Macro and micro nutrients in chicken
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The document outlines essential macro and micronutrients required for poultry, detailing their functions, sources, and dietary requirements. It emphasizes the significance of water, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins while providing specific standards for broiler and layer feeds. Additionally, it highlights the role of minerals and vitamins, noting the effects of deficiencies and toxic levels in poultry health.
Macro and micro nutrients in chicken
- 1. Macro and Micronutrients in Chicken Macronutrients:- Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and for other body functions. Since ―macro‖ means large, macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts. The prefix makro is from the Greek and means big or large Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy.
- 2. Macronutrients Water Carbohydrates Fats (lipids) Proteins
- 3. Water (H2O) Overlook when formulating rations—assumed animals have access to good quality water EXTREMELY IMPORTANT Cheapest & most abundant nutrient May lose 100% of body fat, 50% of body protein and live Lose 10% of body water, dehydration occurs and may result in death
- 4. Cont.. 65-85% of body weight at birth 45-60% of body weight at maturity Many tissues contain 70-90% water
- 5. Water sources Drinking water Feed Metabolic water produced by oxidation of CHO, fats & proteins
- 6. Drinking water Drinking Pigs = 1.5-3 gal/hd/day Sheep = 1-3 gal/hd/day Cattle = 10-14 gal/hd/day Horses = 10-14 gal/hd/day Poultry = 2 parts water:1 part feed
- 7. Feed Moister contained in poultry feed 11 percent
- 8. Metabolic Water Results from the oxidation of organic nutrients in the tissues - 1 g of carbohydrates = .6 g of water - 1 g of protein = .4 g of water - 1 g of fat = 1 g of water - May account for 5-10% of total water intake
- 9. Water Loss Urine Feces Lungs (latent heat)/heat of evaporation Skin Egg production
- 10. Factors Affecting Water Intake Temperature & humidity Dietary factors High moisture feeds reduce water intake Fiber, DM intake, salt, and protein increase water intake
- 11. Water Absorption Readily absorbed Monogastrics/Ruminants: Jejunum, Ileum, Cecum, Large Intestine
- 12. CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) Definition: Hydrates of carbon formed by combining CO2 and H2O photosynthesis Primary component found in livestock feeds 70% of DM of forages 80% of DM of grains Serve as source of energy or bulk (fiber) in the diet
- 13. Sources of CHO Cereal Grains Most feedstuffs of plant origin are high in CHO content
- 14. Types of CHO Monosaccharides: 1 sugar molecule Glucose Primary sugar body uses for fuel Fructose Found in honey (75%), fruits, and cane sugar Sweetest sugar Present in low concentrations in animal feedstuffs
- 16. Contn.. Disaccharides: 2 sugar molecules linked by a glycosidic bond Lactose (galactose + glucose) Milk sugar Sucrose (fructose + glucose) Table sugar Present in higher concentrations in animal feedstuffs
- 18. cont… Oligosaccharides: group of CHO consisting of 2-10 sugar groups Present in feed ingredients Fructooligosaccharides (Inulin) Galactooligosaccharides:
- 19. Cont.. Oligosaccharides Not hydrolytically digested or digested by the action of mammalian enzymes Fermented by beneficial bacteria present in GIT ―Functional Feed Ingredient‖: foodstuffs which, apart from their normal nutritional value, are said to help promote or sustain healthiness PREBIOTIC
- 22. Cont.. Polysaccharides: many sugar molecules linked by a glycosidic bond Starch: storage form in plants Cellulose: most abundant CHO in nature Hemicellulose: principle component of plant cell wall
- 23. Polysaccharides
- 24. Cont..
