorspelen of alles verbeuren (“hangen of verzuipen”); To play fair, foul = eerlijk, oneerlijk; You play me false = bedriegt mij; He plays fast and loose with his money = hij gooit zijn geld weg; He plays fast and loose = hij is grillig, wispelturig; To play boats (horses, school, soldiers) = scheepjezeilen, paardje spelen, etc.; To play (at) cards (chess, dice); To play the deuce (devil) with = beetnemen, erg te pakken nemen, ondermijnen; To play a
  • 40. fish = laten uitspartelen; To play the fool (with) = zich mal aanstellen (malle streken uithalen met); To play the game = eerlijk of flink handelen; He plays a capital knife and fork = kan geducht eten, eet kolossaal; To play a prominent part = een hoofdrol spelen; He has played (the) truant = hij is stil uit school (van zijn werk) weggebleven; They played first at blindman’s buff and then at keeping house = ze speelden eerst blindemannetje en toen huismoedertje; Two can play at this = dàt kan ik ook; We will not play for money but for love = niet om geld, maar om de eer (voor ons plezier); I only play for safety = op goed af (bilj.); To play into each other’s hands = elkaar den bal toekaatsen (fig.); He played off that trick on me = hij bakte mij die poets; To play off one against the other = tegen elkaar uitspelen; He has many talents, but he plays them off = loopt er mee te koop; To play on words = woordspelingen maken; They played out their dinner = betaalden het diner met hun spelen; Played out = op, verbruikt, uitgeput; The musicians must play up = beginnen, opspelen; They did not play up to me = zij speelden niet in mijn kaart; You play upon me = gij bedriegt mij; I played with his follies as an angler plays the fish at the end of his line = ik speelde met zijn dwaasheden, zooals de hengelaar den visch laat uitspartelen; Play-acting = tooneelspelen; Play-actor = tooneelspeler; Playbill = affiche, programma; Play-book = tekstboekje; Play-day = speeldag; vacantiedag; Play-debt = speelschuld; Playfellow = speelmakker; Playgoer = geregeld theaterbezoeker; Playground = speelplaats; Playhouse = theater; Playmate = speelkameraad; Plaything = stuk speelgoed; Playwright = schrijver van tooneelstukken = Play-writer; Player = speler; Playful = speelsch, schalksch; subst. Playfulness. Plea, plî, pleit, pleidooi, excuus, verweer, dringend verzoek: Court of Common Pleas = vroeger gerechtshof, thans onder The Queen’s Bench Division van het High Court of Justice; On (Under) the plea
  • 41. that = onder voorwendsel; To urge the plea of necessity = op de noodzakelijkheid wijzen. Pleach, plîtš: Pleached walk = berceau. Plead, plîd, pleiten, een pleidooi houden, zich verweren, bewijzen voor of tegen bijbrengen, voorgeven, aanvoeren, verontschuldigen: To plead for a person, To plead a person’s cause = iemands zaak bepleiten; He pleaded ignorance, innocence, guilty = hij gaf voor dat hij er niets van wist, dat hij onschuldig was, hij bekende; Pleadable = wat aangevoerd kan worden; Pleader: Special pleader = sophistisch verdediger; Special pleading = het aanvoeren van nieuw bewijsmateriaal (in tegenstelling met het weerleggen van het door de tegenpartij aangevoerde), draaierij; Pleadings = protocollen, processen-verbaal, processtukken. Pleasance, plez’ns, vermaak, vroolijkheid; lusthof; Pleasant, plez’nt, aangenaam, prettig, vroolijk; subst. Pleasantness; Pleasantry, plez’ntri, vroolijkheid, scherts, grapje. Please, plîz, behagen, genot verschaffen, believen: He was pleased to say so = het behaagde hem; Are you not yet pleased! = hebt ge nog niet genoeg? He was pleased at hearing of my success = was verheugd te hooren; Pleased with = ingenomen met; Please come in = Will you please to walk in? = mag ik u verzoeken binnen te gaan; As you please = naar u verkiest; As pleased as Punch = dolblij; If you please = alstublieft; [407]ook: met permissie, note bene; Please, don’t say so = zeg dàt nu niet; Please acknowledge receipt = ontvangbewijs verzocht; Pleasing, subst. het behagen of voldoen; adj. aangenaam, behaaglijk: Pleasing ways = innemende manier van doen; subst. Pleasingness = innemendheid.
