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1
CHAPTER 7
Design for Quality and Product Excellence
Teaching Notes
The precise manner in which a person or team approaches product design, solving problems to
achieve product excellence, or developing product reliability is not as critical as doing it in a
systematic fashion. Students have been exposed to process management and improvement in
Chapter 7, but they may still have some difficulty in understanding how measurement
(metrology) and Six Sigma projects can be used at the design stage to make frequent, but gradual
changes as an approach to process improvement.
Key objectives for this chapter should include:
• To explore the typical structured product development process consisting of idea
generation, preliminary concept development, product/process development, full-scale
production, product introduction, and market evaluation.
• To learn that concurrent, or simultaneous, engineering is an effective approach for
managing the product development process by using multi-functional teams to help
remove organizational barriers between departments and therefore reduce product
development time. Design reviews help to facility product development by stimulating
discussion, raising questions, and generating new ideas
• To introduce the concept of Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) consisting of a set of tools and
methodologies used in the product development process to ensure that goods and services
meet customer needs and achieve performance objectives, and that the processes used to
make and deliver them achieve Six Sigma capability. DFSS consists of four principal
activities of: Concept development, Design development, Design optimization, and
Design verification. These activities are often incorporated into a variation of the
DMAIC process, known as DMADV, which stands for Define, Measure, Analyze,
Design, and Verify.
• To define concept development as the process of applying scientific, engineering, and
business knowledge to produce a basic functional design that meets both customer needs
and manufacturing or service delivery requirements. This involves developing creative
ideas, evaluating them, and selecting the best concept.

Design for Quality and Product Excellence 2
• To appreciate the concepts of innovation and creativity. Innovation involves the
adoption of an idea, process, technology, product, or business model that is either new or
new to its proposed application. Creativity is seeing things in new or novel ways. Many
creativity tools are designed to help change the context in which one views a problem or
opportunity, thereby leading to fresh perspectives.
• To explore Quality Function Deployment (QFD) -- a planning process to guide the
design, manufacturing, and marketing of goods by integrating the voice of the customer
throughout the organization. A set of matrices, often called the House of Quality, is used
to relate the voice of the customer to a product’s technical requirements, component
requirements, process control plans, and manufacturing operations.
• To investigate manufacturing specifications, consisting of nominal dimensions and
tolerances. Nominal refers to the ideal dimension or the target value that manufacturing
seeks to meet; tolerance is the permissible variation, recognizing the difficulty of
meeting a target consistently.
• Tolerance design involves determining the permissible variation in a dimension. A
scientific approach to tolerance design uses the Taguchi loss function. Taguchi assumes
that losses can be approximated by a quadratic function so that larger deviations from
target correspond to increasingly larger losses. For the case in which a specific target
value, T, is determined to produce the optimum performance, and in which quality
deteriorates as the actual value moves away from the target on either side (called
“nominal is best”), the loss function is represented by L(x) = k(x - T)2
.
• To study the dimensions of reliability—the ability of a product to perform as expected
over time. Formally, reliability is defined as the probability that a product, piece of
equipment, or system performs its intended function for a stated period of time under
specified operating conditions. In practice, the number of failures per unit time
determines reliability during the duration under consideration (called the failure rate),
look at functional failure at the start of product life (The early failure period is
sometimes called the infant mortality period), reliability failure after some period of
use.
• To understand why reliability is often modeled using an exponential probability
distribution and use the reliability function, specifying the probability of survival, which
is: R(T) = 1 – e-T
.
• To explore systems composed of individual components with known reliabilities,
configured in series, in parallel, or in some mixed combination, and how it ties into
various aspects of design, including optimization, tolerance design, and design
verification.
• To learn that design optimization includes setting proper tolerances to ensure maximum
product performance and making designs robust; a scientific approach to tolerance
design uses the Taguchi loss function. Techniques for design verification include

formal reliability evaluation, using techniques such as accelerated life testing and burn-
in.
• To examine the characteristics of Design Failure Mode And Effects Analysis
(DFMEA) -- a methodology to identify all the ways in which a failure can occur, to
estimate the effect and seriousness of the failure, and to recommend corrective design
actions.
• Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), sometimes called cause and effect tree analysis, is a
method to describe combinations of conditions or events that can lead to a failure. In
effect, it is a way to drill down and identify causes associated with failures and is a good
complement to DFMEA.
• To investigate good product design, which anticipates issues related to cost,
manufacturability, and quality. Improvements in cost and quality often result from
simplifying designs, and employing techniques such as design for manufacturability
(DFM) – the process of designing a product for efficient production at the highest level
of quality.
• To study social responsibilities in the design process including product safety and
environmental concerns, which have made Design for Environment (DfE) and design
for disassembly important features of products, because they permit easy removal of
components for recycling or repair, eliminate other environmental hazards, and makes
repair more affordable.
• To explore Design for Excellence (DFX), an emerging concept that includes many
design-related initiatives such as concurrent engineering, design for manufacturability
design for assembly, design for environment and other “design for” approaches. DFX
objectives include higher functional performance, physical performance, user
friendliness, reliability and durability, maintainability and serviceability, safety,
compatibility and upgradeability, environmental friendliness, and psychological
characteristics.
• To introduce concept engineering (CE) -- a focused process for discovering customer
requirements and using them to select superior product or service concepts that meet
those requirements.
• To appreciate that the purpose of a design review is to stimulate discussion, raise
questions, and generate new ideas and solutions to help designers anticipate problems
before they occur.
• To understand techniques for design verification including formal reliability evaluation.
These include accelerated life testing, which involves overstressing components to
reduce the time to failure and find weaknesses; and burn-in, or component stress testing,
which involves exposing integrated circuits to elevated temperatures in order to force
latent defects to occur.

• To appreciate that Six Sigma performance depends on reliable measurement systems.
Common types of measuring instruments used in manufacturing today fall into two
categories: “low-technology” and “high-technology.” Low-technology instruments are
primarily manual devices that have been available for many years; high-technology
describes those that depend on modern electronics, microprocessors, lasers, or advanced
optics.
ANSWERS TO QUALITY IN PRACTICE KEY ISSUES
Testing Audio Components at Shure, Inc.
1. The general definition of reliability as: the probability that a product, piece of equipment,
or system performs its intended function for a stated period of time under specified
operating conditions, is thoroughly tested by Shure. Tests are tailored to various market
segments, according to the type of use (or abuse) the equipment is likely to incur. For the
consumer market, Shure uses the cartridge drop and scrape test, which is particularly
important to test for, in the light of how “scratch” DJ’s use the equipment. For
presentation and installation audio systems, they use the microphone drop test and
perspiration test. For mobile communications, the two above tests, temperature, and cable
and cable assembly flex tests are applicable. For the performance audio, the microphone
drop test, perspiration test, sequential shipping, cable and cable assembly flex, and
temperature storage would all be appropriate. The purpose of the tests is to simulate
actual operating conditions so that the products can sustain accidents and rough handling
and perform effectively over a useful life. Quality characteristics that are studied are
achieved reliability and performance.
2. For the microphone drop test, the measures are probably variable measures of sound and
response levels, within an acceptable range. Thus, standard variables control charts may
be used. For the perspiration test, it may be that a p-chart or u-chart is used for attribute
measures. The cable and cable assembly flex test might use a p-chart to measure the
percentage of cables tested that failed due to rocking motions or twisting motions. The
sequential shipping tests would probably show varying proportions of failures due to
dropping, vibration, and rough handling. These might be sorted out using a Pareto chart.
Then efforts could be made to improve the most frequently occurring causes. The
cartridge drop and scrape test could also use p- or np-charts (see Chapter 13) to show
results per sample of 100 repetitions of the test. The temperature tests would most likely
use standard variables charts to measure whether test performance was within control
limits, or not.
Applying QFD in a Managed Care Organization
1. Although this example of QFD involved the design of a tangible items, it is more difficult
to implement in a service context, as opposed to a pure manufacturing context, because