- 25. Function of CHO Source of energy Source of heat Building block for other nutrients
- 26. CHO Digestion Dietary CHO must be converted to be absorbed Simple sugars (monosaccharides) How? Action of amylase enzyme Salivary amylase (swine, poultry) Intestinal amylase Action of other disaccharidases Produced by mucosal lining of duodenum
- 27. CHO Absorption Once simple sugars are formed, they are absorbed rapidly by small intestine Then monosaccharides diffuse into the portal vein which transports them to sites of metabolism
- 28. LIPIDS Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents Dense energy source: 1 g fat = 9.45 kcal GE 1 g protein = 4.5 kcal GE 1 g CHO = 4.2 kcal GE Thus, fat produces 2.25 times the energy than CHO
- 29. Lipids Triglyceride: primary storage form of lipids Saturated fatty acids: contain no double bonds Unsaturated fatty acids: contain 1 or more double bonds
- 30. Sources of Lipids (EFA) Most feeds contain low levels > 10% Unprocessed oil seeds (soybean, cottonseed, sunflower seed) contain up to 20% fat Traditionally, if additional fat is needed it is added to the diet Animal fats Vegetable oils
- 32. Cont.. Fats = solid at room temp = animal origin saturated Oils = liquid at room temp = plant origin unsaturated
- 33. Functions of Lipids Dietary energy supply Source of insulation & protection Source of essential fatty acids (EFA) Carrier for fat soluble vitamins
- 34. EFA Essential fatty acids (EFA): Those fatty acids that an animal requires, but which it cannot synthesize in adequate amounts to meet the animal’s need Linoleic Linolenic -Arachidonic Physiological needs: Cell membrane structure Synthesis of prostaglandins which control blood pressure and smooth muscle contractions Deficiency: Scaly, flaky skin (Poor feather growth) Poor growth
- 35. Lipid Digestion Occurs in the small intestine (duodenum) Bile produced by liver emulsifies fat Pancreatic lipase (enzyme) breaks apart fat for absorption
- 36. Lipid Absorption Monoglycerides (MG)—absorbed into SI mucosal cells Free Fatty Acids (FFA)—absorbed into SI mucosal cells or enter blood circulation directly Very efficient Absorption rates range from 70-96% Generally, oils (unsaturated fats) are absorbed more completely that fats (saturated fats)
- 37. PROTEINS DEFINITION: Protein are long chains of amino acids (AA)- Formed by peptide linkages Amino group + carbon skeleton Principal constituent of organs and soft tissues Highest concentration of any nutrient, except water, in the body of all living organisms and animals Required for life
- 38. Sources of Protein Most common feedstuffs contain some protein KEY: to combine feedstuffs into the diet so that AA requirements are met e.g. Using a corn-soybean meal diet for pigs
- 39. Structure Protein (2 AA joined by peptide bond between carboxyl and amino group
- 40. Categories of Protein 1. Essential Amino Acids (EAA): required in the diet cannot be synthesized at a rate sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements 2. Nonessential AA animal can produce enough to meet it’s requirements 3. Semi-essential AA Animal can not always produce enough to meet its requirements
- 41. Essential AA PVT TIM HALL (KNOW!) • Phenylalanine • Valine • Threonine • Tryptophan • Isoleucine • Methionine • Histidine • Arginine • Lysine • Leucine
- 42. Critical amino acids Methionine Arginine Lysine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine
- 43. Limiting amino acids Lysine Methionine Cystine + methionine
- 44. Functions of Protein Basic structural units Collagen, blood, elastin Body metabolism Enzymes, hormones, immune system, hereditary transmission Production Meat, milk, skin/hair
- 45. Protein Deficiency Reduced growth & feed efficiency Infertility Reduced birth weights Reduced milk production
