Making better cities
- 2. Population growth leading to an increase in carbon emissions. A levelling of in improvements on recycling rates. an increase in the number of diesel vehicles causing higher levels of paticulate emissions. An ageing infrastructure of water pipes increasing the number of leaks. Environmental quality at the local level worsening due to increased urbanization.
- 4. MAJOR CAUSES Early Marriage and Universal Marriage System: The concept of early marriage still prevails and getting married at a young age prolongs the child bearing age. Also, in India, marriage is a sacred obligation and a universal practice, where almost every woman is married at the reproductive age. Poverty and Illiteracy: Another factor for the rapid growth of population is poverty. Some poor families feel that more children are needed to look after them in their old age. Strange but true, Indian still lack behind the use of contraceptives and birth control methods. Many of them are not willing to discuss or are totally unaware about them. Illiteracy is thus another cause of over population. Illegal migration: Last but not the least, we cannot ignore the fact that illegal migration is continuously taking place from Bangladesh, Nepal leading to increased population density.
- 5. STEPS THAT CAN BE TAKEN Increasing the welfare and status of women and girls. Spread of education, sex education, encouraging male sterilisation and spacing births. Free distribution of contraceptives and condoms among the poor. Creating awareness among proper family planning.
- 7. MAJOR CAUSES Climatic factors: Climatic conditions constitute an important cause of poverty. The hot climate of India reduces the capacity of people especially the ruralites to work for which production severely suffers. Frequent flood, famine, earthquake and cyclone cause heavy damage to agriculture. Moreover, absence of timely rain, excessive or deficient rain affect severely country’s agricultural production. Demographic factors: (i) Rapid growth of population (ii) Size of family Personal causes: (i) Lack of motivation (ii) Idleness Economic causes: (i) Low agricultural productivity (ii) Unequal distribution of land and other assets
- 8. STEPS THAT CAN BE TAKE 1.Accelerating Economic Growth 2. Agricultural Growth and Poverty Alleviation 3. Speedy Development of Infrastructure 4. Accelerating Human Resource Development 5. Growth of Non-Farm Employment 6. Direct Attack on Poverty: Special Employment Schemes for the Poor
- 10. Introduction Urban areas have been recognized as “engines of inclusive economic growth”. Of the 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas, i.e. approx 32 % of the population. The census of India, 2011 defines urban settlement as :- All the places which have municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee. A minimum population of 5000 persons. At least 75 % of male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. A density of population of at least 400 persons per square kilometer.
- 11. Causes Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County, Iowa and urban Johnson County, Iowa, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centre's in lova. The City of Chicago, Illinois is an example of the early American grid system of development. The grid is enforced even on uneven topography. Many people move into cities for the economic opportunities, but this does not fully explain the very high recent urbanization. Safety measures 1 . Give more employment opportunities villages. Open some factories or industries in rural areas . 2 . Make schools & colleges in rural areas so that rural children don't have to come to cities for education . 3. Every day usable materials should be sold in cheap rate in rural areas. 4 Daily wages in rural areas should be equal or as per city .
- 12. Causes:- It is caused due to great variation in climate over a period of time. It is also caused due to increase in population in cities. It is also caused due to increment of population in cities in which birds or animals can’t survive and are compelled to leave the cosmopolitan cities. Measures to be taken to increase biodiversity Success of protected areas as a response to biodiversity loss requires better site selection and incorporation of regional trade-offs to avoid some ecosystems from being poorly represented while others are overrepresented. Protected areas are an extremely important part of programs to increase biodiversity and ecosystems , especially for sensitive habitats. Decrease use of pesticides .Many people use lawn care companies that use their grass lawn with pesticides to limit the growth of weeds.
