Making Cents of LEDs
- 1. Making Cents of LEDs How (and Why) to Choose and Use Emerging Lighting Technologies 9th Annual Green Energy Summit and Exposition Breakout Session 1-1 Tyson Cook Staff Scientist, Clean Wisconsin Your environmental voice since 1970 www.cleanwisconsin.org | Twitter: @cleanwisconsin
- 2. Outline
- 3. What is Sustainability? • Brundtland Report (1987): “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” • Three pillars: social, environmental, economic • For businesses: “Triple Bottom Line” – People, Planet, Profit • Live well, leave well
- 4. How is energy efficiency sustainable? • People – Health, other quality of life impacts from air, water pollution, etc. • Planet – Environmental impacts from air, water pollution, water use, resource extraction, etc. • Profit – U.S. commercial sector spending on energy in 2009: $170,100,000,000 ($170.1 billion )
- 5. Why LEDs/ Why now? • Lighting is often the cheapest and easiest efficiency upgrade • LEDs are the most efficient lights (in many applications) • Prices are now competitive over lifespan (in many applications)
- 6. What are LEDs? • LED stands for “Light Emitting Diode” • “Solid State” technology – Like a solar panel in reverse • Complete LED light = driver, diode, phosphor, lens, heat sink, wiring – May be replacement bulb, or complete “luminaire”
- 7. How are LEDs different? • There’s no filament, no gas, etc. – they’re a different technology (solid state) • They are directional • They can be long-lived • They don’t (usually) burn out – they gradually dim • There are tons of options
- 8. How are LEDs sustainable? • Compared to other lights, LEDs can: – Work Better • More options for improved light quality – Use Less • 6x as efficient as 60w bulb, 1.5x as efficient as CFL …and improving – Waste Less • Lasts 25x as long as 60w, 2.5x as long as CFL … and no mercury – Cost Less • Energy + maintenance savings over life > initial premium • Seems to fit the bill
- 9. Pros and Cons of LEDs Pros Cons • Efficient • Expensive • Long-lasting • Sensitive to heat • Non-hazardous • Directional • Produce less heat • Lots of options • Directional • Lots of options
- 10. Back-of-the-Envelope Comparison: Parking Lot Lights HPS (w/ MH) PMH Bi-Level LED LED Savings First-Year Cost $429.82 $1,502.08 $2,012.00 ($1,582.18) 10-Year Savings -- ($700) $450 $450 10-Year Electricity Use (kWh) 21,481 16,118 6,274 15,207 CO2 Emissions (pounds) 34,778 26,096 10,158 24,620 SO2 Emissions (pounds) 107.4 80.6 31.4 76.0 NOx Emissions (pounds) 36.5 27.4 10.7 25.9 Mercury Emissions (mg) 269.7 202.4 78.8 191.0 Water Use (gallons) 322,216 + 10,741 241,776 + 8,059 94,110 + 3,137 228,106 + 7,604 Total Bulbs Needed 2 3 1 1 Mercury in Bulbs (mg) 60 678 0 60 Cost, use data from: M Myer, R Goettel, “Demonstration Assessment of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Parking Lot Lighting at T.J.Maxx in Manchester, NH, Phase I.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , June 2010 Emissions, mercury data from: US EIA, WDNR, NEWMOA
- 11. Back-of-the-Envelope Comparison: General (A) Lamps Incandescent Dimmable CFL “L- Prize” LED LED Savings First-Year Cost $22.66 $12.83 $54.42 ($31.76) 10-Year Savings -- $134 $113 $113 10-Year Electricity Use (kWh) 1,800 390 300 1,500 CO2 Emissions (pounds) 2,914 631 486 2,428 SO2 Emissions (pounds) 9 1.95 1.5 7.5 NOx Emissions (pounds) 3 0.7 0.5 2.6 Mercury Emissions (mg) 22.6 4.9 3.8 18.8 Water Use (gallons) 27,000 + 900 5,850 + 195 4,500 + 150 22,500 + 750 Total Bulbs Needed 30 3 1 29 Mercury in Bulbs (mg) 0 1.3 0 0 Assumptions: light on 3,000 hours per year, $0.10 per kWh, $1.67 in labor to replace a bulb, 6% discount rate Emissions, mercury data from: US EIA, WDNR, NEWMOA