- 46. Protein Digestion Proteins must be broken down into AA for absorption in the GIT Exception! Early in life (> 48 h after birth) proteins from milk (immunoglobulin's) can be absorbed intact across the intestinal epithelium
- 47. Monogastric Protein Digestion Stomach: HCl unfolds (denatures) proteins and activates pepsinogen secreted by stomach to pepsin Pepsin begins protein digestion to peptides (short-chain proteins) Small intestine: enzymes (trypsin) break peptides into AA AA are absorbed in anterior part of the small intestine Jejunum and ileum AA are absorbed and transported to tissue via blood
- 48. Specifications For Broiler Feeds(BIS Standards 2007) No Nutrient Unit Pre Starter Starter Finisher 1 Moisture Max% 11.0 11.0 11.0 2 Crude protein Min % 23.0 22.0 20.0 3 Ether Extract Min % 3.0 3.5 4.0 4 Crude Fibre Max% 5.0 5.0 5.0 5 Acid Insoluble Ash Max% 2.5 2.5 2.5 6 Salt as NaCl Max % 0.5 0.5 0.5 7 Lysine Min% 1.3 1.2 1.0 8 Methionine Min% 0.5 0.5 0.45 9 Methionine+ cystine Min% 0.9 0.9 0.85 10 Metabolizable energy Min% Kcalkg 3000 3100 3200
- 49. Specifications For layer Feeds (BIS Standards 2007) No Nutrient Unit Chick Grower Layer Phase I Phase II 1 Moisture Max% 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 2 Crude protein Min % 20.0 16.0 18.0 16.0 3 Ether Extract Min % 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4 Crude Fibre Max% 7.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 5 Acid Insoluble Ash Max% 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 6 Salt as NaCl Max % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7 Lysine Min% 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.65 8 Methionine Min% 0.45 0.35 0.35 0.30 9 Methionine+ cystine Min% 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.55 10 Metabolizable energy Min% Kcalk 2800 2500 2600 2400
- 51. Micronutrients in poultry Minerals and vitamins are ca them. Minerals and Vitamins are called micronutrients since they are needed in SMALL amounts.
- 52. Minerals Inorganic components of the diet Can not be synthesized or decomposed by chemical reactions Total mineral content is called ―ash‖ Makes up 3-5% of the body weight
- 53. Sources of Minerals Forages usually considered good sources of minerals Largely dependant on soil conditions Grains are fair source of P, but low in other minerals Mineral premixes Mineral blocks
- 54. What do minerals do in our body? Influence fluid balance Regulate blood pressure Role in muscle contraction Direct nerve impulse transmission Used to make hormones Aids in building strong bones and teeth Each one has specific roles in body
- 55. Categories of Minerals Macro Minerals: Minerals normally present at greater levels in animal body or needed in large amounts in the diet (found in concentrations > 100 ppm) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Sodium (Na) Chloride (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S)
- 56. Categories of Minerals Micro (Trace) Minerals: Minerals normally present at low levels in animal body or needed in small amounts in the diet (found in concentrations < 100 ppm) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Fluoride (Fl) Iodine (I) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Selenium (Se) Zinc (Zn)
- 57. Functions of Mineral Skeletal formation and maintenance (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn) Protein synthesis (P, S, Zn) Oxygen transport (Fe, Cu) Fluid balance—osmotic pressure (Na, Cl, K) Acid-base balance regulation (Na, Cl, K) Activators or components of enzyme systems (Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) Mineral-Vitamin relationships (Ca, P, Co, Se)