  • 42. Pleasurable, pležərəb’l, aangenaam, subst. Pleasurableness; Pleasure, pležə, subst. genoegen, vermaak, genot, wensch, wil, welbehagen, keus, begeerte; Pleasure verb. zich vermaken: I am at your pleasure = ik hang af van uw welbehagen; At pleasure = naar goedvinden; It is a pleasure to me to do it = het is mij een genot; The pleasure is ours = het genoegen is aan ons; To take pleasure in = behagen scheppen in; Use your pleasure = doe wat gij niet laten kunt; I’ll wait his good pleasure = wachten tot het hem behagen zal; Pleasure-boat = pleizierboot; Pleasure- ground = park, uitspanningstuin; Pleasure-train = pleiziertrein (Amer.); Pleasure-trip = pleiziertochtje; To go (out) a-pleasuring = pret gaan maken. Pleat, plît; Zie Plait. Plebeian, plibîən, subst. plebejer; adj. plebejisch, plat, gemeen; Plebeianism = ploertenmanieren of -gewoonten, platheid; Plebeii, plibîai, plebejers. Plebiscite, plebis(a)it, plebisît, plebisci(e)t; Plebs, plebz, plebs. Pledge, pledž, subst. pand, onderpand, borgtocht, het drinken van iemands gezondheid, liefdepand; Pledge verb. verpanden, als onderpand geven, plechtig verbinden, iemands gezondheid drinken: He has redeemed his pledge = zijn pand ingelost, zijne belofte gehouden of gestand gedaan; To take the pledge = afschaffer worden; To hold in pledge = in pand houden; To put in pledge = verpanden; He pledged me in return = deed mij bescheid; I pledge my word on it = verpand er mijn woord onder; They have pledged themselves too deeply to recant = zich te zeer en te plechtig verbonden; I have pledged myself to you on behalf of my brother = ben bij u borg gebleven; Pledgee, pledžî = pandnemer; Pledger.
  • 43. Pledget, pledžət, plok, plukselverband. Pleiades, plîədîz, het zevengesternte. Plenary, plînəri, plenəri, volkomen, geheel: Plenary absolution, Plenary indulgence = volle absolutie, aflaat; Plenary meeting = plenum, voltallige vergadering; Plenary power = volmacht. Plenipotentiary, plenipətenšəri, plînipətenšəri, subst. en adj. gevolmachtigd(e). Plenitude, plenitjûd, volheid, volkomenheid. Plenteous, plentjəs, overvloedig, in groot aantal; subst. Plenteousness; Plentiful = overvloedig: Apples were plentiful and rare this year = dit jaar gaf een overvloed van zeldzaam mooie appels; subst. Plentifulness; Plenty, plenti, subst. overvloed; adj. en adv. overvloedig: He has plenty of money = veel geld; You will be in plenty of time (have plenty of time) = hebt meer dan tijd; Horn of plenty = hoorn des overvloeds. Pleonasm, plîənazm, pleonasme; Pleonastic = overtollig. Plesiosaurus, plîziəsôrəs, fossiele zeehagedis. Plethora, plethərə, volbloedigheid, overvloed; adj. Plethoric, pləthorik, plethərik. Pleura, plûrə, borstvlies; Pleural = borstvlies..; Pleurisy, plûrisi, borstvliesontsteking, pleuris = Pleuritis, pluraitis. Pliability, plaiəbiliti, subst. v. Pliable, plaiəb’l, buigzaam, lenig, volgzaam; subst. Pliableness = Pliancy, plaiənsi; Pliant, plaiənt, buigzaam, smijdig, gedwee.