both customer requirements and technical requirements are harder to quantify and assess
that with tangible products.
2. The detailed calculations in the Importance of the hows row and Percentage of
importance of the hows row used to arrive at these figures can be shown and verified on
the spreadsheet labelled QIP-QFD Healthcare.xlsx. Note that some discrepancies
involving incorrect multiplication, were found in part of the QFD “House of Quality.”

Direction of Rate of Co. Rate of Absol. % Font Use of Gloss. Q&A Tbl. of Lang.
Improvement Import. Now Plan Improv. Wgt. Improve size Update Photos colors Terms Sect. Contnt. Frindly.
Ease-use 4.5 3.2 4.5 1.4 6.3 25.2% 3 1 3 3 9 3 9 3
Accuracy 5.0 3.1 4.6 1.5 7.4 29.5% 9 1 3 1
Timeliness 3.2 3.8 3.8 1.0 3.2 12.7% 9 1
Clarity 3.8 2.6 3.9 1.5 5.7 22.7% 1 1 3 1 9 3 1 3
Conciseness 2.5 4.1 4.1 1.0 2.5 9.9% 1 1
Import. of hows 108.1 427.9 153.4 98.2 460.0 244.7 249.1 173.0
% of Import. of hows 5.65% 22.35% 8.01% 5.13% 24.03% 12.78% 13.01% 9.04%
The numbers in the original table were verified by the calculations shown above (some columns of the original table were rearranged for convenience
of calculation). The rates of improvement, absolute weights, and percent improvements, based on the given values for “rate of importance” and
“company now” and “plan” were validated. As in the original table, the “importance of hows” and “percent of importance of hows” turned out to be
accurately calculated. Specific factors shown as the most important were “glossary terms” and “updates.”

3. The lessons that can be learned and applied to other service organizations that seek to
design or redesign their products and services include the facts that QFD provides for a
systematic approach to linking the “voice of the customer” to operational requirements.
By doing so, operating efficiencies can be realized and customer satisfaction can be
enhanced. In addition, employee satisfaction often can be improved, as well, as found in
the case. It must be recognized that time and effort is involved in gathering, sorting, and
analyzing the characteristics and factors. Also, there is subjectivity in applying ratings
and weights to variables. Hence, the results are not easy to predict and guarantees are
limited.
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Product design and development consists of six steps:
• Idea Generation. New or redesigned product ideas should incorporate customer
needs and expectations.
• Preliminary Concept Development. In this phase, new ideas are studied for
feasibility.
• Product/Process Development. If an idea survives the concept stage, the actual
design process begins by evaluating design alternatives and determining
engineering specifications for all materials, components, and parts. This phase
usually includes prototype testing, design reviews, and development, testing, and
standardization of the manufacturing processes
• Full-Scale Production. If no serious problems are found, the company releases the
product to manufacturing or service delivery teams.
• Market Introduction. The product is distributed to customers.
• Market Evaluation. An ongoing product development process that relies on
market evaluation and customer feedback to initiate continuous improvements.
2. Competitive pressures are forcing companies to reduce time to market, which means that
the time for product development is also squeezed. The problems incurred in speeding up
the process are well known. If done too hastily, the result will be the need to revise or
scrap the design, cost increases or project over-runs, difficulty in manufacturing the
product, early product failure in the field, customer dissatisfaction, and/or lawsuits due to
product liability. One of them most significant impediments to rapid design is poor intra-
organizational coordination. Reducing time to market can only be accomplished by
process simplification, eliminating design changes, and improving product
manufacturability. This requires involvement and cooperation of many functional groups
to identify and solve design problems in order to reduce product development and
introduction time.
3. Concurrent engineering is a process in which all major functions involved with bringing a
product to market are continuously involved with product development from conception
through sales. Such an approach not only helps achieve trouble-free introduction of
products and services, but also results in improved quality, lower costs, and shorter
product development cycles. Concurrent engineering involves multifunctional teams,
usually consisting of 4 to 20 members and including every specialty in the company. The

functions of such teams are to perform and coordinate the activities in the product
development process simultaneously, rather than sequentially. Companies exploit
concurrent engineering to achieve a competitive advantage. Typical benefits include 30 to
70 percent less development time, 65 to 90 percent fewer engineering changes, 20 to 90
percent less time to market, 200 to 600 percent improvement in quality, 20 to 110 percent
improvement in white collar productivity, and 20 to 120 percent higher return on assets.
4. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) uses a set of tools and methodologies in the product
development process to ensure that goods and services will meet customer needs and
achieve performance objectives, and that the processes used to make and deliver them
achieve Six Sigma capability. DFSS consists of four principal activities:
• Concept development, in which product functionality is determined based upon
customer requirements, technological capabilities, and economic realities;
• Design development, which focuses on product and process performance issues
necessary to fulfill the product and service requirements in manufacturing or delivery;
• Design optimization, which seeks to minimize the impact of variation in production
and use, creating a “robust” design; and
• Design verification, which ensures that the capability of the production system meets
the appropriate sigma level
5. Concept development is the process of applying scientific, engineering, and business
knowledge to produce a basic functional design that meets both customer needs and
manufacturing or service delivery requirements. Developing new concepts requires
innovation and creativity.
Innovation involves the adoption of an idea, process, technology, product, or business
model that is either new or new to its proposed application. The outcome of innovation is
a discontinuous or breakthrough change and results in new and unique goods and services
that delight customers and create competitive advantage.
Innovations can be classified as:
1. An entirely new category of product; for example the iPod
2. First of its type on the market in a product category already in existence; for
example, the DVD player.
3. A significant improvement in existing technology, such as the blu-ray player
4. A modest improvement to an existing product, such as the latest iPad.
Creativity is seeing things in new or novel ways. In Japanese, the word creativity
has a literal translation as “dangerous opportunity.” Many creativity tools, such as
brainstorming and Brainwriting—a written form of brainstorming, are designed to
help change the context in which one views a problem or opportunity, thereby
leading to fresh perspectives. A creativity tool that finds extensive use in product
design is TRIZ, which is a Russian acronym for the Theory of Inventive Problem
Solving. TRIZ was developed by a Russian patent clerk who recognized that
concepts of inventive problem solving could be taught, in order to foster creative
problem solving.

