![ten times less than that between the inner ring and the body of
Saturn. Having ascertained the mean density of the rings, as
compared with the density of the planet, Sir John Herschel has been
enabled to effect the following beautiful demonstration. [Which we
omit, as too mathematical for popular comprehension.—Ed. Sun.]
Dr. Herschel clearly ascertained that these rings are composed of
rocky strata, the skeletons of former globes, lying in a state of wild
and ghastly confusion, but not devoid of mountains and seas. * * *
* The belts across the body of Saturn he has discovered to be the
smoke of a number of immense volcanoes, carried in these straight
lines by the extreme velocity of the rotary motion. * * * * [And
these also he has ascertained to be the belt of Jupiter.—But the
portion of the work which is devoted to this subject, and to the other
planets, as also that which describes the astronomer's discoveries
among the stars, is comparatively uninteresting to general readers,
however highly it might interest others of scientific taste and
mathematical acquirements.—Ed. Sun.]
* * * * "It was not until the new moon of the month of March, that
the weather proved favorable to any continued series of lunar
observations; and Dr. Herschel had been too enthusiastically
absorbed in demonstrating his brilliant discoveries in the southern
constellations, and in constructing tables and catalogues of his new
stars, to avail himself of the few clear nights which intervened.
"On one of these, however, Mr. Drummond, myself, and Mr. Holmes,
made those discoveries near the Bay of Rainbows, to which I have
somewhere briefly alluded. The bay thus fancifully denominated is a
part of the northern boundary of the first great ocean which I have
lately described, and is marked in the chart with the letter O. The
tract of country which we explored on this occasion is numbered 6,
5, 8, 7, in the catalogue, and the chief mountains to which these
numbers are attached are severally named Atlas, Hercules,
Heraclides Verus, and Heraclides Falsus. Still farther to the north of
these is the island circle called Pythagoras, and numbered 1; and yet
nearer the meridian line is the mountainous district marked R, and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76571-250416123559-3ba4fc93/85/Management-Communication-Principles-and-Practice-3rd-Edition-Michael-Hattersley-30-320.jpg)
![called the Land of Drought, and Q, the Land of Hoar Frost; and
certainly the name of the latter, however theoretically bestowed, was
not altogether inapplicable, for the tops of its very lofty mountains
were evidently covered with snow, though the valleys surrounding
them were teeming with the luxuriant fertility of midsummer. But the
region which we first particularly inspected was that of Heraclides
Falsus (No. 7), in which we found several new specimens of animals,
all of which were horned and of a white or grey color; and the
remains of three ancient triangular temples which had long been in
ruins. We thence traversed the country southeastward, until we
arrived at Atlas (No. 6), and it was in one of the noble valleys at the
foot of this mountain that we found the very superior species of the
Vespertilio-homo. In stature they did not exceed those last
described, but they were of infinitely greater personal beauty, and
appeared in our eyes scarcely less lovely than the general
representations of angels by the more imaginative schools of
painters. Their social economy seemed to be regulated by laws or
ceremonies exactly like those prevailing in the Vale of the Triads, but
their works of art were more numerous, and displayed a proficiency
of skill quite incredible to all except actual observers. I shall,
therefore, let the first detailed account of them appear in Dr.
Herschel's authenticated natural history of this planet."
[This concludes the Supplement, with the exception of forty pages of
illustrative and mathematical notes, which would greatly enhance
the size and price of this work, without commensurably adding to its
general interest.—Ed. Sun.]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76571-250416123559-3ba4fc93/85/Management-Communication-Principles-and-Practice-3rd-Edition-Michael-Hattersley-31-320.jpg)
![In olden time the moon was a goddess. Whatever the ignorant mind
of the time was incapable of grasping was supernatural. Thus arose
the pale, chaste Deity of the Night, robed in virgin white, roaming
dreamily under the partial shade of trees, loving to see her fair
image reflected in streams, and shedding a complacent light on
tender meetings. We are not heathens—far from it: but who among
us has not at some time or other paid homage to the Queen of
Night[1], and thanked her for the gentle light which has shown the
way to some fair hand.
We say, in blunt scientific terms, that she—or it—is a satellite of the
earth, suspended in her—or its—present position by the contrasted
attraction of the sun and the earth. This is the unromantic version of
the naked fact.
There was a time when the earth was an uncomfortable semi-
incandescent mass, in the act of cooling off for practical purposes.
The atmosphere was tropical throughout the globe. All things were
intensely impregnated—or, as the philosophers say, supersaturated—
with carbon. Between the dry land and the waters there was no
division. There was no ocean, and consequently no continents. All
was hot mud, with here and there a lake or a short river, and here
and there a dry, parched, torrid eminence. In those days there were
animals and plants, but no human beings. Both animals and plants
were like the age in which they flourished—to our notions
monstrous. Monsters were the rule, both in the vegetable and the
animated world. Creatures were born, and grew to sizes which dwarf
the elephant. Plants thrust their heads above the mud, and, in that
carboniferous atmosphere, attained heights which would have
towered above the tallest trees of our forests. But in proportion to
the rapidity of their growth was the brevity of their life; for these
were the days of earthquakes and terrestrial convulsions. Probably
no day elapsed without some earthquake or volcanic eruption.
The light of day was dull and obscured. Masses of opaque matter
floated through the atmosphere as thickly as dust specks float
through a ray of sunlight in a darkened room.[3] The hot air, thick](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76571-250416123559-3ba4fc93/85/Management-Communication-Principles-and-Practice-3rd-Edition-Michael-Hattersley-33-320.jpg)
![antiquity of our own system we see the antiquity of the other
systems of the universe. In our catastrophes, too, we recognise
theirs, and in our advancing knowledge and progressive civilization,
we witness the development of the universal mind—the march of the
immortal spirit to its final destiny of glory or of shame.
The following are the names which have been given to the
mountains and valleys, or hollows, in the moon, and which are
referred to in the accompanying picture [See title page].
MOUNTAINS.
1. The Apennines. | 6.The Altai Mountains.
2. The Caucasus. | 7.The Cordilleras.
3. The Alps. | 8.The Riphæ Mountains.
4. Taurus. | 9.The Carpathians.
5. Taurus. | 10.The Hercynian Mountains.
HOLLOWS, OR VALLEYS.
A. The Crisian Sea. | L.The Middle Bay.
B. The Sea of Fertility (!!). | M.The Sea of Clouds.
C. The Sea of Nectar. | N.The Sea of Mist.
D. The Tranquil Sea. | O.The Bay of Epidemics.
E. The Serene Sea. | P.The Stormy Ocean.
F. The Sea of Dreams. | Q.The Showery Sea.
G. The Sea of Death. | R.The Sea of Rainbows.
H. The Dreamy Marsh. | S.The Sea of Dews.
I. The Cold Sea. | T.Humboldt's Sea.
K. The Sea of Vapors. |
As will be seen, astronomers have done what they could to relieve
the dreariness of nature by a free indulgence in fanciful names.