- 58. Macro Mineral Deficiencies Ca and P Loss of appetite and weakness Rickets (young birds ) Layers : Decreased egg production Cage layer fatigue Reduced egg size Poor shell quality Blood spot Yolk mottling Breeders:- Decreased hatchability Poor performance of offspring
- 59. Sodium (Na) and Chloride(Cl) Loss of appetite, Growth retardation, poor feed utilization Decrease in fluid volume Gonadal inactivity Reduced egg production & hatchability Cannibalism Molting in layers
- 60. Potassium Reduced appetite, depressed growth, muscular weakness and paralysis Intracellular acidosis Titanic seizure Reduced egg production and shell quality
- 61. Magnesium Anorexia and depressed growth Poor feathering, panting and gasping Hrperirritabilty,tetany,muscular in coordination Decreased egg production, egg weight and shell quality
- 62. Iron (Fe) Macrocytic and hypochromic anemia Low growth rate Poor feathering Depigmentation of feathers Embryonic mortality (9 to 15 days )
- 63. Manganese Perosis (chondrodystrophy) Thickened and enlarged hock joints Micromelia in breeders Ataxia and star gazing posture
- 64. Zinc (Zn) Decrease in weight of lymphoid organs Retarded growth in young chicks Breeders: Reduced hatchability, Embryonic abnormalities, Reduced feed intake, poor feathering
- 65. Copper (Cu) Anemia Enlargement ,thickening and rupture of aorta due to defective elastin formation Fragile long bones and lameness Shell less and misshapen eggs Embryonic mortality at 3-4 days
- 66. Iodine (I) Enlargement of thyroid gland Poor growth, egg production, egg size Abnormal lacy feathers Accumulation of fat Decreased hatchability Decreased sperm count
- 67. Selenium (Se) Exudative diathesis Nutritional muscular dystrophy Pancreatic dystrophy
- 68. Tolerance and toxic levels and symptoms and lesions of mineral toxicity in chicken Mineral Tolerable level Toxic level Toxic symptoms Calcium Growers 1.2 % Layers 5 % Def. of Phosphorus Def .of other minerals (Mg,Fe,I,Zn,Mn) Phosphorous 0.8 % (NPP) Def.of Ca, Def .of other minerals (Mg,Fe,I,Zn,Mn) Sodium Layers -0.12 0.9% Reduced growth & egg prod. ,wet litter Chloride Layers -0.12 1.5% Reduced growth Potassium 2.0% Wet litter Magnesium chicks- 0.3% Adults-0.5% 1.0% Poor growth,low egg prod.,poor egg shell quality
- 69. Cont.. Mineral Tolerable level Toxic level Toxic symptoms Cobalt 10mg/kg 100mg/kg Reduced growth Copper 300mg/kg 800mg/kg Necrosis of liver,destrction of vit.E, gizzard erosions Iodine 300mg/kg 500mg/kg Goiter, reduced egg prod., egg size and hatchability Iron 1000mg/kg 4500mg/kg Adsorbs vitamins ,formation of insoluble phosphates Manganese 2000mg/kg 4000mg/kg Poor growth Selenium 2mg/kg 10mg/kg Poor growth, low egg prod . Zinc 1000mg/kg 1500mg/kg Muscular dystrophy, reduced bone ash
- 70. Specifications For Broiler Feeds(BIS Standards 2007) No Nutrient Unit Pre Starter Starter Finisher 1 Calcium Max% 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 Phosphorous Available P Min % 0.7 0.45 0.7 0.45 0.7 0.45 3 Manganese Min mg 100 100 100 4 Iodine Min mg 1.2 1.2 1.2 5 Iron Min mg 80.0 80.0 80.0 6 Copper Min mg 12.0 12.0 12.0 7 Selenium Min mg 0.15 0.15 0.15 8 Zinc Min mg 80.0 80.0 80.0
- 71. Specifications For layer Feeds (BIS Standards 2007) No Nutrient Unit Chick Grower Layer Phase I phase II Calcium Max% 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.5 2 Phosphorous Available P Min % 0.7 0.45 0.65 0.40 0.65 0.40 0.65 0.40 3 Manganese Min mg 70 60 60 60 4 Iodine Min mg 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5 Iron Min mg 70 60 60 60 6 Copper Min mg 12.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 7 Selenium Min mg 0.15 0.15 0.15 8 Zinc Min mg 60 60 60 60
- 72. Mineral Absorption Minerals are converted to their ionic form and absorbed in the small intestine