  • 44. Plicate(d), plaikit(id), gevouwen, geplooid; Plication = platte vouw. Pliers, plaiəz, vouw- of buigtang. Plight, plait, subst. belofte; toestand, geval; Plight verb. verpanden, beloven: In good (a sorry) plight = er goed (slecht) aan toe; He plighted his faith = gaf zijn eerewoord; They had plighted their troth to each other = hadden elkander trouw beloofd. Plimsoll, plimsol: Plimsoll’s mark = wettig voorgeschreven lastlijn. Plinth, plinth, plint, onderste gedeelte van den zuilsokkel. Pliny, plini, Plinius. Plod, plod, zwoegen, ploeteren, hard blokken: To plod at one’s books = vossen; Plodder. Plop, plop, plonsen; interj. plomp, klets: To fall plop into the water. Plot, plot, subst. samenzwering, complot, intrige of knoop; stuk gronds, platte grond; Plot verb. samenzweren, plannen smeden; ontwerpen, traceeren: A complicated plot = ingewikkelde intrige; Secondary, Subplot; They laid (wove) a plot = zij smeedden eene samenzwering; Grass plot = grasveld; To plot a line = een spoorlijn traceeren; To plot against = een samenzwering smeden tegen; To plot down (out) = ontwerpen; Plotter = plannenteekenaar, samenzweerder; Plotting-scale = verkleinde schaal. Plough, plau, subst. ploeg, holle schaaf; Plough verb, ploegen, groeven: You must put your hand to the plough = de hand aan
  • 45. den ploeg slaan; To plough a lonely furrow = alleen staan; To plough the sands = nutteloos werk doen; To plough in = onderploegen; To plough up = omploegen; He was ploughed = hij zakte voor het examen; Ploughboy = ploeger, arbeider; kinkel; Plough-handle = staart; He had a plough-handle-stoop in his shoulders = hij liep met krommen rug; Ploughland = bouwland, geploegd land; Ploughman = ploeger, boer; Plough Monday = Maandag na Driekoningen (6 Jan.); Plough-share = ploegijzer, kouter; Plough-tail = ploegstaart; Ploughing-machine; Ploughing-match. Plover, plɐvə, pluvier. Pluck, plɐk, subst. ruk, trek, ingewand, moed, vuur, korf (bij examen); Pluck verb. (kaal) plukken, rukken, afwijzen: He has no end of pluck = hij heeft veel “durf”; He is a plucked one = heeft durf; The best plucked man I ever saw = kranigste; I have a crow to pluck with you = een appeltje met u te schillen; To pluck a pigeon = een suffer plukken (bij ’t spel); To pluck up courage, spirit = moed vatten, bijeenrapen; He was (got) plucked = hij is gezakt; Plucky; You [408]are a plucky little fellow = een dapper ventje. Plug, plɐg, subst. plug, prop, pin; Plug verb. dichtstoppen, plombeeren: Plug of a pump = zuiger van eene pomp; Plug of tobacco = prop tabak; She thinks that I am going to be plugged = neergeschoten zal worden (Amer.); Plug-basin = fonteintje; Plug-hat = hooge “dop”. Plum, plɐm, pruim, rozijn, 100.000 pond sterling, groot fortuin, beste deel, goed zaakje; Plum-cake = rozijnentaart; Plum-loaf = rozijnenbrood; Plum-pudding = rozijnenpudding; Plum-tree = pruimenboom.
  • 46. Plumage, plûmidž, gevederte. Plumb, plɐm, subst. schietlood; adj. loodrecht, degelijk, eerlijk; adv. pardoes; Plumb verb. loodrecht zetten, polsen, peilen: Out of plumb = uit het lood; She plumbed their depths of misery = peilde; Plumb-line = schiet- of loodlijn; ook verb.; Plumb-rule = waterpas; Plumber, plɐmə, loodwerker, loodgieter: All the crowned heads, bankers and plumbers of Europe = en groote lui (Amer.) van Europa; Plumbery = artikelen van loodwerk, loodgieterij, het loodgieten; Plumbic, plɐmbik, loodhoudend; Plumbiferous, plɐmbifərɐs, lood opleverend; Plumbing, plɐmiŋ, het werken in lood, looden pijpen. Plumbago, plɐmbeigou, graphiet. Plume, plûm, subst. veer, pluim, eereteeken, lauwer; Plume verb. de veeren terecht of gelijk leggen, met veeren versieren, pochen, plukken, plunderen: The swan plumed itself = streek zijne veeren glad; He plumed himself on his liberality = liet zich voorstaan op; Plumeless; Plumelet = pluimpje; Plumiped, plûmiped, subst. en adj. (vogel) met veeren aan de pooten. Plummet, plɐmət, dieplood, peillood. Plummy, plɐmi, voortreffelijk. Plumose, plumous, plûmous, vederachtig, gevederd; Plumosity, plumositi, gevederdheid. Plump, plɐmp, subst. klomp; adj. mollig, dik, grof; Plump verb. dik worden, opzwellen, neerploffen, uitflappen (out), alles op één paard zetten; stemmen op één candidaat (in plaats van op alle personen op wie men stemmen mag) = To plump one’s vote = To plump for a candidate; adv. plotseling, pardoes, zwaar, eenvoudig,