Dr. Chalmers, speaking of the advantages derived from the discovery
of the telescope and microscope, says, "The one led me to see a
system in every star. The other leads me to see a world in every](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76571-250416123559-3ba4fc93/85/Management-Communication-Principles-and-Practice-3rd-Edition-Michael-Hattersley-41-320.jpg)
![Good Hope.... The promulgation of these discoveries creates a new
era in astronomy and science generally."—New Yorker.
"Our enterprising neighbors of the Sun, we are pleased to learn, are
likely to enjoy a rich reward from the late lunar discoveries. They
deserve all they receive from the public—'they are worthy.'"—N. Y.
Spirit of '76.
"After all, however, our doubts and incredulity may be a wrong to
the learned astronomer, and the circumstances of this wonderful
discovery may be correct. Let us do him justice, and allow him to tell
his story in his own way."—N. Y. Sunday News.
"The article is said to be an extract from a supplement to the
Edinburgh Journal of Science. It sets forth difficulties encountered by
Sir John, on obtaining his glass castings for his great telescope, with
magnifying powers of 42,000. The account, excepting the
magnifying power, has been before published" [i. e., in the
Supplement to the Edinburgh Journal of Science.—Ed. Sun].—U. S.
Gazette.
"It is not worth while for us to express an opinion as to the truth or
falsity of the narrative, as our readers can, after an attentive perusal
of the whole story, decide for themselves. Whether true or false, the
article is written with consummate ability, and possesses intense
interest."—Philadelphia Inquirer.
"These are but a handful of the innumerable certificates of credence,
and of complimentary testimonials with which the universal press of
the country is loading our tables. Indeed, we find very few of the
public papers express any other opinion. We have named the Journal
of Commerce as an exception, because it not only ignorantly
doubted the authenticity of the discoveries, but ill-naturedly said that
we had fabricated them for the purpose of making a noise and
drawing attention to our paper.
"Col. Webb of the Courier and Inquirer has said nothing upon the
subject; but he only feels the more, and we are this moment](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76571-250416123559-3ba4fc93/85/Management-Communication-Principles-and-Practice-3rd-Edition-Michael-Hattersley-45-320.jpg)
![assured that he has made arrangements with the proprietors of the
Charleston steam-packets to take the splendid boat William Gibbons
of that line, and charter her for the Cape of Good Hope, whither he
is going with all his family—including Hoskin.
"We yesterday extracted from the celebrated Supplement, a
mathematical problem demonstrating an entirely new, and the only
true method of measuring the height of the lunar mountains. We
were not then aware of its great importance as a demonstration,
also, of the authenticity of the great discoveries. But several eminent
mathematicians have since called and assured us, that it is the
greatest mathematical discovery of the present age. Now, that
problem was either predicated by us, or by some other person, who
has thereby made the greatest of all modern discoveries in
mathematical astronomy. We did not make it, for we know nothing
of mathematics whatever; therefore, it was made by the only person
to whom it can rationally be ascribed, namely, Herschel the
astronomer, its only avowed and undeniable author."—Editor of the
Sun.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76571-250416123559-3ba4fc93/85/Management-Communication-Principles-and-Practice-3rd-Edition-Michael-Hattersley-46-320.jpg)
!["As when the Moon,[2] refulgent lamp of night!
O'er heav'n's clear azure spreads her sacred light,
When not a breath disturbs the deep serene,
And not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene;
Around her throne the vivid planets roll,
And stars unnumber'd gild the glowing pole,
O'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed,
And tip with silver ev'ry mountain's head;
Then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect rise,
A flood of glory bursts from all the skies."
Homer.
The earth is accompanied by a Moon or satellite, whose distance is
237,000 miles, and diameter 2,160. Her surface is composed of hill
and dale, of rocks and mountains, nearly two miles high, and of
circular cavities, sometimes five miles in depth and forty in diameter.
She possesses neither rivers, nor lakes, nor seas, and we cannot
discover with the telescope any traces of living beings, or any
monuments of their hands. Viewing the earth as we now do, as the
third planet in order from the sun, can we doubt that it is a globe
like the rest, poised in ether like them, and, like them, moving round
the central luminary?
[2] As when the moon, &c. This comparison is inferior to none in
Homer. It is the most beautiful night-piece that can be found in
poetry. He presents you with a prospect of the heavens, the seas,
and the earth; the stars shine, the air is serene, the world
enlighten'd, and the moon mounted in glory.
[3] For an account of the singular views which the ancients had
entertained on this subject, see "The Theology of the Phœnicians,"
by Sanchoniatho, who flourished about the time of the Trojan war.
Published in a collection of Ancient Fragments. New York. 1835.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/76571-250416123559-3ba4fc93/85/Management-Communication-Principles-and-Practice-3rd-Edition-Michael-Hattersley-47-320.jpg)
Management Communication Principles and Practice 3rd Edition Michael Hattersley
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- 5. Management Communication Principles and Practice 3rd Edition Michael Hattersley Digital Instant Download Author(s): Michael Hattersley ISBN(s): 9780071259262, 0071259260 Edition: 3 File Details: PDF, 2.57 MB Year: 2007 Language: english
- 6. Management Communication Principles and Practice
- 8. Management Communication PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE THIRD EDITION Michael E. Hattersley Former Course Head, Management Communication, Harvard Business School Linda McJannet Bentley College Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
- 9. MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 8 7 ISBN 978-0-07-352505-1 MHID 0-07-352505-7 Editorial director: John E. Biernat Publisher: Andy Winston Editorial assistant: Kelly Pekelder Associate marketing manager: Kelly Odom Project manager: Jim Labeots Production supervisor: Carol Bielski Lead designer: Matthew Baldwin Lead media project manager: Cathy L. Tepper Cover design: Studio Montage Cover image: © Getty Images Typeface: 10.5/12 Times Roman Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printer: R. R. Donnelley Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hattersley, Michael E. Management communication : principles and practice / Michael E. Hattersley, Linda McJannet.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-352505-1 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-352505-7 (alk. paper) 1. Communication in management. 2. Communication in management—Case studies. I. McJannet, Linda. II. Title HD30.3.H377 2008 658.4'5—dc22 200603582 www.mhhe.com
- 10. About the Authors MICHAEL ELKINS HATTERSLEY graduated from Swarth- more College and received his Ph.D from Yale University in 1976. He has worked as communication director or con- sultant for major companies, governments, academic insti- tutions, and nonprofit organizations. From 1985 to 1993 he taught in and headed the Management Communication course at Harvard Business School. LINDA McJANNET (formerly LINDA McJ. MICHELI) gradu- ated from Wellesley College and received her Ph.D. from Harvard University. She has taught at Harvard Business School, and she is currently Professor of English at Bentley College in Waltham, MA. She is the coauthor of Managerial Communication (Scott, Foresman, 1984). v
- 12. This book is dedicated to our parents (in memoriam) Enid Valerie Elkins Hattersley, E. Vanness Hattersley, Antoinette D. McJennett, and John F. McJennett.