- 73. Vitamins Organic substances required by the animal in very small amounts Necessary for metabolic activity but not part of body structure Content varies greatly in the feed Requirements depend on species
- 74. Types of Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins Vit A (carotene): vision Vit D: Ca, P absorption Vit E (tocopherol): antioxidant Vit K (menadione): blood clotting
- 75. Vitamin A Discovered in 1913 by McCollum and Davis Essential for vision, healthy epithelial tissues, and growth Sources: milk, cheese, cream, butter, eggs, liver Beta carotene – A molecule normally can yield two molecules of retinol One ICU of vitamin A =0.3mg of retinol or 0.55 mg of retinol palmitate
- 76. Forms of vitamin A Form of vitamin Activity Retinol 3.33 IU Retinol acetate 2.91 IU Retinol palmitate 1.82 IU Beta carotene 1.67 IU
- 77. Functions Vision (Rhodopsin formation) Bone growth Reproduction Epithelial integrity Immunological response
- 78. Absorption, transport and metabolism Retinyl esters (RE) hydrolyzed into retinol & absorbed in to mucosal cell. RE (liver) are hydrolyzed by enzymes n free retinol is transported by retinol binding protein (RBP) to tissues Liver contains as much as 95% of vitamin in body
- 79. Deficiency Reduced growth Decrease in resistance to diseases Eye lesions and muscular in co-ordination Decrease in egg production Degeneration of mucus membrane
- 80. Vitamin D Named by McCollum in 1925 The ―Sunshine Vitamin,‖ synthesized with the help of sunlight also named as antirachitic vitamin Aids in mineralization of bones Sources: milk, butter, juices, cereal, chocolate, veal, beef, egg yolks, and fatty fish One ICU of vit.D=0.025mg of vitamin D Two forms Ergocaciferol ( D2) and Cholecalciferol ( D3), Cholecalciferol is more potent (30 times)
- 81. Functions Enhancement of intestinal absorption Elevates plasma Ca and P levels Helps in regulation of immune cell formation
- 82. Absorption, transport and metabolism Active form of vitamin D3 is formed in the kidney under the influence of PTH during reduced calcium levels Vitamin D is absorbed in presence of bile & reaches rapidly to liver via circulation
- 83. Deficiency Rickets ,soft beak,claws,leg and other bones Depigmentation of feathers Reduced egg production Thin shelled or shell less eggs Reduced hatchability Embryonic mortality in chicks (18-19Days)
- 84. Vitamin E Discovered by Evans and Bishop in 1922 Source: polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine and salad dressing), green leafy vegetables, whole grains, egg yolks, nuts, and fatty meats One ICU of vit.E = 1mg of dl- tocopherol acetate or 0.909 mg of dl tocopherol Functions functions as an antioxidant Enhance disease resistance in chicken Involved in cell oxidation
- 85. Forms of vitamin E Form Activity DL-a-Tocopheryl acetate 1.00 IU D –a-Tocopheryl acetate 1.36 IU D-a-Tocopherol 1.49 IU DL-a-Tocopherol 1.10 IU D-v-Tocopherol 0.07 IU Tocotrienols 1.30 IU
- 86. Deficiency Exudative diathesis Encephalomalacia/crazy chick disease Muscular dystrophy Sterility in males
- 87. Vitamin K Discovered by Henrik Dam in 1929 Main role is in synthesis of blood clotting proteins. Sources: liver, green leafy vegetables, milk, and cabbage-type vegetables. The bacteria in our GI tracts can also make vitamin K
- 88. Forms of vitamin K Form of vitamin Activity Phylloquinone (K1) 100 % Menaquinone (K2) 100 % Menadione (K3) 60 %
- 89. Functions Required for blood clotting Prothrombin is converted to thrombin facilitate conversion of soluble fibrinogen in to insoluble fibrin Synthesis of proconvertin,plasma thromboplastin & Stuart factor
- 90. Deficiency Impaired blood clotting Severe internal hemorrhages Gizzard erosion
- 91. Water soluble Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Pyridoxine Pantothenic acid Biotin Choline Folic acid Vitamin B12 Vitamin C