  • 47. botweg: Plump in the pocket = met vollen buidel; To come plump upon = overvallen; Say it out plump = vooruit! zeg op! Plumper = pruim tabak, valsche buste; stem aan slechts één der candidaten, stemmer op slechts één der candidaten; brutale leugen; Plumply = rond, botweg, platweg; Plumpness; Plumpy = dik, mollig, glad. Plumy, plûmi, gevederd. Plunder, plɐndə, subst. plundering, buit, roof, bagage en huisraad van een landverhuizer (Amer.), winst; Plunder verb, plunderen, rooven; Plunderage = verduistering aan boord; Plunderer. Plunge, plɐnž, subst. indompeling, doop (door onderdompeling), achteruitslaan van een paard, hooge en roekelooze weddenschap of speculatie, plotseling en opzienbarend bericht, afgrond, draaikolk, klem (fig.); Plunge verb. (onder)dompelen, plonzen, springen, doopen, achteruit slaan, steil afhellen, zwaar en roekeloos wedden, geld uitgeven: To make the plunge = den beslissenden stap doen, op den slechten weg geraken; To take a plunge = duiken, storten; The plunge of the Pall Mall Gazette about Mr. Gladstone’s retirement = opzienbarend bericht omtrent het aftreden van den minister G.; By plunges = bij rukken; He plunged awfully = speelde, speculeerde hoog; To plunge after a person = achterna springen; I have plunged a bit in trifles = heb wat geld in kleinigheden gestoken; The ship plunged on her way = zette stampend zijne reis voort; Plunged in thought = in gedachten verzonken; Plunger = dolleman, dolle speculant of wedder; zuiger (v. perspomp); Plungers = zware cavalerie; Plunging = van boven naar onderen gericht: Plunging-fire. Pluperfect, plûpɐ̂ fəkt, plupɐ̂ fəkt, voltooid verleden (tijd).
  • 48. Plural, plûr’l, subst. en adj. meervoudig (woord); Pluralism = meervoudigheid; het gelijktijdig bezitten van meer dan één living; Pluralist = geestelijke, die te gelijkertijd meer dan één living heeft; Plurality, pluraliti, getal van twee of meer, meerderheid; Pluralize = meervoudig maken. Plus, plɐs, plus(teeken) = +. Plush, plɐš, pluche: Plush-velvet = zijden pluche; Plush- velveteen = wollen pluche; Plushy. Plutarch, plûtâk. Pluto, plûtou, Pluto; Plutocracy, geldheerschappij(aristocratie); adj. Plutocratic; Plutonian = Plutonic = tot Pluto of de onderwereld behoorende, door vuur ontstaan: Plutonic theory, of Plutonism = de theorie der Plutonists, die beweren, dat de gesteenten door de werking van het vuur zijn ontstaan; Plutus, plûtəs. Pluvial, plûvjəl, vochtig, regenachtig, regen - -; Pluviameter, Pluviometer = regenmeter; Pluviose, plûvious, vijfde maand van het republik. jaar (20 Jan.–19 Febr.); Pluvious, plûvjəs, vochtig, regenachtig. Ply, plai, subst. kronkel, vouw, plooi, neiging, zin, aanleg; Ply verb. zich toeleggen op, ijverig doen of uitvoeren, zich bezighouden, aandringen, gedurig lastig vallen, geregeld varen of zeilen, laveeren, omzien naar: He took a ply from his tutor = plooide zich naar de inzichten van; To ply the bottle = geducht aanspreken; The spider plied its nimble legs = bewoog vlug, snel; To ply the oars = krachtig roeien; She plied her task = zij werkte ijverig aan hare taak; To ply a trade = uitoefenen; Many steamers ply between Holland and America = varen; They plied him with drink = maakten hem dronken; They so plied him with smiles and favours
  • 49. that he grew crazy with ecstasy = overlaadden hem; To ply with questions = overstelpen met; Plyer. Plymouth, pliməth: Plymouth Brethren = eene Calvinistische broedergemeente, opgericht tusschen 1820–35 te Dublin en Plymouth; Plymouthism. [409] Pneumatic(al), njumatik(’l), lucht-, gasachtig, met lucht gevuld, door luchtdruk bewogen: Pneumatic dispatch = luchtdrukpost; Pneumatic pump = luchtpomp; Pneumatic tyres = luchtbanden; Pneumatics = pneumatica. Pneumonia, njumounjə, longontsteking; Pneumonic, njumonik, long - - -; subst. middel voor de longen. Poach, poutš, stroopen (ook fig.); door veel loopen modderig of moerassig maken, (zijn, worden), gepelde eieren bakken in boter, of breken in kokend water; Poacher = strooper; Poachy = drassig, moerassig. Po(a)chard, po(u)tšəd, poukəd, tafeleend. Pock, pok, pok; Pock-mark, Pock-pit = pokteeken; Pock- marked, Pock-pitted, Pock-fretten = van de pokken geschonden, pokdalig = Pocky. Pocket, pokət, subst. zak, holte, diepte, maat voor hop, gember, wol, enz.; Pocket verb. in den zak steken, gappen, stoppen, hinderen: I am in pocket, out of pocket = ik win, verlies; I am out of pocket = heb geen cent; Nothing but empty pockets lies between her and William = dat zij en W. niets hebben staat alleen hun engagement in den weg; I am in her pocket = bij haar in de gunst; I have Pa in my pocket = kan met Pa doen wat ik wil; This would have placed Turkey in the pocket of the Czar =