Concept development is an important tool for assuring quality because it provides a
systematic process that leaves a strong audit trail back to the voice of the customer. This
makes it difficult to challenge the results of skeptics and convert them. The process also
helps to build consensus and gives design teams confidence in selling their concept to
management. However, it takes a lot of discipline and patience.
6. Conceptual designs must be translated into measurable technical requirements and,
subsequently, into detailed design specifications. Detailed design focuses on establishing
technical requirements and specifications, which represent the transition from a
designer’s concept to a producible design, while also ensuring that it can be produced
economically, efficiently, and with high quality.
7. QFD benefits companies through improved communication and teamwork between all
constituencies in the production process, such as between marketing and design, between
design and manufacturing, and between purchasing and suppliers. Product objectives are
better understood and interpreted during the production process. Use of QFD determines
the causes of customer dissatisfaction, making it a useful tool for competitive analysis of
product quality by top management. Productivity as well as quality improvements
generally follow QFD. QFD reduces the time for new product development. QFD allows
companies to simulate the effects of new design ideas and concepts. Companies can
reduce product development time and bring new products into the market sooner, thus
gaining competitive advantage.
8. In the QFD development process, a set of matrices is used to relate the voice of the
customer to a product’s technical requirements, component requirements, process control
plans, and manufacturing operations. The first matrix, called the House of Quality,
provides the basis for the QFD concept.
Building the House of Quality consists of six basic steps:
* Identify customer requirements.
* Identify technical requirements.
* Relate the customer requirements to the technical requirements.
* Conduct an evaluation of competing products or services
* Evaluate technical requirements and develop targets.
* Determine which technical requirements to deploy in the remainder of the
production/delivery process.
The first House of Quality in the QFD process provides marketing with an important tool
to understand customer needs and gives top management strategic direction. Three other
“houses of quality” are used to deploy the voice of the customer to (in a manufacturing
setting) component parts characteristics, process plans, and quality control. The second
house applies to subsystems and components. At this stage, target values representing the
best values for fit, function, and appearance are determined. In manufacturing, most of

the QFD activities represented by the first two houses of quality are performed by
product development and engineering functions.
In the last two stages, the planning activities involve supervisors and production line
operators. In the third house, the process plan relates the component characteristics to key
process operations, the transition from planning to execution. Key process operations are
the basis for a control point. A control point forms the basis for a quality control plan
delivering those critical characteristics that are crucial to achieving customer satisfaction.
This is specified in the last house of quality. These are the things that must be measured
and evaluated on a continuous basis to ensure that processes continue to meet the
important customer requirements defined in the first House of Quality.
9. Manufacturing specifications consist of nominal dimensions and tolerances. Nominal
refers to the ideal dimension or the target value that manufacturing seeks to meet;
tolerance is the permissible variation, recognizing the difficulty of meeting a target
consistently. Traditionally, tolerances are set by convention rather than scientifically. A
designer might use the tolerances specified on previous designs or base a design decision
on judgment from past experience. Setting inappropriate tolerances can be costly, since
tolerance settings often fail to account for the impact of variation on product
functionality, manufacturability, or economic consequences. The Taguchi loss function is
a scientific approach to tolerance design. Taguchi assumed that losses can be
approximated by a quadratic function so that larger deviations from target cause
increasingly larger losses.
10. The Taguchi loss function is a useful concept for process design. Taguchi suggests that
there is not strict cut-off point that divides good quality from poor quality. Rather, he
assumed that losses can be approximated by a quadratic function so that larger deviations
from target correspond to increasingly larger losses. For the case in which a specific
target value, T, is determined to produce the optimum performance, and in which quality
deteriorates as the actual value moves away from the target on either side (called
“nominal is best”), the loss function is represented by L(x) = k(x - T)2
where x is any
actual value of the quality characteristic and k is some constant. Thus, (x – T) represents
the deviation from the target, and the loss increases by the square of the deviation.
11. Reliability is the probability that a product, piece of equipment, or system performs its
intended function for a stated period of time under specified operating conditions. There are
four key components of this definition, including probability, time, performance, and
operating conditions. All of these have to be considered in a comprehensive definition of
reliability. Probability allows comparison of different products and systems, time allows us
to measure the length of life of the product, performance relates to the ability of the product
to do what it was designed to do, and operating conditions specify to amount of usage and
the environment in which the product is used.
12. A functional failure is one incurred at the start of the product's life due to defective
materials, components, or work on the product. A reliability failure is one that is incurred
after some period of use. For example, if a new TV set suffers a blown picture tube during

the first week, it's a functional failure. There was obviously a defect in the manufacture of
the tube. If the vertical hold feature of the set goes out (perhaps 3 days after the 1 year
warranty is up), that is a reliability failure. It should reasonably be expected to last much
longer than one year, but it didn't.
13. Reliability engineers distinguish between inherent reliability, which is the predicted
reliability determined by the design of the product or process, and the achieved
reliability, which is the actual reliability observed during use. Achieved reliability can be
less than the inherent reliability due to the effects of the manufacturing process and the
conditions of use.
14. Failure rate is defined as the number of failures per unit of time during a specified time
period being considered. For example, if 15 MP-3 players were tested for 500 hours and
there were two failures of the units, the failure rate would be: 2 / (15 x 500) = 1 / 3750 or
0.000267.
15. The product life characteristics curve, is the so-called "bath-tub curve" because of its shape.
It is actually the failure rate curve, described above. Such curves can be used to understand
the distinctive failure rate patterns of various designs and products, over time.
16. The reliability function represents the probability that an item will not fail within a certain
period of time, T. It is directly related to the cumulative distribution function: F(T) =
1 - e-T
, that yields the probability of failures. Since F(T) is the probability of failure, the
reliability function, R(T) can be defined as the complement, e.g. probability of not failing:
R(T) = 1 - (1 - e-T
) = e-T
It can also be expressed using the mean time to failure (MTTF) value  as: R(T) = e-T/
17. The reliability of series, parallel, and series parallel is relatively easy to compute, given the
reliability of components in each system. For the series system, RS = R1R2R3. Thus
reliabilities are multiplicative.
For a parallel system, the relationships are a little more complex, since the units are designed
to use redundant components, so that if one unit fails the system can continue to operate.
The system reliability is computed as:
RS = 1 - [(1 - R1)(1 - R2)(1 - Rn)]
For series-parallel systems, the equivalent reliabilities of each parallel sub-system are
calculated, successively, until there are no more parallel sub-systems. The system is then
reduced to a serially equivalent system in which all component reliabilities can be
multiplied to get the final reliability value.
18. Robust design refers to designing goods and services that are insensitive to variation in
manufacturing processes and when consumers use them. Robust design is facilitated by