- 14. Contents PREFACE xiii PART ONE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 1. Foundations of Management Communication 3 Overview of the field, main schools of thought, basic analytical tools, key ethical considerations, and how to serve as a credible source 2. Setting Goals 17 Defining and organizing communication tasks in a general management context; clarifying goals CASE 2.1: YELLOWTAIL MARINE, INC. 21 3. Audience Analysis 39 Identifying, understanding, and ranking your audiences CASE 3.1: WEYMOUTH STEEL CORPORATION 46 4. Point of View 49 Understanding competing motives, needs, and viewpoints; interpersonal communication CASE 4.1: SMITH FINANCIAL CORPORATION 54 5. Message: Content and Argument 59 Shaping the messages that will achieve your goal CASE 5.1: CUTTYHUNK BANK (A) 67 ix
- 15. 6. Structure 71 Shaping your argument to the needs of your audience CASE 6.1: MCCREGOR’S LTD. DEPARTMENTS STORE 81 7. Choosing Media 86 What media best convey your messages; upward and downward communication CASE 7.1: THE TIMKEN COMPANY 92 8. Style and Tone 103 Delivering your messages in language suitable to your audience CASE 8.1: VANREX, INC. 111 PART TWO APPLICATIONS 9. Giving and Receiving Feedback 123 Hearing and being heard CASE 9.1: BAILEY & WICK 129 10. Managing Meetings 134 Participation and leadership CASE 10.1: LINCOLN PARK REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT 142 11. Communicating Change 146 Using communication to overcome resistance to change CASE 11.1: HAMMERMILL PAPER COMPANY 152 12. Communicating with External Audiences 163 Selling your organization’s point of view to concerned constituencies CASE 12.1: OXFORD ENERGY 167 CASE 12.2: NUTRASWEET 183 13. Diversity and Intercultural Communication 190 Multicultural and international communication CASE 13.1: REED-WATKINS PHARMACEUTICALS 193 CASE 13.2: INTERNATIONAL OIL 197 x Contents
- 16. 14. Personal and Corporate Ethics 200 Making individual and organizational ethical choices CASE 14.1: HAL OF ERHARDT & COMPANY: ONE AUDIT SENIOR’S DILEMMA 206 CASE 14.2: MCARTHUR PLACE 210 15. Electronic Communication 214 Shaping the message to the medium CASE 15.1: THE E-MAIL ENCOUNTER 223 CASE 15.2: UNIFONE COMMUNICATIONS 231 PART THREE TECHNIQUE 16. Effective Writing: A Brief Manual of Style 237 Style manual to be cross-referenced throughout the course 17. Effective Speaking: A Brief Manual of Style 257 Style manual on speaking, use of graphics, and group presentations to be cross-referenced throughout the course APPENDIX 269 CASE 16: DOTSWORTH PRESS 270 CASE 17: “FAIR IS FAIR,” ISN’T IT? 275 INDEX 281 xi Contents
- 18. Preface xiii To the Student This book covers the range of communication issues a manager will face in the com- ing decade. It addresses enduring issues—how to write well, how to speak well, how to devise a successful communication strategy—as well as evolving issues, such as how to make the best use of telecommunications technology. We have subtitled the book Principles and Practice for two reasons. Most of the principles of effective communication have been well researched and docu- mented in work going back to the ancient Greeks. These include defining a clear goal, analyzing the context in which you’re operating, understanding the needs and interests of your audience, defining an appropriate message, choosing the right media, and providing ample opportunity for feedback. The practice in the text con- sists of a collection of classic and contemporary cases which address a representa- tive range of organizational communication challenges. These invite you to move from the abstract to the concrete: Given my analysis of this real situation, what should I do, write, or say? Communication is a tricky subject both to teach and to learn. In one way or an- other, all of us have been communicating for our whole lives. While the principles of effective communication have been well established and documented, the prac- tice is the hard part. Every student has his or her own background, personality, val- ues, strengths, weaknesses, and personal goals. Consequently, when reading each chapter or preparing each case, you must constantly weigh two factors: What do I believe, and what can I learn from how my audiences react to me? This text offers a wide variety of opportunities to look at yourself as a credible source, a writer, a speaker, a meeting participant, a strategist—in short, a manager. Learn from the principles we teach, but learn more from the reactions you get— from your teacher, your classmates, and yourself. A course in management commu- nication may be the last opportunity you have to get unbiased feedback in a supportive learning environment. Being praised is easy. Taking constructive criti- cism is hard, but you’ll learn more if you let yourself hear it.
- 19. No book can include everything every manager should know about communi- cation; consequently, we regularly refer the reader to additional resources on writ- ing, speaking, the use of graphics, how to work in meetings or groups, managing crisis communication, bringing about change, maximizing effective use of the In- ternet, negotiations and conflict resolution, and how to communicate well both in- ternally and externally. We do not pretend to tell you all you should know about interpersonal relationships, organizational behavior, marketing, or public relations, although each of these topics come into play in the following pages. Some would argue that good writing and good speaking are out of date on the information highway. Nothing could be further from the truth. The same principles that applied to delivering a good speech in the Roman Senate apply to sending an effective E-mail message. People must trust you, you must get their attention, you need to be in command of your material, and you must have a clear road map to get where you’re going. You also need to demonstrate that your idea is superior to the alternatives in the marketplace. This text will help you master the full range of skills required by a successful manager. To the Instructor This text, aimed at advanced undergraduates and MBA candidates, is evenly divided between principles (how to communicate based on best current research) and practice (cases that put students in the roles of decision-makers and communicators in real business situations). We also include guides on writing and speaking, which students can refer to both during the course and for the rest of their careers. Given the increasing pervasiveness of electronic communications, consider encouraging students to read and discuss Chapter 15 early in the course. Management communication courses (by whatever name) range from electives on writing and speaking to required courses covering all aspects of communication strategy. Often, the courses face constraints of time, scheduling, and resources. We have tried to provide a flexible package, adaptable to these varying circumstances. The Teacher’s Manual, written by the authors, includes scheduling advice, an overview of best-practice case teaching, suggested assignments, and detailed teach- ing notes on each case. Pieces of these materials are available elsewhere; many instructors, for exam- ple, use a good style guide, articles on particular types of communication such as speaking and graphics, and cases ordered from Harvard Business School Press or elsewhere. Here, we pull all these materials together. We also address a number of current (and future) issues hardly touched on by other pedagogical materials, such as personal and organizational ethics, multicultural and electronic communication, and managing diversity. Some schools offer only limited communication training because they don’t believe that the field has been sufficiently defined or that good teaching materials are available. This text aims to fill that gap. In considering whether to adopt Management Communication, we suggest that the instructor alternate reading the text chapter and case and the matching chapter in the Teacher’s Manual. This will suggest how theory, experience, and practice can be joined in each class or module. xiv Preface
- 20. Acknowledgments xv The authors would like to thank all their colleagues, especially those with whom they taught at Harvard Business School, among them Robert W. Kent, Linda Doyle, Frank V. Cespedes, Thomas J. Raymond, Donald Byker, Gwen L. Nagel, Mary Gentile, Susan Kelly, Sally Seymour, Thomas Piper, Ellen D. Herman, J. Janelle Shubert, S. Lindsay Craig, and Sharon M. Livesey. We learned a great deal from each of them. We especially thank David T. Harkins and Michael O’Shea for their personal and technical support, and Harvard Business School Press for permission to use some of the following material. We also thank the reviewers for their valuable insights and suggestions in refin- ing the manuscript. These include Robert W. Kent, Harvard Business School (re- tired); Charlotte Rosen, Cornell University; J. Douglas Andrews, University of Southern California; John D. Stegman, Ohio State University; Joanne Yates, Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology; Sherron Kenton, Emory University; Christine Kel- ley, New York University; Dr. Billy F. Broun, William Carey College on the Coast; Kathleen A. Fitzgerald, University of Maryland, College Park; Lon Addams,Weber State University; Sandra Stark, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Donna Luse, University of Louisiana at Monroe; Beverly Y. Langford, Georgia State University; Robert H. Stowers, College of William & Mary; Anne Orinals, University of Illinois, Champaign; Brian Polk, Penn State Abington; Kristen DeTienne, Brigham Young University; Mary J. Faure, The Ohio State University; Cynthia C. Barnes, Lamar University; Gary F. Kohut, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Richard L. Jines, Oakland City University; Henrietta Shirk, Montana Tech of the University of Montana.