  • 50. in de macht gebracht hebben van; Put that in your pocket = steek dat in je zak; He had spent the evening in her pocket = had alleen werk van haar gemaakt; Hip-pocket, Pistol pocket = heupzak (achterzak) in een pantalon; He pocketed the affront, insult, wrong = hij slikte de beleediging, het onrecht; You pocketed my ball by a fluke = stopte; Pocket-argument = zelfzuchtig argument; Pocket-book = zakboek(je); Pocket- borough = kiesdistrict dat geheel in de macht is van één grondbezitter; Pocket-copy (= Pocket-edition); Pocket-glass = zakspiegeltje; Pocket-handkerchief = zakdoek; Pocket-hole = zakopening; Pocket-knife = zakmes; Pocket-money = zakgeld. Pockwood, pokwud, pokhout. Poco, poukou, een weinig (muz.). Pod, pod, subst. dop, schil, peul; school robben, walvisschen; Pod verb. opzwellen, doppen, peulen vormen; Pod-net = fuik; Podded (fig.) = gemakkelijk. Podagra, podəgrə, pədagrə, het “pootje”, voeteuvel; adj. Podagral = Podagric(al). Podge, podž, modderige poel; Podge verb. roeren. Podgy, podži, kort en gezet; dronken. Podium, poudiəm, podium. Podrida, pədrîdə, mengelmoes. Podsnap, podsnap, type van stijve deftigheid; Podsnappery = peuterige, stijve deftigheid. Poe, pou.
  • 51. Poem, pouim, gedicht: Minor poems = kleinere gedichten; Poesy, pouəsi, dichtkunst; Poet = dichter: Minor poet = dichter van den tweeden of derden rang; Poet Laureate = gekroonde of hofdichter (in Engeland); Poetaster, pouətastə, pouətastə, rijmelaar; Poetess, pouətəs, dichteres; Poetic(al), pouetik(’l), dichterlijk; Poetics = gedichten; leer (theorie) der dichterlijke vormen (ook Poetic); Poetize, pouətaiz, dichten, dichterlijk behandelen; Poetry = dichtkunst, poëzie, gedichten. Pogrom, pogrom, pogrom (Rusland). Poh, pou, bah! Poignancy, pôin’nsi, subst. v. Poignant, pôin’nt, scherp, bitter, stekelig, pijnlijk. Poind, pôind, schutten van vee; beslag leggen op (voor schuld). Point, pôint, subst. punt, spits, stip, stift, naald, nestel, oog, naaldkantwerk, doel, nadruk, gedachte, uitdrukking, eigenaardigheid, trek, wissel; Point verb. punten, scherpen, wijzen, richten, aanleggen, voegen, staan, pointeeren: What is the point = wat is de kwestie? That is a great point for me = van groot belang; That is rather a nice point with him = teer punt; He enumerated all the good points of his horse = eigenschappen; Blue points = een klein soort oesters (Amer.); The points of a speech = hoofdpunten; At the point of death (= On the point of dying); This is a case in point = dit is zoo’n geval als waarvan we thans spreken; In point of money = uit een oogpunt van; To rise to a point of order = vragen of de spreker niet “buiten de orde” is; In (from) a literary point of view = uit een letterkundig oogpunt; What you say there is not to the point = ter zake dienende; To be armed at all points = van top tot teen gewapend, op alles voorbereid; To come to a point = staan (van jachthonden); Things
  • 52. had come to such a point that further delay would have been disastrous = hadden zulk eene hoogte bereikt; That’s what I call coming to the point = dat is nu eens op den man af; It came to the point = het kwam er op aan; Things were growing to a point = men kon het einde zien aankomen; We hate militarism to the point that = zoozeer, dat; You didn’t gain your point, you missed it = ge hebt uw doel niet bereikt, uw zin niet gekregen; He gave me points in (at) billiards = gaf mij vóór; To lend point to = accentueeren, sterk doen uitkomen; He always made (it) a point to stand (of standing) high in his employer’s regard = hij stelde zich altijd ten doel; The rain always makes a point of setting in when I wish to go