design of experiments to identify optimal levels for nominal dimensions and other tools
to minimize failures, reduce defects during the manufacturing process, facilitate assembly
and disassembly (for both the manufacturer and the customer), and improve reliability.
19. The purpose of Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) is to identify all the
ways in which a failure can occur, to estimate the effect and seriousness of the failure,
and to recommend corrective design actions. A DFMEA usually consists of specifying
the following information for each design element or function: Failure modes; effect of
the failure on the customer; severity, likelihood of occurrence, and detection rating;
potential causes of failure, and corrective actions or controls. A simple example of a
DFMEA for an ordinary household light socket is provided in the chapter.
20. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), sometimes called cause and effect tree analysis, is a method
to describe combinations of conditions or events that can lead to a failure. In effect, it is
a way to drill down and identify causes associated with failures and is a good
complement to DFMEA. It is particularly useful for identifying failures that occur only
as a result of multiple events occurring simultaneously. In other words FTA is a tool for
carrying out the entire DFMEA process.
21. Product design can have a major impact on manufacturability. If careful thought and
planning is not done by the designer (or design team), the end product can end up being
difficult or impossible to build due to placement of components, methods for
attachments, “impossible” tolerances, difficulties in attaching or fastening components
and/or difficulties in getting the whole assembled “system” to work smoothly, even with
the highest quality components. In addition time, materials, and other resources may be
wasted unnecessarily due to a poor manufacturing design.
The concept of Design for Manufacturability (DFM) is the process of designing a product so
that it can be produced efficiently at the highest level of quality. Its goal is to improve
quality, increase productivity, reduce lead time (time to market, as well as manufacturing
time) and maintain flexibility to adapt to future market conditions.
22. Key design practices for high quality in manufacturing and assembly include: 1) analyze all
design requirements to assess proper dimensions and tolerances, 2) determine process , 3)
identify and evaluate possible manufacturing quality problems, 4) select manufacturing
processes that minimize technical risks, and 5) evaluate processes under actual
manufacturing conditions.
23. Social responsibilities in the design process include safety and environmental concerns,
which have made Design for Environment (DFE) and Design for Disassembly important
features of products. Legal and environmental issues are becoming critical in designing
products and services, today. Product safety and its consequences, product liability, should
be of primary concern because of the damage that hazardous designs can do to consumers of
the product. Also, liability lawsuits can do major damage to the financial health of an
organization, as well as its image and reputation in the marketplace. Records and

documentation relating to the design process are the best defense against liability lawsuits.
These would include records on prototype development, testing, and inspection results.
Environmental issues involve questions of whether “environmentally friendly” designs
(those that minimize damage to the environment in manufacture and product use) are being
developed, what impacts will the design of the product have on the environment when it is
scrapped, and how can consumers be given the most value for their money, while balancing
the other two issues? The above questions can often be addressed by considering it as a
“design for environment” concept (often combined with and “design for disassembly”).
What is the best design for repairability/recylability?
24. Design for Excellence (DFX) is an emerging concept that includes many design-related
initiatives such as concurrent engineering, design for manufacturability design for
assembly, design for environment and other “design for” approaches. DFX objectives
include higher functional performance, physical performance, user friendliness, reliability
and durability, maintainability and serviceability, safety, compatibility and
upgradeability, environmental friendliness, and psychological characteristics. DFX
represents a total approach to product development and design involves the following
activities:
• Constantly thinking in terms of how one can design or manufacture products better,
not just solving or preventing problems
• Focusing on “things done right” rather than “things gone wrong”
• Defining customer expectations and going beyond them, not just barely meeting them
or just matching the competition
• Optimizing desirable features or results, not just incorporating them
• Minimizing the overall cost without compromising quality of function
25. The purpose of a design review is to stimulate discussion, raise questions, and generate
new ideas and solutions to help designers anticipate problems before they occur. To
facilitate product development, a design review is generally conducted in three major
stages of the product development process: preliminary, intermediate, and final. The
preliminary design review establishes early communication between marketing,
engineering, manufacturing, and purchasing personnel and provides better coordination
of their activities. It usually involves higher levels of management and concentrates on
strategic issues in design that relate to customer requirements and thus the ultimate
quality of the product. The preliminary design review evaluates such issues as the
function of the product, conformance to customer’s needs, completeness of
specifications, manufacturing costs, and liability issues.
After the design is well established, an intermediate review takes place to study the
design in greater detail to identify potential problems and suggest corrective action.
Personnel at lower levels of the organization are more heavily involved at this stage.
Finally, just before release to production, a final review is held. Materials lists, drawings,
and other detailed design information are studied with the purpose of preventing costly
changes after production setup.

26. Methods of product testing for reliability include: life testing, accelerated life testing,
environmental testing and vibration and shock testing. In life and accelerated life testing the
product is tested until it fails. The latter speeds up the process by overstressing the item to
hasten its eventual failure. Environmental and shock tests are performed to determine the
product's ability to survive and operate under adverse conditions of heat, cold, or shock.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Note: Data sets for several problems in this chapter are available in the Excel workbook
C07Data on the Student Companion Site for this chapter accompanying this text. Click on the
appropriate worksheet tab as noted in the problem (e.g., Prob. 7-5) to access the data.
1. A hospital developed a design process consisting of the following steps: Plan, Design,
Measure, Assess, and Improve. Below is a list of specific activities that comprise these five
steps in random order. Place the activities in the most appropriate order within the correct
step of the design process.
Pilot or test design
Submit proposal
Define measures to assess design performance
Implement design
Identify potential solutions to reduce out of control conditions
Develop business plan
Disseminate improvements throughout the organization
Monitor process performance
Select the best solution to improve control
Identify out of control conditions
Propose new concept
Create design to meet requirements
Identify new improvement opportunities
Monitor the new process design
Implement the best solution to improve control
Verify proposal alignment with strategic objectives
Establish design team
Identify causes of out of control conditions
Analyze causes
Identify and validate customer requirements
Identify and evaluate best practices
Answer
1. Although the terms might vary slightly, the following model captures the stages of the
design process for the hospital:

2. Newfonia, Inc., is working on a design for a new smartphone. Marketing staff conducted
extensive surveys and focus groups with potential customers to determine the
characteristics that the customers want and expect in a smartphone. Newfonia’s studies
have identified the most important customer expectations as
• Initial cost
• Reliability
• Ease of use
• Features
• Operating cost
• Compactness
Develop a set of technical requirements to incorporate into the design of a House of
Quality relationship matrix to assess how well your requirements address these
expectations. Refine your design as necessary, based upon the initial assessment.
Answer
2. Analysis of customer responses for Newfonia’s proposed smartphone indicates the
likelihood of several strong relationships between customer requirements and associated
technical requirements of the design, such as value vs. price; features vs. compactness; and
ease of use vs. features. Operating costs may possibly be distantly related to initial cost and
features. Technical characteristics required to translate the “voice of the customer” into
operational or engineering terms might be measures of purchase cost, operating programs
(e.g., BranchOS, or other similar systems), number and type of features, weight, dimensions,
battery life, cost of replacement batteries, and peripherals.