- 22. Management Communication Principles and Practice
- 24. PART ONE Principles of Effective Communication 1
- 26. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
- 27. this was not the only proof we had that they were creatures of order and subordination. * * * * We had no opportunity of seeing them actually engaged in any work of industry or art; and so far as we could judge, they spent their happy hours in collecting various fruits in the woods, in eating, flying, bathing, and loitering about upon the summits of precipices. * * * * But although evidently the highest order of animals in this rich valley, they were not its only occupants. Most of the other animals which we had discovered elsewhere, in very distant regions, were collected here; and also at least eight or nine new species of quadrupeds. The most attractive of these was a tall white stag with lofty spreading antlers, black as ebony. We several times saw this elegant creature trot up to the seated parties of the semi-human beings I have described, and browse the herbage close beside them, without the least manifestation of fear on its part or notice on theirs. The universal state of amity among all classes of lunar creatures, and the apparent absence of every carnivorous or ferocious species, gave us the most refined pleasure, and doubly endeared to us this lovely nocturnal companion of our larger, but less favored world. Ever again when I 'eye the blue vault and bless the useful light,' shall I recall the scenes of beauty, grandeur, and felicity, I have beheld upon her surface, not 'as through a glass darkly, but face to face;' and never shall I think of that line of our thrice noble poet, ——'Meek Diana's crest Sails through the azure air, an island of the blest,' without exulting in my knowledge of its truth." With the careful inspection of this instructive valley, and a scientific classification of its animal, vegetable, and mineral productions, the astronomers closed their labors for the night; labors rather mental than physical, and oppressive, from the extreme excitement which they naturally induced. A singular circumstance occurred the next day, which threw the telescope quite out of use for nearly a week,
- 28. by which time the moon could be no longer observed that month. The great lens, which was usually lowered during the day, and placed horizontally, had, it is true, been lowered as usual, but had been inconsiderately left in a perpendicular position. Accordingly, shortly after sunrise the next morning, Dr. Herschel and his assistants, Dr. Grant and Messrs. Drummond and Home, who slept in a bungalow erected a short distance from the observatory circle, were awakened by the loud shouts of some Dutch farmers and domesticated Hottentots (who were passing with their oxen to agricultural labor), that the "big house" was on fire! Dr. Herschel leaped out of bed from his brief slumbers, and, sure enough, saw his observatory enveloped in a cloud of smoke. Luckily it had been thickly covered, within and without, with a coat of Roman plaster, or it would inevitably have been destroyed with all its invaluable contents; but, as it was, a hole fifteen feet in circumference had been burnt completely through the "reflecting chamber," which was attached to the side of the observatory nearest the lens, through the canvass field on which had been exhibited so many wonders that will ever live in the history of mankind, and through the outer wall. So fierce was the concentration of the solar rays through the gigantic lens, that a clump of trees standing in a line with them was set on fire, and the plaster of the observatory walls, all round the orifice, was vitrified to blue glass. The lens being almost immediately turned, and a brook of water being within a few hundred yards, the fire was soon extinguished, but the damage already done was not inconsiderable. The microscope lenses had fortunately been removed for the purpose of being cleaned, but several of the metallic reflectors were so fused as to be rendered useless. Masons and carpenters were procured from Cape Town with all possible dispatch, and in about a week the whole apparatus was again prepared for operation. The moon being now invisible Dr. Herschel directed his inquiries to the primary planets of the system, and first to the planet Saturn. We need not say that this remarkable globe has for many ages been an
- 29. object of the most ardent astronomical curiosity. The stupendous phenomenon of its double ring having baffled the scrutiny and conjecture of many generations of astronomers, was finally abandoned as inexplicable. It is well known that this planet is stationed in the system 900 millions of miles distant from the sun, and that having the immense diameter of 79,000 miles, it is more than nine hundred times larger than the earth. Its annual motion round the sun is not accomplished in less than twenty-nine and a half of our years, whilst its diurnal rotation upon its axis is accomplished in 10h. 16m., or considerably less than half a terrestrial day. It has not less than seven moons, the sixth and the seventh of which were discovered by the elder Herschel in 1789. It is thwarted by mysterious belts or bands of a yellowish tinge, and is surrounded by a double ring—the outer one of which is 204,000 miles in diameter. The outside diameter of the inner ring is 184,000 miles, and the breadth of the outer one being 7,200 miles, the space between them is 28,000 miles. The breadth of the inner ring is much greater than that of the other, being 20,000 miles; and its distance from the body of Saturn is more than 30,000. These rings are opaque, but so thin that their edge has not until now been discovered. Sir John Herschel's most interesting discovery with regard to this planet is the demonstrated fact that these two rings are composed of the fragments of two destroyed worlds, formerly belonging to our solar system, and which, on being exploded, were gathered around the immense body of Saturn by the attraction of gravity, and yet kept from falling to its surface by the great centrifugal force created by its extraordinary rapidity on its axis. The inner ring was therefore the first of these destroyed worlds (the former station of which in the system is demonstrated in the argument which we subjoin), which was accordingly carried round by the rotary force, and spread forth in the manner we see. The outer ring is another world exploded in fragments, attracted by the law of gravity as in the former case, and kept from uniting with the inner ring by the centrifugal force of the latter. But the latter, having a slower rotation than the planet, has an inferior centrifugal force, and accordingly the space between the outer and inner ring is nearly