- 12. What to look for when choosing LEDs C olor E fficacy L ife L imitations S upport
- 13. Color E L L S • Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) What tint is the light? –Rated in Kelvin, from <2,700 (reddish) to >6,000 (blueish) –60w bulb ~2,700k, “Warm white” ~3,000k –Mostly a matter of preference, but make sure they match! • Color Rendering Index (CRI) How vibrant are colors under the light? –Average reflection from a defined 8 color palette (R1 – R8) –Ranges from 0-100 • (60w bulb = 100, normal streetlight <25, fluorescent 50-80) • LEDs ~50-95 –NOTE: Standard CRI doesn’t include bright red (R9) • One attempt at a better measure is the “Color Quality Scale”
- 14. C Efficacy L L S • Lumens per Watt (LPW) How much light do you get for how much power? –Lamp efficacy • What’s the LPW out of the LED itself? –Luminaire efficacy • What’s the LPW of the whole light fixture? • Especially important in directional applications (like down-lights or outdoor lights; a lot of the light from traditional sources can get lost)
- 15. CE Life L S • Expected Useful Life (EUL) How long until you have to replace the light? –LEDs don’t burn out, just fade away • (unless the wiring or driver fails) –So when do you replace them? • “L70” = how long (in hours) until the light is only 70% as bright as it started • Ranges from <10,000 (~1 year without turning off) to >50,000 (>5 constant years)
- 16. CEL Limitations S • Dimming – Can they be turned down? How far? • Distribution – What does the pattern of light look like? • Flicker – Especially when dimmed • Noise – Especially when dimmed
- 17. CELL Support • DOE LightingFacts Information – Check to make sure they’ve had independent testing – Look for LightingFacts label, or check: www.lightingfacts.com • Warranty – “Our lights will last you 10 years - and we back that up, with a 1-year limited warranty!”
- 18. Current LED marketplace: Outdoor
- 19. Current LED marketplace: Directional
- 20. Current LED marketplace: General
- 21. Making it easy(?): Where to use LEDs • Directional Applications – Down lights – Refrigerated case lights – Task lights – Track/ spot lights – Under cabinet lights • Outdoor Applications – Streetlights – Canopy lights – Garage/ Parking lights • Heat-Sensitive Applications – Lighting artwork – Lighting perishables • NOT to Replace Linear Fluorescent Lighting (yet) – For now, stick with high-efficiency fluorescents, unless durability and maintenance costs are key
- 22. Making it easy(?): How to choose LEDs • Compare to your needs • Compare your options – LED vs. conventional lights – LED vs. fluorescent – LED vs. LED • Compare whole-life costs, including energy, maintenance, and replacement • Try them out!
- 23. Connect with Clean Wisconsin Follow us on Visit our website at www.cleanwisconsin.org Join our Action Network
- 24. Back-of-the-Envelope Cost Comparison 60 Watt Incandescent Philips EnduraLED Bulb First-Year Cost: $22 First-Year Cost: $33.62 Bulbs needed over 10 years: 25 Bulbs needed over 10 years: 1 Annual Energy Cost: $15 Annual Energy Cost: $3 Annual Replacement Cost: $5.83 Annualized Replacement Cost: $3.06 10-Year Total Cost (NPV): $161.85 10-Year Total Cost (NPV): $50.97 10-year Savings vs. 60w (NPV): $110.88 Assumptions: light on 9.5 hours per day (2,500 hr/ yr), $0.10 per kWh, $1.67 in labor to replace a bulb, 6% discount rate