3. Newfonia, Inc. (Problem 2), faces three major competitors in this market: Oldphonia,
Simphonia, and Colliefonia. It found that potential consumers placed the highest
importance on reliability (measured by such things as freedom from operating system
crashes and battery life), followed by compactness (weight/bulkiness), followed by
flexibility (features, ease of use, and types of program modules available). The operating
cost was only occasionally noted as an important attribute in the surveys. Studies of their
products yielded the information shown in the table in C07Data file for Prob.7-3on the
Student Companion Site for this chapter. Results of the consumer panel ratings for these
competitors are also shown in that spreadsheet. Using this information, modify and
extend your House of Quality from Problem 1 and develop a deployment plan for the
new smartphone. On what attributes should the company focus its marketing efforts?
Answer
3. With the new data given for Newfonia’s potential customers, a partial House of Quality
for the design of the smartphone can be built, as shown below. Note the strong
relationships between customer requirements and associated technical requirements of
the smartphone design.
The inter-relationships of the roof are not shown (limitations of MSWord software), but
these may be sketched in. For example, they would show a strong inter-relationship between
size and weight.
PARTIAL HOUSE OF QUALITY MATRIX
FOR NEWPHONIA’S SMARTPHONE CASE
Cost Size
(in.)
Wt.
(oz.)
Featr.
(num.)
Opr.P
rog.
Bat.
Life
Opr.
Cost
Importan
ce
12 3 45
Compet
Eval.
12 3 45
Selling
Pts.
1 2 3 4
5
Reliable Keeps
operating
   • x G S H *
Compact Fits
pocket
• x GSH
Not heavy   •  x S G Q
Features Calendar,
contact
mgt., etc.
 •  x G S H *
Ease of
use
Intuitive
operations
 • • x QS G *
Value Good
value
•  • x Q SG *
Competitive
Evaluation:
Oldphonia
3 4 5 4 5 5 5
Simfonia 5 4 3 2 2 2 3 • = Very strong relationship
Colliefonia 4 4 3 3 4 3 4  = Strong relationship

Targets $250 5 x
3.2
6 oz. 10 Win.
CE
35 Mod
.
 = Weak relationship
Deployment * * *
This analysis suggests that Newfonia should try to position itself between Simfonia and
Colliefonia in price and features. It should build on the strength of the customer’s reliability
concern, keeping battery life near 35 hours and use a proven operating program, such as
BranchOS. Enough features (10) should be offered to be competitive. If Newfonia can
design a high-value smartphone and sell it at an attractive price (say, $250 or less), it
should be a very profitable undertaking.
4. Georgio’s Giant Gyros conducted consumer surveys and focus groups concerning a new
giant gyro sandwich design, and the facility to sell it, and identified the most important
customer expectations (not in any order of priority) as
• Tasty, attractive, moderately healthy food
• Speedy service
• An easy-to-read menu board
• Accurate order filling
• Perceived value
Develop only a set of technical requirements to incorporate into the design of the product
and its delivery. Use a House of Quality relationship matrix to assess how well your
requirements address these expectations. Include some technical dimensions that may be
used to measure tasty, attractive, and “healthy” food; speedy service, acceptable menu
boards, order accuracy, or perceived value. Refine your design as necessary based upon
the initial assessment.
Answer
4. Analysis of customer responses for Georgio’s Giant Gyros indicates that there are likely to
be several strong relationships between customer requirements and associated technical
requirements of the product and delivery system that Georgio designs (for example, a giant
gyro product). Some strong relationships may be seen between moistness/flavor and trans-
fat; calories/sodium/t-fat and nutrition; staffing levels and work procedures; kitchen capacity
and facility layout; value and price; etc..
Note the three customer response categories that are unrelated to the design of the gyros --
order accuracy, speedy service, and menu board. These factors will probably require a
separate analysis as part of a facility and process design, thus focusing on the product in one
case, and the service delivery system in the other.

FOR GEORGIO’S GIANT GYROS
Price Size Calories Sodium % t-Fat
Facility
layout
Work
procedures
Imprtnce
12 3 45
Compet.
Eval.
12 3 4 5
Selling
Pts.
1 2 3 4 5
Taste Moistness     •  
Flavor     •  
Health Nutritious   • • •  
Visual Visually
Appealing
      
Speedy
service
Number of
staff
      •
Kitchen
capacity
     • •
Menu Size & font      • 
Order
accurac
y
Order check
process
      •
Value Good Value •      
Competitive Evaluation:
• = Very strong relationship
 = Strong relationship

5. Georgio’s Giant Gyros (Problem 4) acquired some additional information about product
characteristics. It found that consumers placed the highest importance on taste appeal
(especially flavor) and order accuracy, followed by healthy food (measured by sodium
content and calories), value, and service. The menu board was only casually noted as one
of the least important attributes in the surveys. Georgio faces three major competitors in
this market: Mario’s, Gyroking, and Antonio’s. Studies of their products yielded the
information shown in the worksheet tab Prob.7-4 in the Excel file C07Data on the
Student Companion Site for this chapter. Results of the consumer panel ratings for each
of these competitors can also be found there (a 1–5 scale, with 5 being the best). Using
this information, modify and extend your House of Quality from Problem 2 and develop
a deployment plan for a new gyro. Assume that a separate study will be made on the
physical facilities. On what attributes should the company focus its marketing efforts?
Answer
5. With the new data given in C07Data.xlsx for Prob. 7-05 for Georgio's customers, a partial
House of Quality for the design of the gyros can be built, as shown below. Note that the
relationships between customer requirements (flavor, health, value) and associated
technical requirements (% fat, calories, sodium, price) of the gyro design are strong. Note
also that the focus here is on design of the product, not the service aspects of order
accuracy and service.
The inter-relationships of the roof are not shown, due to the limitations of MS
Word® software. These may be sketched in. For example, they would show strong
inter-relationship between % t-Fat and calories.