- 30. ten times less than that between the inner ring and the body of Saturn. Having ascertained the mean density of the rings, as compared with the density of the planet, Sir John Herschel has been enabled to effect the following beautiful demonstration. [Which we omit, as too mathematical for popular comprehension.—Ed. Sun.] Dr. Herschel clearly ascertained that these rings are composed of rocky strata, the skeletons of former globes, lying in a state of wild and ghastly confusion, but not devoid of mountains and seas. * * * * The belts across the body of Saturn he has discovered to be the smoke of a number of immense volcanoes, carried in these straight lines by the extreme velocity of the rotary motion. * * * * [And these also he has ascertained to be the belt of Jupiter.—But the portion of the work which is devoted to this subject, and to the other planets, as also that which describes the astronomer's discoveries among the stars, is comparatively uninteresting to general readers, however highly it might interest others of scientific taste and mathematical acquirements.—Ed. Sun.] * * * * "It was not until the new moon of the month of March, that the weather proved favorable to any continued series of lunar observations; and Dr. Herschel had been too enthusiastically absorbed in demonstrating his brilliant discoveries in the southern constellations, and in constructing tables and catalogues of his new stars, to avail himself of the few clear nights which intervened. "On one of these, however, Mr. Drummond, myself, and Mr. Holmes, made those discoveries near the Bay of Rainbows, to which I have somewhere briefly alluded. The bay thus fancifully denominated is a part of the northern boundary of the first great ocean which I have lately described, and is marked in the chart with the letter O. The tract of country which we explored on this occasion is numbered 6, 5, 8, 7, in the catalogue, and the chief mountains to which these numbers are attached are severally named Atlas, Hercules, Heraclides Verus, and Heraclides Falsus. Still farther to the north of these is the island circle called Pythagoras, and numbered 1; and yet nearer the meridian line is the mountainous district marked R, and
- 31. called the Land of Drought, and Q, the Land of Hoar Frost; and certainly the name of the latter, however theoretically bestowed, was not altogether inapplicable, for the tops of its very lofty mountains were evidently covered with snow, though the valleys surrounding them were teeming with the luxuriant fertility of midsummer. But the region which we first particularly inspected was that of Heraclides Falsus (No. 7), in which we found several new specimens of animals, all of which were horned and of a white or grey color; and the remains of three ancient triangular temples which had long been in ruins. We thence traversed the country southeastward, until we arrived at Atlas (No. 6), and it was in one of the noble valleys at the foot of this mountain that we found the very superior species of the Vespertilio-homo. In stature they did not exceed those last described, but they were of infinitely greater personal beauty, and appeared in our eyes scarcely less lovely than the general representations of angels by the more imaginative schools of painters. Their social economy seemed to be regulated by laws or ceremonies exactly like those prevailing in the Vale of the Triads, but their works of art were more numerous, and displayed a proficiency of skill quite incredible to all except actual observers. I shall, therefore, let the first detailed account of them appear in Dr. Herschel's authenticated natural history of this planet." [This concludes the Supplement, with the exception of forty pages of illustrative and mathematical notes, which would greatly enhance the size and price of this work, without commensurably adding to its general interest.—Ed. Sun.]
- 32. APPENDIX. THE MOON AS KNOWN AT THE PRESENT TIME. "Ye sacred muses, with whose beauty fir'd, My soul is ravish'd, and my brain inspir'd. Whose priest I am, whose holy fillets wear; Would you your poet's first petition hear; Give me the ways of wandering stars to know: The depths of heav'n above, and earth below. Teach me the various labours of the moon, And whence proceed th' eclipses of the sun. Why flowing tides prevail upon the main, And in what dark recess they shrink again. What shakes the solid earth, what cause delays The summer nights, and shortens winter days." Virgil. The picture on the title-page is probably the best and minutest view of the moon, that has ever been laid before the public. Most of our readers are aware that the mountains and hollows of the moon have been accurately and thoroughly mapped by astronomers, and baptized by appropriate names. For the benefit of meritorious students of astronomical geography, we subjoin the names of all those which have been christened. At the present season it will amply repay the possessor of a small telescope to identify the several localities with the aid of the map.
- 33. In olden time the moon was a goddess. Whatever the ignorant mind of the time was incapable of grasping was supernatural. Thus arose the pale, chaste Deity of the Night, robed in virgin white, roaming dreamily under the partial shade of trees, loving to see her fair image reflected in streams, and shedding a complacent light on tender meetings. We are not heathens—far from it: but who among us has not at some time or other paid homage to the Queen of Night[1], and thanked her for the gentle light which has shown the way to some fair hand. We say, in blunt scientific terms, that she—or it—is a satellite of the earth, suspended in her—or its—present position by the contrasted attraction of the sun and the earth. This is the unromantic version of the naked fact. There was a time when the earth was an uncomfortable semi- incandescent mass, in the act of cooling off for practical purposes. The atmosphere was tropical throughout the globe. All things were intensely impregnated—or, as the philosophers say, supersaturated— with carbon. Between the dry land and the waters there was no division. There was no ocean, and consequently no continents. All was hot mud, with here and there a lake or a short river, and here and there a dry, parched, torrid eminence. In those days there were animals and plants, but no human beings. Both animals and plants were like the age in which they flourished—to our notions monstrous. Monsters were the rule, both in the vegetable and the animated world. Creatures were born, and grew to sizes which dwarf the elephant. Plants thrust their heads above the mud, and, in that carboniferous atmosphere, attained heights which would have towered above the tallest trees of our forests. But in proportion to the rapidity of their growth was the brevity of their life; for these were the days of earthquakes and terrestrial convulsions. Probably no day elapsed without some earthquake or volcanic eruption. The light of day was dull and obscured. Masses of opaque matter floated through the atmosphere as thickly as dust specks float through a ray of sunlight in a darkened room.[3] The hot air, thick