- 92. Thiamine (B1) Discovered by Eijkman in 1897 Essential for release of energy from nutrients during oxidation Plays important role in nucleic acid synthesis Essential for membrane integrity and function of nerve cell Concerned in synthesis of acetyl choline & fatty acids
- 93. Sources Cereal byproducts like rice germ, wheat bran, peanut meal, cane molasses and alfalfa
- 94. Deficiency Polyneuritis Loss of appetite Opisthotonous Cardiac abnormalities Star gazing and frequent convulsions
- 95. Riboflavin (B2) Discovered by Warburg and Christian in 1932 Essential for generation of energy during the metabolism of CHO and fats Facilitate biological oxidation –reduction reactions Sources :- Yeast ,liver, milk and eggs Hence this vitamin is extremely critical and required to be supplied in diets of chicken
- 96. Deficiency Curled toe paralysis Retarded growth, leg paralysis Reduced egg production Reduced hatchability
- 97. Niacin Isolated by Warburg and Christain in 1936 Essential for release of energy from nutrients Important for biosynthesis of nucleic acid Forms of niacin 1)Nicotinic acid 2)Nicotinamide Sources: cereal grains and grain byproducts Oilseeds Animal protein sources
- 98. Deficiency Enlargement of tibiotarsal joint, poor feathering,dematitis of feet & head Reduced feed intake & growth rate in chicks Black tongue- inflammation of mouth & esophagus Loss of weight, reduced egg production & hatchability in layers
- 99. Pyridoxine (B6 ) Deficiency first discovered by Goldberger and Lillee in 1926 Requirement increases with level of protein,aminoacids and their ratio in diet Supplemental vitamin B6 may be essential in corn soya diet Concerned in amino acid biosynthesis and catabolism Essential for synthesis of biogenic amines Essential for energy production from metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
- 100. Forms of pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxol Pyridoxamine
- 101. Sources Widely distributed in most foods viz.muscle,meats,liver green leafy material and whole grains
- 102. Deficiency Characteristic posture with wings slightly spread and head resting on ground Birds run aimlessly Reduced appetite, growth and poor feathering Marked increase in gizzard erosion Hyper excitability Reduction in egg production & hatchability
- 103. Pantothenic acid Discovered by Norris and Ringrose in 1930 Sensitive to moist heat-pelleting may cause loss Plays important role in the form of coenzyme A & acetyl carrier protein Enhances antibody titers by incorporation of amino acids in blood & albumin Essential for synthesis of acetyl choline Biosynthesis of hemoglobin Forms of Pantothenic acid D-Pantothenate DL-Pantothenate
- 104. Sources Cereal byproducts like rice germ, wheat bran, peanut meal, cane molasses and alfalfa
- 105. Deficiency Reduced growth & poor feed conversion Poor feathering Dermatitis at the corner and near the beak Dermatitis of feet Reduced hatchability & embryonic mortality during last phase of incubation Edematous embryos with subcutaneous hemorrhages
- 106. Folacin Deficiency symptoms first recorded by Wills in 1951 Sensitive to light & heat High protein diets infested with moulds & supplementation of diets with sulpha drugs increases the dietary requirement Forms of Folacin Folic acid Polyglutamyl folacins Function: Plays key role in transfer of single carbon units as tetrahydropholic acid Required for maintaining immune system
- 107. Deficiency Anemia ,poor growth Depigmentation of colored feathers Poor hatchability & increased embryonic mortality during last days of incubation Abnormal development of hyaline cartilage