out = heeft het er altijd op gezet te beginnen; He has tried to prove it, but his point is not absolutely made = maar is hierin niet volkomen geslaagd; Don’t press the point = dring niet te zeer aan; We shall not pursue the point = er niet verder op aandringen; I will not put too fine a point upon it = er niet te veel van zeggen; That would be straining (stretching) a point = daarmee zouden we een uitzondering maken, het niet zoo nauw nemen; To point a moral = tot zedeles doen strekken; This story points a moral against party disputes = bevat een les tegen; He pointed at me = behandelde verachtelijk; The cannon was pointed at the gate = was gericht op; To point out = aanwijzen, in ’t licht stellen; The clock pointed to the hour, to seven = wees het uur aan, stond op zeven; Point-blank = recht op het doel af, zonder omwegen, op den man af, botweg: I told [410]him so point-blank = ik heb het hem in zijn gezicht gezegd; Pointsman = wisselwachter; Pointed = gepunt, scherp, geestig, geestrijk: A pointed remark = fijne, scherpe opmerking; She only answered when pointedly addressed = als het woord bepaaldelijk tot haar gericht werd; Pointer = wijzer, staande hond, stift, graveerstift; etsnaald; Pointless = stomp, dom, niet geschikt of ter zake.
  • 53. Poise, pôiz, subst. gewicht, belang, evenwicht, houding; Poise verb. wegen, overwegen, in evenwicht brengen of zijn: The elegant poise of her head; The cloud hung at poise over the hill = hing zwevend; Poise down = drukken, onderdrukken. Poison, pôiz’n, subst. vergift; Poison verb. vergiftigen, besmetten: Poisoned cup = giftbeker = Poison-cup; Poison-fang = gifttand; Poisoner; Poisonous = vergiftig; subst. Poisonousness. Poitiers, pôitîəz. Poke, pouk, subst. zak, blaas, stoot, duw; Poke verb. duwen, stooten, tasten, voelen, zoeken, onderzoeken, beuzelen (Amer.): That was a sly poke at him = dat was een steek op hem; His life and character were poked into = nauwkeurig onderzocht; He poked his head through the window = stak; He can poke fun urbanely = op fijne wijze spotten of schertsen met, over; He poked some very effective fun at continental customs = spotte raak met.…; Poke-bonnet = ouderwetsche tuithoed; Poker = pook; boeman (Am.), pedèl v. den Vice-Chancellor (Oxf.), slakkensteker (degen), bluffen (kaartspel): As stiff as a poke; To have swallowed the poke = To have a poke up one’s back = zich stijf houden (gedragen); Poke-drawing = brandschilderen; Poky = onnoozel, dom; bekrompen, nauw, klein: A poky little place = bekrompen, klein; A poky little staircase = zeer nauwe trap. Polacca, pəlakə, driemaster (Middell. Z.). Poland, poul’nd, Polen; Polander = Pool. Polar, poulə, pool…: Polar bear = ijsbeer; Polar circles = poolcirkels; Polar expedition; Polar sea; Polar star = poolster; Polarity, pəlariti, polariteit; Polarizable, pouləraizəb’l,
  • 54. polariseerbaar; Polarization = het polariseeren; Polarize = polariseeren. Polder, pouldə, polder. Pole, poul, Pool. Pole, poul, pool, paal, stang, dissel, stok, pols, uiterste punt; 5½ yard; Pole verb. staken zetten bij, voortboomen, beschoeien, inpompen; Pole-ax(e), subst. hellebaard, enterbijl, slachtbijl; Pole- axe verb. met eene bijl dooden; Pole-axe isolation will be necessary against the rinderpest = afmaking van aangetast en verdacht vee; A lot of crippled crocks, only fit to be pole-axed = een troep kreupele vilderspaarden, alleen geschikt om gedood te worden; Pole-star = poolster. Polecat, poulkat, bunzing. Polemic, pəlemik, polemisch; polemicus: Polemics = polemiek. Polenta, pəlentə, soort pap van maïs, aardappelmeel of gerstemeel. Police, pəlîs, subst. politie; ook verb.: Mounted police = bereden politie; A number of troops will be necessary to police the country = orde en regel te brengen in; Police-commissioner = commissaris; Police-constable = agent; Police-court = politierechtbank; Police-inspector = inspecteur; Police- magistrate = politierechter; Policeman = agent; Police-office = bureau (Police-station); Police-officer = ambtenaar bij de politie. Policy, polisi, staatkunde, staatsbeleid, overleg, omzichtigheid, wijsheid; polis; park van een landgoed (Schotland): Honesty is the best policy = eerlijk duurt het langst; Life policy = levensverzekeringspolis.