- 34. and dull, hung a listless mist over the face of the earth, which was even then almost without form and void. When the sun went down, dense darkness covered the earth. There was no lesser light to rule the night; dim twinklings in the far distance, hardly piercing the pall which wrapped our planet, were the only contrasts to the Egyptian blackness of the dark hours. But the internal fires which sprung from the vitals of the earth almost supplied the want of a nocturnal luminary. It is probable that there were but few spots on the globe which were out of view of some flaming volcano. We count the active volcanoes by integers. When we have enumerated Etna, Vesuvius, Hecla, Jorullo, Colima, and one or two others, we have reached the end of our list. In the days of Homer the volcanoes were counted by scores; in the carboniferous age they may have, must have, flourished by hundreds and thousands. That vast incandescent mass, of which the crust only had cooled, kept boiling up every few hours, and furiously pouring out the vials of its wrath upon an earth inhabited by transitory creatures. Go where the traveller may, he will still find traces of this terrible age. That tell-tale rock—"the trap"—is peculiar to no meridian; and from the Hudson's Bay territories nearly to Cape Magellan, from Spitzbergen to Borneo, either this, or some mountain range of volcanic origin, here with scoriæ disseminated through the more regular formations, there with copper or gold held in a native state in half-decayed quartz, tell a very legible story of the time when all the component parts of the earth were in a fluid state, and were thrown off by the boiling mass beneath as a kettle throws off froth and scum. There came a day when the under crust could no longer bear the weight of the mass which, after being thrown off daily, returned, by the force of gravitation, to the surface of its parent. A time came when the incandescent and inchoate planet—if so daring a figure may be ventured—felt the necessity of unusually strenuous measures. It gathered all its fiery energies, and mustered all its fearful strength. The effect was universal, not local. With such
- 35. bodies distances of 25,000 miles must be trifling, and the earth's meridian—a paltry 8000 miles—not worth mentioning. One can imagine the purpose and effort being common to the entire molten and raging mass. It came at last. After throes of inconceivable agony, with a roar and a convulsion which must have destroyed every living thing then existent upon the face of the planet, in the midst of general chaos, confusion, and desolation, the earth relieved itself. It tore from its half-cooled surface immense masses, and projected them with monstrous force into space; not on one side alone, but on all. Lumps of earth four and five miles in thickness, and thousands of miles long and wide, were in an instant forced upwards with such force as to pass beyond the circle of the earth's attraction. These various masses, thus launched into space, soon felt the attraction of each other, and assembled together. They met, and, agreeably to the sublime law of celestial bodies, remained suspended in space at the point where the attraction of the earth meets that of the sun. That other celestial law which forbids the torpidity of any atom of matter compelled the aggregated mass to revolve, and the revolution forced the mass into a spherical shape. Thus the moon came into being. An offshoot from the earth, it pays homage to its parent by revolving round it, and reflecting back to it a part of the sun's light during the period when that luminary is obscured to us. Had the force with which its substance was expelled from the body of the earth been less, it would have returned to our surface, just as those fragments of matter called aerolites do at regular intervals; had that force been greater, it would have entered upon the vast area which is the domain of the sun, and would have been attracted to that great cosmical body, and been fused by its intense heat. It was sent abroad with precisely the force necessary to sustain it in equilibrio between the earth and the sun, and hence it is "the lesser light which rules the night." This is not the only service which it renders us. By its creation it caused great hollows in the surface of the earth. Into these hollows
- 36. the waters which lay on the face of the deep naturally gathered, and became oceans, lakes, seas, and rivers. The cavities drained the earth of the moisture which had rendered it unfit for the habitation of the higher order of vertebrated creatures. Thus by degrees were formed the great Atlantic and Pacific, the Northern and the Southern oceans, leaving here and there tracts of cool, dry land for man to inhabit at the word of his Creator. Nor did the office of the moon stop here. While it was upheld in space by the attraction of the earth, it returned the compliment by exercising a reciprocal attraction upon the waters for which it had created beds. With the beautiful regularity which is the characteristic of heavenly bodies, it affected them at uniform intervals, causing the tides to flow and to ebb, and to vibrate between the spring and the neap flow. Lastly, it relieved the earth of a vast quantity of superincumbent matter, equal, in fact, to over one-fiftieth of the whole bulk of the planet. One must imagine the earth in the condition of a gentleman who has dined copiously, and whose interior is troubled by an unusual burden; the convulsion which led to the creation of the moon is similar to the effect of the dose which the gentleman, if he be wise, will instantly take. In departing from us, and setting up for herself, the moon forgot some articles of baggage which were essential to her future comfort and prosperity. Among these were air and water. How we came by these two useful commodities it were hard to say. This is made quite certain by the discoveries of astronomers. Rains, dews, oceans, lakes, hail, snow, clouds, are all unknown to the moon. Nothing shields its surface from the burning rays of the sun. Wherever the light of that fierce luminary penetrates the moon's surface is incessantly hot. Of volcanic origin, the moon is true to its descent. It is full of volcanoes, most of which, however, perhaps from a conviction of the uselessness of further action—there being nothing to destroy, and no one even to see their explosions—are now silent and torpid. But they wrought out their destiny so long and so faithfully, that the surface
- 37. of the moon is frightfully disfigured and uneven. Switzerland is a prairie compared to the smoothest part of the moon's surface. It is nothing but incessant mountain and hollow. Lunar Alps and Rocky Mountains intersect every few miles of the surface. The Himalayas would be unnoticed among the gigantic ranges which ornament the lunar superficies. And the projections, mighty as they are, are but trifling in comparison with the hollows. It would seem as though the moon, with apish weakness, had tried to imitate the earth in throwing off space for rivers and oceans—forgetting that it contained no water to fill the cavities. Astronomers have made the most extraordinary discoveries in reference to these lunar hollows. Some of them appear to be about fifty miles deep, and a hundred miles or so wide, with precipitous sides; Mitchell has vividly described these terrible places. Those who have looked over a precipice a few hundred feet in depth may perhaps form some rude idea of what it must be to gaze down into a hole fifty miles deep—so deep that the bottom would almost escape the eye, were there an intervening atmosphere—a great, monstrous cave, with no vegetation either on the borders or on the top, or on the sides or on the bottom; no life of any kind, not even, the least sound, to break the endless monotony of silence—everywhere dull, warm scoriæ, lava, and stones of volcanic origin. But even these are the smallest of the lunar cavities. Latterly, acute astronomers, with improved instruments, have gazed into holes in the moon's surface, and estimated them to be no less than two hundred and fifty and three hundred miles deep, with fissures in them through which the sunlight penetrated. Fancy the scene! Well may it have been termed the abomination of desolation. Surely this fair earth, with all its gloomy places and all its dreary scenes, contains nothing so overwhelming in its terrible despair as the moon. And who, gazing at its mild white face as it emerges from the cover of a cloud, would deem it so sad and desolate a sphere?