FOR GEORGIO’S GIANT GYROS
Price Size Calories Sodium % t-Fat
Facility
layout
Work
procedures
Imprtnce
12 3 45
Compet.
Eval.
12 3 4 5
Selling
Pts.
1 2 3 4 5
Taste Moistness     •   A GK G A K
Flavor     •   AKG G K A
Health Nutritious   • • •   AKG K AG *
Visual Visually
Appealing
       AKG AG K
Speedy
service
Number of
Staff
      • AKG K A G
Kitchen
capacity
     • • AKG A G K *
Menu Size & font      •  A K G A KG
Order
accuracy
Order check
process
      • KAG K A G *
Value Good Value •       K A G K A G *
Competitive Evaluation:
Georgio’s 5 3 5 3 5 4 5
Gyroking 3 5 4 5 2 3 4
Antonio's 4 4 3 3 4 5 3
Georgio’s Targets
$0.51/
oz.
5.5
oz.
70/oz 110/ oz. 13% Improve Hold gains
• = Very strong relationship
 = Strong relationship

ANSWER – CONTINUED
5. The Importance and Competitive Evaluation of customer requirements can be read
from the survey results in the data tables in spreadsheet Prob07-05.xlsx that are provided,
and placed under their respective columns
Georgio’s Giant Gyros technical requirements must be placed on a more equal basis, which
would best be shown as units/ounce, except for the percent fat value. These are shown
below.
Company Price/Oz. Calories/Oz.* Sodium/Oz.* Fat (%) *
Georgio's $0.545 80.0 159.1 13
Kingyro $0.567 85.3 124.0 23
Antonio's $0.542 90.0 158.3 16
* Lower is better
Thus, we can see from the competitive evaluation of technical characteristics and Georgio’s
targets, that if Georgio’s is already low in price per ounce, as well as calories, and percent
fat, its new product is leaner and healthier, as well as being cost effective. This analysis
suggests that Georgio’s might consider increasing its size and flavor, which may indirectly
affect its visual appeal, as well. However, Georgio has not targeted the size for an increase.
At the same time, it should build on the strength of the nutrition trend by keeping the percent
fat and sodium low. Georgio's has targeted sodium for a major reduction, from 159/oz. to
110/oz., and slightly reducing the number of calories per ounce, from 80 to 70, to be even
more competitive. The facilities need some minor improvements, but their work procedures
appear to be customer-pleasing. They merely need to hold the gains. If Georgio’s can
design a flavorful, healthy, 5.5 oz. gyro and continue to sell it at the current attractive
price or $3.00, it should be a very profitable undertaking.
6. A blueprint specification for the thickness of a refrigerator part at Refrigaria, Inc. is 0.300
± 0.025 centimeters (cm). It costs $25 to scrap a part that is outside the specifications.
Determine the Taguchi loss function for this situation.
Answer
6. The Taguchi Loss Function for refrigerator part at Refrigaria, Inc. is: L(x) = k (x - T)2
$25 = k (0.025)2
k = 40000
 L(x) = k (x - T)2
= 40000 (x - T)2
7. A team was formed to study the refrigerator part at Refrigaria, Inc. described in Problem
6. While continuing to work to find the root cause of scrap, they found a way to reduce
the scrap cost to $15 per part.
a. Determine the Taguchi loss function for this situation.

b. If the process deviation from target can be reduced to 0.015 cm, what is the Taguchi
loss?
Answer
7. The Taguchi Loss Function is: L(x) = k (x - T)2
a) $15 = k (0.025)2
k = 24000
 L(x) = k (x - T)2
= 24000 (x - T)2
b) L(x) = 24000 (x - T)2
 L(0.015) = 24000 (0.015)2
= $5.40
8. A specification for the length of an auto part at PartsDimensions, Inc. is 5.0 ± 0.10
centimeters (cm). It costs $40 to scrap a part that is outside the specifications. Determine
the Taguchi loss function for this situation.
Answer
$40 = k (0.10)2
k = 4000
 L(x) = k (x - T)2
= 4000 (x - T)2
9. A team was formed to study the auto part at PartsDimensions described in Problem 8.
While continuing to work to find the root cause of scrap, the team found a way to reduce
the scrap cost to $20 per part.
a. Determine the Taguchi loss function for this situation.
b. If the process deviation from target can be reduced to 0.040 cm, what is the Taguchi
loss?
Answer
a) $20 = k (0.10)2
k = 2000
 L(x) = k (x - T)2
= 2000 (x - T)2
b) L(x) = 2000 (x - T)2

 L(0.040) = 2000 (0.040)2
= $ 3.20
10. Ruido Unlimited makes electronic soundboards for car stereos. Output voltage to a
certain component on the board must be 12 ± 0.5 volts. Exceeding the limits results in an
estimated loss of $60. Determine the Taguchi loss function.
Answer
$60 = k (0.5)2
k = 240
 L(x) = k (x - T)2
= 240 (x - T)2
11. An electronic component at Eltcomp has a specification of 100 ± 0.4 ohms. Scrapping
the component results in a $81 loss.
a. What is the value of k in the Taguchi loss function?
b. If the process is centered on the target specification with a standard deviation of 0.2
ohm, what is the expected loss per unit?
Answer
11. For Eltcomp’s specification of 100 ± 0.4 ohms:
a) L(x) = k (x - T)2
$81 = k (0.4)2
k = 506.25
b) EL(x) = k (2
+ D2
) = 506.25 ( 0.22
+ 02
) = $20.25
12. An automatic cookie machine at AutoCM, Inc., must deposit a specified amount of 25 ±
0.3 grams (g) of dough for each cookie on a conveyor belt. It costs $0.03 to scrap a
defective cookie. A sample of 50 cookies was drawn from the production process, which
has been determined to be approximately normally distributed, and the results, in grams,
can be found in worksheet tab Prob.7-12 in the Excel file C07Data file on the Student
Companion Site for this chapter.
a. What is the value of k in the Taguchi loss function?
b. Determine how much the process varies from the target specification, based on the
mean difference and standard deviation of the sample results. What is the expected loss
per unit?
Answer
12. For a specification of 25 ± 0.3 grams and a $0.03 scrap cost:

Analysis of the dataset for Prob. 7-12 provides the following statistics:
x = 25.0056; D = 25.0056 - 25.00000 = 0.0056
 = 0.0566
a) L(x) = k (x - T)2
$0.03 = k (0.3)2
k = 0.333
b) For  = 0.0566
EL(x) = k (2
+ D2
) = 0.333 (0.05662
+ 0.00562
) = $0.0011
See spreadsheet Prob07-12.xlsx for details.
13. A computer chip designed by the MicroKeeb Co. has a specification for the distance
between two adjacent pins of 2.000 ± 0.002 mm. The loss due to a defective chip is $4. A
sample of 25 chips was drawn from the production process and the results, in millimeters,
can be found in the worksheet tab Prob. 7-13 in the Excel file C07Data file.
a. Compute the value of k in the Taguchi loss function.
b. What is the expected loss from this process based on the sample data?
Answer
13. For a specification of 2.000 ± .002 mm and a $4 scrap cost:
Analysis of the dataset for problem 7-13 provides the following statistics:
x = 2.00008; D = 2.00008 - 2.00 = 0.00008
 = 0.00104
a) L(x) = k (x - T)2
$4 = k (0.002)2
 k = 1,000,000
b) EL(x) = k (2
+ D2
) = 1,000,000 ( 0.001042
+ 0.000082
) = $1.088
See spreadsheet Prob07-13.xlsx for details.
14. In the production of Raphael Transformers, any output voltage that exceeds 120 ± 10
volts is unacceptable to the customer. Exceeding these limits results in an estimated loss
of $200. However, the manufacturer can adjust the voltage in the plant by changing a
resistor that costs $2.25.
a. Determine the Taguchi loss function.
b. Suppose the nominal specification is 120 volts. At what tolerance should the
transformer be manufactured, assuming that the amount of loss is represented by the cost
of the resistor?