  • 55. Polish, pouliš, Poolsch. Polish, poliš, subst. politoer, glans, verfijning, beschaving; Polish verb. polijsten, poetsen, beschaven, gaan glimmen, zich laten polijsten: He polished his eye-glasses = veegde af; To polish glass = glas slijpen; May I polish off that job for you? = dat zaakje … opknappen; I polished him off in no time = zette hem gauw op z’n plaats; Polished = gepolijst, beschaafd; Polishing: Polishing- cloths = wrijflappen; Polishing-paste = poetspommade; Let us give it a polishing = polijsten, politoeren, poetsen. Polite, pəlait, beschaafd, beleefd; subst. Politeness. Politic, politik, politiek, staatkundig, slim, sluw: The Body Politic = burgerlijke staat; Political, pelitik’l, politiek, staatsrechtelijk, staats - -, staatkundig: Political Economy = staathuishoudkunde; Politician, politiš’n, staatsman, staatkundige, politicus; Politics, politiks, staatkunde, politiek, slimheid: They were talking politics the whole evening = zij hadden het den geheelen avond over staatkunde; Polity, politi, regeerings(vorm), inrichting. Polk, poulk, een polka dansen: They liked waltzing and polking; Polka, poulkə, polkə, polka. Poll, pol, Mietje; papegaai, lorretje = Poll-parrot. Poll, poul, subst. hoofd, achterhoofd, persoon, register, lijst, stemming, stembus, stembureau; benedeneind van eene bijl; Poll verb. toppen, snoeien, knippen; stemmen, stemmen verkrijgen; registreeren, slaan (sport): The poll is over = de stemming is afgeloopen; At six the poll closed = sloot het stembureau; To go to the poll = gaan stemmen; kandidaat zijn; He was at the head of the poll = hij had de meeste stemmen; The ordinary or poll (ook pol uitgesproken) degree at Cambridge = de gewone graad
  • 56. (Zie Pass) bij het B.A.; The jury was polled = de leden der jury werden hoofdelijk ondervraagd omtrent hun aandeel in de genomen beslissing (Amer.); Poll-cattle = ongehoornd vee; Poll-tax = hoofdelijke omslag; Polling-booths = (verplaatsbare) stembureaux; Polling-clerk = officieel stemopnemer; Polling- place (Poll-station) = stembureau. Pollard, poləd, geknotte of getopte boom (b.v. Pollard willow = knotwilg); dier dat zijn gewei of horens kwijt is; grootkop (visch, Zie Chub), zemelenmeel. [411] Pollen, pol’n, stuifmeel; Pollenize = bevruchten met stuifmeel; Pollinary (Pollinose) = als met stuifmeel bedekt; Pollination = bevruchting door insecten. Polliwig, poliwig, donderpad, kikkervischje. Pollute, pəljût, bezoedelen, besmetten, bevlekken, ontheiligen; Polluted(ness); Polluter; Pollution, pəljûš’n, bezoedeling, besmetting, bevlekking. Pollux, poləks; Polly, poli, Mietje, Marie(tje). Polo, poulou, soort balspel, te paard (of in ’t water) gespeeld. Polonaise, po(u)ləneiz, soort v. japon; Polonaise. Polony, pəlouni, worst van halfgaar-gekookt varkensvleesch. Poltroon, poltrûn, subst. lafaard; adj. lafhartig, verachtelijk; Poltroonery = lafheid; Poltroonish = laf. Polyandrian, poliandriən, polyandrisch; subst. Polyandry, Polyandry.