- 38. There are no "men in the moon," There cannot be, for they could not exist without air and water. 'Tis a pity, for the sight of this planet of ours, thirteen times the size which the moon appears to us, as fair, and bright, and shining as our nightly luminary, would be a sight worth seeing. Science has made such progress, and common sense has so far kept pace with it, that the old idea that this was the only inhabited sphere in the universe is now completely exploded. There is no reason to believe that our planet is the only one in our solar system which is devoted to a useful career; nor is there any ground for imagining that our sun is the only one, of the myriad of suns we see every night, which gives light, and heat, and happiness to human creatures. On the contrary, the supreme wisdom of the Deity affords a fair presumption that this little planet of ours is but as a grain of sand among the worlds which have been created for the glory of God, and that each planet after its kind is fitted for the habitation of creatures whose office and purpose it is to thank and bless Him for their existence. Moons may be an exception for a time. Of all this we know but little, and can only conjecture vaguely. As science advances, we may have telescopic instruments so superior to those now in use that we shall be able to decipher the moon's surface as plainly as a distant shore on our own planet. But visits thither must ever remain as impossible as they are at present. The story of Hans Pfall will remain a brilliant imagination to the end of time. "In consequence of the moon having no atmosphere, or but a very thin one, all celestial objects must be seen with very great distinctness. The earth, when full, appears to an inhabitant of the moon thirteen times as large as the moon appears to us; that is, its diameter is about 3-6/10 times as large as our apparent lunar diameter. It is always on the same part of the heaven, when seen from the same part of the moon. M. Quetelet, in his Astronomie Elémentaire, Paris, 1826, a very good work, which ought to be translated, has the following remarks on the appearance of the earth
- 39. at the moon, which we would rather quote than vouch for, though they may possibly be well founded. "Our vast continents, our seas, even our forests are visible to them; they perceive the enormous piles of ice collected at the poles, and the girdle of vegetation which extends on both sides of the equator; as well as the clouds which float over our heads, and sometimes hide us from them. The burning of a town or forest could not escape them, and if they had good optical instruments, they could even see the building of a new town, or the sailing of a fleet." The lunar day, as we shall afterwards see, is equivalent to our actual month of 29½ days: though the rotation of the moon on her axis is performed in the sidereal month of 27 days 8 hours nearly. Hence the inhabitant of the moon sees the sun for 14¾ of our days together, which time is followed by a night of the same duration. Of course the existence of any animal like man is impossible there, as well on this account as on that of the want of an atmosphere. The phases which the earth presents to the moon are similar in appearance to those which the moon presents to the earth, but in a different order. Thus, when it is new moon at the earth, it is full earth at the moon: and the contrary. When the moon is in her first quarter, the earth is in its third quarter, and so on; while half-moon at the earth is accompanied by half-earth at the moon. There is no branch of science better fitted to be made the leading subject of general instruction than that which relates to the planetary and sidereal universe. The truths which it reveals are so startling in their nature, and apparently so far beyond the reach of human intelligence, that men of high literary name have confessed their incapacity to understand them, and their inability to believe them. There are few, indeed, we fear, who really believe that they sojourn on a revolving globe, and that each day and year of life is measured by its revolutions. There are few who believe that the great luminary of the firmament, whose restless activity they daily witness, is an immovable star, controlling, by its solid mass, the
- 40. primary planets of our system, and forming, as it were, the gnomon of the great dial which measures the thread of life and the tenure of empires. Fewer still believe that each of the million of stars—those atoms of light which the telescope can scarcely descry—are the centres of planetary systems that may equal or surpass our own; and still smaller is the number who believe that the solid pavement of the globe upon which we nightly slumber is an elastic crust, imprisoning fires and forces which have often burst forth in tremendous energy, and are, at this very instant, struggling to escape—now finding an outlet in volcanic fires—now heaving and shaking the earth—now upraising islands and continents, and gathering strength perhaps for some final outburst which may shatter our earth in pieces, or change its form, or scatter its waters over the land. And yet these are truths than which there is nothing truer, and nothing more worthy of our study. In order to learn, then, what is the constitution, and what has been or may be the probable history of the various worlds in our firmament, we must study the constitution and physical history of our own. The men of limited reason who believed that the earth was created and launched into its ethereal course when man was summoned to its occupation, must have either denied altogether the existence of our solar system, or have regarded all its planets as coeval with their own, and as but the ministers to its convenience. Science, however, has now corrected this error, and liberated the pious mind from its embarrassments. The Palæontologist—the student of ancient life—has demonstrated, by evidence not to be disputed, that the earth had been inhabited by animals and adorned with plants during immeasurable cycles of time antecedent to the creation of man—that when the volcano, the earthquake, and the flood, had destroyed and buried them, nobler forms of life were created to undergo the same fiery ordeal:—and that, by a series of successive creations and catastrophes, the earth was prepared for the residence of man, and the rich materials in its bosom elaborated for his use, and thrown within his grasp. In the age of our own globe, then, we see the age of its brother planets, and in the
- 41. antiquity of our own system we see the antiquity of the other systems of the universe. In our catastrophes, too, we recognise theirs, and in our advancing knowledge and progressive civilization, we witness the development of the universal mind—the march of the immortal spirit to its final destiny of glory or of shame. The following are the names which have been given to the mountains and valleys, or hollows, in the moon, and which are referred to in the accompanying picture [See title page]. MOUNTAINS. 1. The Apennines. | 6.The Altai Mountains. 2. The Caucasus. | 7.The Cordilleras. 3. The Alps. | 8.The Riphæ Mountains. 4. Taurus. | 9.The Carpathians. 5. Taurus. | 10.The Hercynian Mountains. HOLLOWS, OR VALLEYS. A. The Crisian Sea. | L.The Middle Bay. B. The Sea of Fertility (!!). | M.The Sea of Clouds. C. The Sea of Nectar. | N.The Sea of Mist. D. The Tranquil Sea. | O.The Bay of Epidemics. E. The Serene Sea. | P.The Stormy Ocean. F. The Sea of Dreams. | Q.The Showery Sea. G. The Sea of Death. | R.The Sea of Rainbows. H. The Dreamy Marsh. | S.The Sea of Dews. I. The Cold Sea. | T.Humboldt's Sea. K. The Sea of Vapors. | As will be seen, astronomers have done what they could to relieve the dreariness of nature by a free indulgence in fanciful names. Dr. Chalmers, speaking of the advantages derived from the discovery of the telescope and microscope, says, "The one led me to see a system in every star. The other leads me to see a world in every
- 42. atom. The one taught me that this mighty globe, with the whole burden of its people, and of its countries, is but a grain of sand on the high field of immensity. The other teaches me that every grain of sand may harbor within it the tribes and families of a busy population. The one told me of the insignificance of the world I tread upon. The other redeems it from all its insignificance; for it tells me that in the leaves of every forest, and in the flowers of every garden, and in the waters of every rivulet, there are worlds teeming with life, and numberless as are the glories of the firmament. The one has suggested to me that beyond and above all that is visible to man, there may lie fields of creation which sweep immeasurably along, and carry the impress of the Almighty's hand to the remotest scenes of the universe. The other suggests to me, that within and beneath all that minuteness which the aided eye of man has been able to explore, there may lie a region of invisibles; and that, could we draw aside the mysterious curtain which shrouds it from our senses, we might there see a theatre of as many wonders as astronomy has unfolded; a universe within the compass of a point so small, as to elude all the powers of the microscope, but where the wonder- working God finds room for the exercise of all his attributes, where he can raise another mechanism of worlds, and fill and animate them all with the evidences of his glory." Opinions of the American Press Respecting the Foregoing Discovery. "Herschel's Great Discoveries.—We are too much pleased with the remarks of the sensible, candid, and scientific portions of the public press upon the extracts which we have published relative to these wonders of the age, to direct our attention very severely to-day to that sceptical class of our contemporaries to whom none of these attributes can be ascribed. Consummate ignorance is always incredulous to the higher order of scientific discoveries, because it cannot possibly comprehend them. Its mental thorax is quite