Answer
14. a) The Taguchi Loss function is: L(x) = k (x - T)2
200 = k (100)2
k = 0.5
So, L(x) = 0.5 (x-T)2
b) $2.25 = 0.5 (x-120)2
4.50 = (x - 120)2
(x - T)Tolerance = 50
.
4 = 2.12 volts
2.12 = x - 120
 x = 122.12
15. At Elektroparts Manufacturers’ integrated circuit business, managers gathered data from
a customer focus group and found that any output voltage that exceeds 55 ± 0.5 volts was
unacceptable to the customer. Exceeding these limits results in an estimated loss of $75.
However, the manufacturer can still adjust the voltage in the plant by changing a resistor
that costs $2.00.
a. Determine the Taguchi loss function.
b. Suppose the nominal specification remains at 55 volts. At what tolerance should the
integrated circuit be manufactured, assuming that the amount of loss is represented by the
cost of the resistor?
Answer
15. a) The Taguchi Loss function is: L(x) = k (x - T) 2
75 = k (0.5)2
k = 300
So, L(x) = 300 (x-T)2
b) The Taguchi Loss function is: L(x) = k (x - T) 2
$2.00 = 300 (x-55)2
0.00667 = (x - 55)2
(x - T)Tolerance = 00667
.
0 = 0.0817 volts
0.0817 = x - 55

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Greenwood Catalogue of Special Technical
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Title: Scott, Greenwood Catalogue of Special Technical Works,
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCOTT,
GREENWOOD CATALOGUE OF SPECIAL TECHNICAL WORKS,
JANUARY 1905 ***

JANUARY, 1905.
Catalogue
OF
Special Technical Works
FOR
Manufacturers, Students, and Technical
Schools
BY EXPERT WRITERS

INDEX TO SUBJECTS.
Agricultural Chemistry, 10
Air, Industrial Use of, 11
Alum and its Sulphates, 9
Ammonia, 9
Aniline Colours, 3
Animal Fats, 6
Anti-corrosive Paints, 4
Architecture, Terms in, 30
Architectural Pottery, 16
Artificial Perfumes, 7
Balsams, 10
Bibliography, 32
Bleaching, 23
Bone Products, 8

Bookbinding, 31
Brick-making, 15, 16
Burnishing Brass, 28
Carpet Yarn Printing, 21
Ceramic Books, 14, 15
Charcoal, 8
Chemical Essays, 9
Chemistry of Pottery, 17
Chemistry of Dye-stuffs, 23
Clay Analysis, 16
Coal-dust Firing, 26
Colour Matching, 21
Colliery Recovery Work, 25
Colour-mixing for Dyers, 21
Colour Theory, 22
Combing Machines, 24
Compounding Oils, 6
Condensing Apparatus, 26

Cosmetic, 8
Cotton Dyeing, 23
Cotton Spinning, 24
Damask Weaving, 20
Dampness in Buildings, 30
Decorators’ Books, 28
Decorative Textiles, 20
Dental Metallurgy, 25
Dictionary of Paint Materials, 2
Drying Oils, 5
Drying with Air, 12
Dyeing Marble, 31
Dyeing Woollen Fabrics, 23
Dyers’ Materials, 21
Dye-stuffs, 22
Enamelling Metal, 18
Enamels, 18

Engraving, 31
Essential Oils, 7
Evaporating Apparatus, 26
External Plumbing, 27
Fats, 5, 6
Faults in Woollen Goods, 20
Gas Firing, 26
Glass-making Recipes, 17
Glass Painting, 17
Glue Making and Testing, 8
Greases, 5
History of Staffs Potteries, 16
Hops, 28
Hot-water Supply, 28
How to make a Woollen Mill Pay, 21
India-rubber, 13

Inks, 3, 11
Iron-corrosion, 4
Iron, Science of, 26
Japanning, 28
Lacquering, 28
Lake Pigments, 2
Lead and its Compounds, 11
Leather Industry, 13
Leather-working Materials, 14
Lithography, 31
Lubricants, 5, 6
Manures, 8, 10
Mineral Pigments, 3
Mine Ventilation, 25
Mine Haulage, 25
Oil and Colour Recipes, 3

Oil Boiling, 4
Oil Merchants’ Manual, 7
Oils, 5
Ozone, Industrial Use of, 12
Paint Manufacture, 2
Paint Materials, 3
Paint-material Testing, 4
Paper-pulp Dyeing, 18
Petroleum, 6
Pigments, Chemistry of, 2
Plumbers’ Work, 27
Porcelain Painting, 18
Pottery Clays, 16
Pottery Manufacture, 14
Power-loom Weaving, 19
Preserved Foods, 30
Printers’ Ready Reckoner, 31

Printing Inks, 3
Recipes for Oilmen, etc., 3
Resins, 10
Risks of Occupations, 11
Rivetting China, etc., 16
Sanitary Plumbing, 28
Scheele’s Essays, 9
Sealing Waxes, 11
Silk Dyeing, 22
Silk Throwing, 19
Smoke Prevention, 26
Soaps, 7
Spinning, 20
Staining Marble, and Bone, 31
Steam Drying, 11
Sugar Refining, 32
Steel Hardening, 26

Sweetmeats, 30
Terra-cotta, 16
Testing Paint Materials, 4
Testing Yarns, 20
Textile Fabrics, 20
Textile Materials, 19, 20
Timber, 29
Varnishes, 4
Vegetable Fats, 7
Waste Utilisation, 10
Water, Industrial Use, 12
Waterproofing Fabrics, 21
Weaving Calculations, 20
Wood Waste Utilisation, 29
Wood Dyeing, 31
Wool Dyeing, 22, 23
Writing Inks, 11

X-Ray Work, 13
Yarn Testing, 20
PUBLISHED BY
SCOTT, GREENWOOD & CO.,
19 Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.
Tel. Address: “PRINTERIES, LONDON”. Tel. No. 5403, Bank.