  • 57. Polyanthus, polianthəs, tuberoos. Polygamist, poligəmist, voorstander der polygamie; adj. Polygamous; Polygamy = polygamie. Polyglot, poliglot, veeltalig; polyglotte, boek in vele talen; adj. Polyglottous. Polygon, poligon, veelhoek; Polygonal, Polygonous, pəligən’l, pəligənɐs, veelhoekig; Polygonum, pəligənɐm, Polygony, pəligəni, duizendknoop (grassoort). Polygraph, poligraf, soort hectograaf; verzameling van verschillende werken, veelschrijver; adj. Polygraphic(al), poligrafik(’l). Polyhymnia, polihimniə; Polynesia, polinîšə, polinîžə, Polynesië; Polynesian = van P.; Polynesiër. Polyp(e), polip, poliep. Polypod, polipod, duizendpoot; naaktvaren. Polypus, polipɐs, poliep inktvisch. Polysyllabic(al), polisilabik(’l), veellettergrepig; Polysyllable, polisiləb’l, polisiləb’l, veellettergrepig woord. Polysyndeton, polisindəton, polysyndeton. Polytechnic, politeknik, polytechnisch; subst. = Polytechnic- school = polytechnische school. Polytheism, polithîizm, veelgodenleer; Polytheist = geloover in veelgodenleer; adj. Polytheistic(al).
  • 58. Pomace, pomis, pɐmis, pəmeis, droesem van geperste appelen; adj. Pomaceous = appel… Pomade, pəmeid, pəmâd, Pomatum, pəmeit’m, pommade; Pomade verb. pommadeeren. Pome, poum, appelvrucht; Pomegranate, pomgranit, pɐmgranit, granaatappel. Pomerania, poməreinjə, Pommeren: Pomeranian = Pommersch; Pommeriaan, keeshond; Pomfret, pomfrət. Pomiculture, poumikɐltšə, ooftboomkweekerij. Pommel, pɐm’l, subst. degen- of zadelknop; Pommel verb. slaan, bont en blauw slaan: They pommel(l)ed his back = sloegen op zijn rug; To pommel to a jelly = tot moes slaan. Pomologist, pəmolədžist, pomoloog; Pomology, pəmolədži de kunst v. (leerboek over) vruchten en vruchtboomen kweeken; Pomona. Pomp, pomp, praal, praalvertooning. Pompeian, pompeiən, pompîən; Pompeii, pompeijî, pompîjai; Pompeius, pompîjəs = Pompey, pompi, Pompeji; Pompejus. Pompion, pɐmpj’n, pompoen. Pompom, pompom, revolverkanon. Pompon, pompən, pompon. Pomposity, pompositi, praalzucht, vertoon, verwaandheid; gewichtigheid; adj. Pompous, pompəs, subst. Pompousness; Pomposo, pompousou, statig en waardig (muz.).
  • 59. Pond, pond, vijver, poel. Ponder, pondə, overwegen, overpeinzen: He pondered the past = hij bepeinsde wat er gebeurd was; Ponderability = weegbaarheid; Ponderable = weegbaar; Ponderosity = zwaarte, gewicht, gewichtigheid; Ponderous = zwaar, gewichtig, saai; subst. Ponderousness. Pondicherry, pondišeri. Pone, poun, maïsbrood (Amer.). Pongee, pöndžî, mindere soort v. Chineesche zijde. Poniard, ponjəd, subst. dolk; Poniard verb. doorsteken. Ponsonby, pons’nbi. Pont, pont, veerschuit, veerpont. Pontic, pontik: Pontic Sea = Zwarte Zee. Pontifex, pontifeks (Mv. Pontifices, pontifisîz), Romeinsch priester; bisschop, paus; Pontifex-maximus = eerste dezer priesters, de Paus; Pontiff = hoogepriester, paus (= Supreme Pontifex); Pontifical, pontifik’l, subst. het liturgische boek voor de bisschoppelijke bedieningen; adj. hoogepriesterlijk, pauselijk: Pontifical States = de kerkelijke staat; Pontificals = onderscheidingen gedragen door bisschoppen en prelaten: In full pontificals = in pontificaal; Pontificate, pontifikit, hoogepriesterlijke of pauselijke waardigheid. Pont levis, pontləvis, pontlevis, ophaalbrug; het steigeren (van een paard).
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