- 43. capacious enough to swallow any dogmas, however great, that are given upon the authority of names; but it strains most perilously to receive the great truths of reason and science. We scarcely ever knew a very ignorant person who would believe in the existence of those myriads of invisible beings which inhabit a drop of water, and every grain of dust, until he had actually beheld them through the microscope by which they are developed. Yet these very persons will readily believe in the divinity of Matthias the prophet, and in the most improbable credenda of extravagant systems of faith. The Journal of Commerce, for instance, says it cannot believe in these great discoveries of Dr. Herschel, yet it believes and defends the innocence of the murderer Avery. These who in a former age imprisoned Galileo for asserting his great discoveries with the telescope, and determined upon sentencing him to be burnt alive, nevertheless believed that Simon Magus actually flew in the air by the aid of the devil, and that when that aid was withdrawn he fell to the ground and broke his neck. The great mechanical discoverer, Worcester, obtained no credence for his theories in his day, though they are now being continually demonstrated by practical operation. Happily, however, those who impudently and ignorantly deny the great discoveries of Herschel, are chiefly to be found among those whose faith or whose scepticism, would never be received as a guide for the opinions of other men. From among that portion of the public press whose intelligence and acquirements render them competent judges of the great scientific questions now before the community, we extract the following frank declarations of their opinions."—New York Sun, Sep. 1, 1835. "No article, we believe, has appeared for years, that will command so general a perusal and publication. Sir John has added a stock of knowledge to the present age that will immortalize his name, and place it high on the page of science."—Daily Advertiser. "Discoveries in the Moon.—We commence to-day the publication of an interesting article which is stated to have been copied from the Edinburgh Journal of Science, and which made its first appearance
- 44. here in a contemporary journal of this city. It appears to carry intrinsic evidence of being an authentic document."—Mercantile Advertiser. "Stupendous Discovery in Astronomy.—We have read with unspeakable emotions of pleasure and astonishment, an article from the last Edinburgh Scientific Journal, containing an account of the recent discoveries of Sir John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope."—Albany Daily Advertiser. "It is quite proper that the Sun should be the means of shedding so much light on the Moon. That there should be winged people in the Moon does not strike us as more wonderful than the existence of such a race of beings on earth; and that there does or did exist such a race rests on the evidence of that most veracious of voyagers and circumstantial of chroniclers, Peter Wilkins, whose celebrated work not only gives an account of the general appearance and habits of a most interesting tribe of flying Indians, but also of all those more delicate and engaging traits which the author was enabled to discover by reason of the conjugal relations he entered into with one of the females of the winged tribe."—N. Y. Evening Post. "We think we can trace in it marks of transatlantic origin."—N. Y. Commercial Advertiser. "The writer (Dr. Andrew Grant) displays the most extensive and accurate knowledge of astronomy, and the description of Sir John's recently improved instruments, the principle on which the inestimable improvements were founded, the account of the wonderful discoveries in the moon, &c., are all probable and plausible, and have an air of intense verisimilitude."—N. Y. Times. "Great Astronomical Discoveries!—By the late arrivals from England there has been received in this country a supplement to the Edinburgh Journal of Science containing intelligence of the most astounding interest from Prof. Herschel's observatory at the Cape of
- 45. Good Hope.... The promulgation of these discoveries creates a new era in astronomy and science generally."—New Yorker. "Our enterprising neighbors of the Sun, we are pleased to learn, are likely to enjoy a rich reward from the late lunar discoveries. They deserve all they receive from the public—'they are worthy.'"—N. Y. Spirit of '76. "After all, however, our doubts and incredulity may be a wrong to the learned astronomer, and the circumstances of this wonderful discovery may be correct. Let us do him justice, and allow him to tell his story in his own way."—N. Y. Sunday News. "The article is said to be an extract from a supplement to the Edinburgh Journal of Science. It sets forth difficulties encountered by Sir John, on obtaining his glass castings for his great telescope, with magnifying powers of 42,000. The account, excepting the magnifying power, has been before published" [i. e., in the Supplement to the Edinburgh Journal of Science.—Ed. Sun].—U. S. Gazette. "It is not worth while for us to express an opinion as to the truth or falsity of the narrative, as our readers can, after an attentive perusal of the whole story, decide for themselves. Whether true or false, the article is written with consummate ability, and possesses intense interest."—Philadelphia Inquirer. "These are but a handful of the innumerable certificates of credence, and of complimentary testimonials with which the universal press of the country is loading our tables. Indeed, we find very few of the public papers express any other opinion. We have named the Journal of Commerce as an exception, because it not only ignorantly doubted the authenticity of the discoveries, but ill-naturedly said that we had fabricated them for the purpose of making a noise and drawing attention to our paper. "Col. Webb of the Courier and Inquirer has said nothing upon the subject; but he only feels the more, and we are this moment
- 46. assured that he has made arrangements with the proprietors of the Charleston steam-packets to take the splendid boat William Gibbons of that line, and charter her for the Cape of Good Hope, whither he is going with all his family—including Hoskin. "We yesterday extracted from the celebrated Supplement, a mathematical problem demonstrating an entirely new, and the only true method of measuring the height of the lunar mountains. We were not then aware of its great importance as a demonstration, also, of the authenticity of the great discoveries. But several eminent mathematicians have since called and assured us, that it is the greatest mathematical discovery of the present age. Now, that problem was either predicated by us, or by some other person, who has thereby made the greatest of all modern discoveries in mathematical astronomy. We did not make it, for we know nothing of mathematics whatever; therefore, it was made by the only person to whom it can rationally be ascribed, namely, Herschel the astronomer, its only avowed and undeniable author."—Editor of the Sun. FOOTNOTES: [1]
- 47. "As when the Moon,[2] refulgent lamp of night! O'er heav'n's clear azure spreads her sacred light, When not a breath disturbs the deep serene, And not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene; Around her throne the vivid planets roll, And stars unnumber'd gild the glowing pole, O'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed, And tip with silver ev'ry mountain's head; Then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect rise, A flood of glory bursts from all the skies." Homer. The earth is accompanied by a Moon or satellite, whose distance is 237,000 miles, and diameter 2,160. Her surface is composed of hill and dale, of rocks and mountains, nearly two miles high, and of circular cavities, sometimes five miles in depth and forty in diameter. She possesses neither rivers, nor lakes, nor seas, and we cannot discover with the telescope any traces of living beings, or any monuments of their hands. Viewing the earth as we now do, as the third planet in order from the sun, can we doubt that it is a globe like the rest, poised in ether like them, and, like them, moving round the central luminary? [2] As when the moon, &c. This comparison is inferior to none in Homer. It is the most beautiful night-piece that can be found in poetry. He presents you with a prospect of the heavens, the seas, and the earth; the stars shine, the air is serene, the world enlighten'd, and the moon mounted in glory. [3] For an account of the singular views which the ancients had entertained on this subject, see "The Theology of the Phœnicians," by Sanchoniatho, who flourished about the time of the Trojan war. Published in a collection of Ancient Fragments. New York. 1835.
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