- 13. Water supply (352.5 MLD) status in Jaipur a. Ramgarh Lake : Nil b. Tubewells : 300 MLD c. Hand Pumps : 1 MLD d. Tubewells (125mm) : 1.5 MLD e. Bisalpur Dam : 50 MLD Water Requirement : 349.75 MLD As more than 80% of the water requirements in jaipur is being fulfilled by the ground water supply so the major responsibility of fulfilling the water requirement of the city comes on ground water resources. Effects on ground water:- • Ground water levels are falling rapidly. • Industries are damping wastes into ground resulting in contamination of ground water. • Run-off from crops contain pesticides, fertilizer, sediment.
- 14. Causes Reduced Surface Water Supplies Groundwater and surface water are connected. When groundwater is overused, the lakes, streams, and rivers connected to groundwater can also have their supply diminished. Disposal of hazardous wastes The hazardous wastes from industries seep into the ground and ground water gets Contaminated making water useless for human purpose. Safety measure Reduce Chemical Use Use fewer chemicals around your home and yard, and make sure to dispose of them properly - don't dump them on the ground. Water Wisely Water the lawn and plants during the coolest parts of the day and only when they truly need it. Make sure you, your family, and your neighbors obey any watering restrictions during dry periods.
- 15. The simplest ways to reduce the effects of pollution is to increase flora. Trees, shrubs, an herb garden, houseplants, vegetable crops, decorative flowers, — plants helps us reduce pollution. They reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, they increase oxygen, and they help eliminate toxins. Not only do they provide nourishment for the entire food chain as well as the earth itself, but they are a safe and effective solution to some of our biggest environmental problems, improving both outdoor and indoor environments. Requirement of trees in urban areas o Temperature reduction and other microclimatic effects o Removal of air pollutants o Emission of volatile organic compounds and tree maintenance emissions
- 16. Capacity for renewable energy is nearly 45000MW in India. It aims to generate about 175000MW of renewable energy by 2022. The Jawaharlal Nehru Solar missions aims to create about 100000MW of solar energy by 2022. Tamil Nadu has the highest energy capacity in India. Renewable energy has around 37% share in total electric- city generation capacity of the state. Power, coal and renewable energy Minister has set a 6 lakh crore budget for renewable energy projects in India.
- 17. Process for Setting Up Rooftop Solar Plant in Gujarat under Net-Metering. One thing that is rapidly evolving at an ultimate pace is the upcoming rooftop solar projects sector across India and particularly across Gujarat. Wind Power : Tata Power is the leading private wind generation company with an installed capacity of 470.6 MW and has added another first to its credit by commissioning 2 MW-class wind turbines designed by Kenersys Gmbh of Germany, manufactured and installed by Kenersys India. Currently, Tata Power’s wind power capacity is spread across five states - Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Another 180 MW of wind projects are under construction in the states of Rajasthan (Dalot 100.5) and Maharashtra (Pethshivpur 49.5, Visapur 32 MW). In addition, Tata Power through Cennergi, is developing two wind projects totaling 234 MW in South Africa.
- 18. 240 MW Sorik Marapi Geothermal Project : The Tata Power (47.50%) led consortium along with Origin Energy Ltd., Australia (47.50%) and PT Supraco, Indonesia (5%), won the Sorik Marapi geothermal project in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The Sorik Marapi project is estimated to support the development of approximately 240 MW of geothermal generation capacity. The project will be developed by PT Sorik Marapi Geothermal Power (SMGP), a Special Purpose Vehicle formed by the Consortium. The project is in the exploration phase.
- 19. Solar Power : The company has set up a solar capacity of 25 MW in Pallaswadi, Maharashtra to meet its solar renewable purchase obligation.
- 20. The batteries(management and handling) rules 2001, e, Rule 10 mandates that all consumers deposit used batteries with dealer, manufacturer, importer, assembler, recycler, re-conditioner or designated collection centres. Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 Rule 8(1) requires every occupier7 of an establishment generating, or dealing in BM Wastes in any other manner, and of a treatment facility to make an application for authorization from SPCB. • The Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011.