- 108. Biotin (vitamin H) Discovered by Allison, Hoover and Burk in 1933 Bioavalabity more from vegetable feed ingredients than animal sources available in two forms as D- Biotin and DL-Biotin Pelleting has little effect on biotin content in the feeds Involved in conversion of CHO to proteins Essential for normal blood glucose level Functions in transcarboxilation ,protein synthesis,deamination and nucleic acid metabolism Coenzyme in metabolism of linoleic acid
- 109. Deficiency Utilization of biotin reduced if feed contains mould or rancid fats Poor growth & feed efficiency,ataxia,crooked legs & parrot beak Dermatitis, disturbed & broken feathers Reduced hatchability in breeders
- 110. Cynocobalamine(B 12) Identified as unknown factor by Minor & Murphy in 1926 Found in abundance in plant feed ingredients Cobalt is integral part of the vitamin(4.5%) Functions Transamination & biosynthesis of nutrients like choline,methionine & Folacin Concerned in synthesis of purines,pyrimidines & proteins
- 111. Deficiency Reduced hatchability & embryonic mortality Anemia, gizzard erosions ,fattiness of heart liver & kidney Reduction in egg weight Reduced feed intake, feed efficiency & poor growth of feathers Nervous disorders
- 112. Choline Discovered by Strecker in 1862 Synthesized in liver, highly hygroscopic Requirement increases with increase levels of dietary protein or fat Functions Structural component of cell Constituent of phospholipids, plays important role in metabolism Prevents fatty liver by mobilization of fat as lecithin
- 113. Sources Fish ,cereal products & oil seed meals
- 114. Deficiency Perosis in young chicks Fatty liver
- 115. Vitamin c (Ascorbic acid) 1747 James lind ,Scottish Naval Surgeon Discovered Two forms Reduced form Ascorbic Acid & dehydroxyascorbic acid Reduced form oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid Readily destroyed by oxidation Functions Collagen synthesis Electron transfer in the cell Important role in metabolism of tyrosine Stimulate phagocytic activity & antibody formation Synthesis of carnitine Essential for steroid synthesis
- 116. Toxicity of vitamin A,D3 & E Vitamin Toxic level Symptoms /lesions A 2,000,000 IU/kg Antagonizes absorption of vitamin D3 & E D3 300,000 IU/kg Hypercalcimia,mine ralization of soft tissue E 40,000 IU/Kg Poor growth ,soft tissue mineralization
- 117. Specifications For Broiler Feeds(BIS Standards 2007) No Nutrient Unit Pre Starter Starter Finisher 1 Vitamin A Min IU 11000 11000 10000 2 Vitamin D3 Min IU 3000 3000 300 3 Vitamin B1 Min mg 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 Vitamin B2 Min mg 6.0 6.0 6.0 5 Pantothenic acid Min mg 15.0 15.0 15.0 6 Niacin Min mg 40.0 40.0 40.0 7 Biotin Min mg 0.15 0.15 0.15 8 Vitamin B12 Min mg 0.015 0.015 0.015 9 Folic acid Min mg 1.0 1.0 1.0 10 Choline Min mg 500 500 500 11 Vitamin E Min mg 30.0 30.0 30.0 12 Vitamin K Min mg 1.5 1.5 1.5 13 Vitamin B6 Min mg 5.0 5.0 5.0 14 Linoleic acid % 1.1 1.1 1.1
- 118. Specifications For layer Feeds (BIS Standards 2007) No Nutrient Unit Chick Grower Layer phase I phase II 1 Vitamin A Min IU 9000 8000 8000 8000 2 Vitamin D3 Min IU 1800 1600 1600 1600 3 Vitamin B1 Min mg 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 4 Vitamin B2 Min mg 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5 Pantothenic acid Min mg 10.0 9.0 7.0 7.0 6 Niacin Min mg 40.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 7 Biotin Min mg 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 8 Vitamin B12 Min mg 0.010 0.008 0.008 0.008 9 Folic acid Min mg 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 10 Choline Min mg 500 200 400 400 11 Vitamin E Min mg 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12 Vitamin K Min mg 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 13 Vitamin B Min mg 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 14 Linoleic acid % 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
- 119. Thank you