Paints, Colours and Printing Inks.
THE CHEMISTRY OF PIGMENTS. By Ernest J. Parry, B.Sc.
(Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S., and J. H. Coste, F.I.C., F.C.S. Demy 8vo.
Five Illustrations. 285 pp. 1902. Price 10s. 6d.; India and
Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries, 12s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Introductory. Light—White Light—The Spectrum—The Invisible
Spectrum—Normal Spectrum—Simple Nature of Pure Spectral Colour
—The Recomposition of White Light—Primary and Complementary
Colours—Coloured Bodies—Absorption Spectra—The Application of
Pigments. Uses of Pigments: Artistic, Decorative, Protective—
Methods of Application of Pigments: Pastels and Crayons, Water
Colour, Tempera Painting, Fresco, Encaustic Painting, Oil-colour
Painting, Keramic Art, Enamel, Stained and Painted Glass, Mosaic—
Inorganic Pigments. White Lead—Zinc White—Enamel White—
Whitening—Red Lead—Litharge—Vermilion—Royal Scarlet—The
Chromium Greens—Chromates of Lead, Zinc, Silver and Mercury—
Brunswick Green—The Ochres—Indian Red—Venetian Red—Siennas
and Umbers—Light Red—Cappagh Brown—Red Oxides—Mars
Colours—Terre Verte—Prussian Brown—Cobalt Colours—Cœruleum—
Smalt—Copper Pigments—Malachite—Bremen Green—Scheele’s
Green—Emerald Green—Verdigris—Brunswick Green—Non-arsenical
Greens—Copper Blues—Ultramarine—Carbon Pigments—Ivory Black
—Lamp Black—Bistre—Naples Yellow—Arsenic Sulphides: Orpiment,
Realgar—Cadmium Yellow—Vandyck Brown—Organic Pigments.
Prussian Blue—Natural Lakes—Cochineal—Carmine—Crimson—Lac
Dye—Scarlet—Madder—Alizarin—Campeachy—Quercitron—Rhamnus
—Brazil Wood—Alkanet—Santal Wood—Archil—Coal-tar Lakes—Red

Lakes—Alizarin Compounds—Orange and Yellow Lakes—Green and
Blue Lakes—Indigo—Dragon’s Blood—Gamboge—Sepia—Indian
Yellow, Puree—Bitumen. Asphaltum, Mummy—Index.
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT. A Practical Handbook for Paint
Manufacturers, Merchants and Painters. By J. Cruickshank Smith,
B.Sc. Demy 8vo. 1901. 200 pp. Sixty Illustrations and One Large
Diagram. Price 7s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 8s.; Other Countries,
8s. 6d.; strictly net.
Contents.
Preparation of Raw Material—Storing of Raw Material—Testing and
Valuation of Raw Material—Paint Plant and Machinery—The Grinding
of White Lead—Grinding of White Zinc—Grinding of other White
Pigments—Grinding of Oxide Paints—Grinding of Staining Colours—
Grinding of Black Paints—Grinding of Chemical Colours—Yellows—
Grinding of Chemical Colours—Blues—Grinding Greens—Grinding
Reds—Grinding Lakes—Grinding Colours in Water—Grinding Colours
in Turpentine—The Uses of Paint—Testing and Matching Paints—
Economic Considerations—Index.
DICTIONARY OF CHEMICALS AND RAW PRODUCTS USED IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES
AND ALLIED PREPARATIONS. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S.
Demy 8vo. 380 pp. 1901. Price 7s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 8s.;
Other Countries, 8s. 6d.; strictly net.
THE MANUFACTURE OF LAKE PIGMENTS FROM ARTIFICIAL
COLOURS. By Francis H. Jennison, F.I.C., F.C.S. Sixteen
Coloured Plates, showing Specimens of Eighty-nine
Colours, specially prepared from the Recipes given in
the Book. 136 pp. Demy 8vo. 1900. Price 7s. 6d.; India and
Colonies, 8s.; Other Countries, 8s. 6d.; strictly net.
Contents.

The Groups of the Artificial Colouring Matters—The Nature and
Manipulation of Artificial Colours—Lake-forming Bodies for Acid
Colours—Lake-forming Bodies’ Basic Colours—Lake Bases—The
Principles of Lake Formation—Red Lakes—Orange, Yellow, Green,
Blue, Violet and Black Lakes—The Production of Insoluble Azo
Colours in the Form of Pigments—The General Properties of Lakes
Produced from Artificial Colours—Washing, Filtering and Finishing—
Matching and Testing Lake Pigments—Index.
THE MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL AND LAKE PIGMENTS.
Containing Directions for the Manufacture of all Artificial, Artists’
and Painters’ Colours, Enamel, Soot and Metallic Pigments. A
Text-book for Manufacturers, Merchants, Artists and Painters. By
Dr. Josef Bersch. Translated by A. C. Wright, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc.
(Lond.). Forty-three Illustrations. 476 pp., demy 8vo. 1901. Price
12s. 6d.; India and Colonies 13s. 6d.; Other Countries, 15s.;
strictly net.
Contents.
Introduction—Physico-chemical Behaviour of Pigments—Raw
Materials Employed in the Manufacture of Pigments—Assistant
Materials—Metallic Compounds—The Manufacture of Mineral
Pigments—The Manufacture of White Lead—Enamel White—Washing
Apparatus—Zinc White—Yellow Mineral Pigments—Chrome Yellow—
Lead Oxide Pigments—Other Yellow Pigments—Mosaic Gold—Red
Mineral Pigments—The Manufacture of Vermilion—Antimony
Vermilion—Ferric Oxide Pigments—Other Red Mineral Pigments—
Purple of Cassius—Blue Mineral Pigments—Ultramarine—
Manufacture of Ultramarine—Blue Copper Pigments—Blue Cobalt
Pigments—Smalts—Green Mineral Pigments—Emerald Green—
Verdigris—Chromium Oxide—Other Green Chromium Pigments—
Green Cobalt Pigments—Green Manganese Pigments—Compounded
Green Pigments—Violet Mineral Pigments—Brown Mineral Pigments
—Brown Decomposition Products—Black Pigments—Manufacture of
Soot Pigments—Manufacture of Lamp Black—The Manufacture of

Soot Black without Chambers—Indian Ink—Enamel Colours—Metallic
Pigments—Bronze Pigments—Vegetable Bronze Pigments.
Pigments of Organic Origin—Lakes—Yellow Lakes—Red Lakes—
Manufacture of Carmine—The Colouring Matter of Lac—Safflower or
Carthamine Red—Madder and its Colouring Matters—Madder Lakes—
Manjit (Indian Madder)—Lichen Colouring Matters—Red Wood Lakes
—The Colouring Matters of Sandal Wood and Other Dye Woods—
Blue Lakes—Indigo Carmine—The Colouring Matter of Log Wood—
Green Lakes—Brown Organic Pigments—Sap Colours—Water Colours
—Crayons—Confectionery Colours—The Preparation of Pigments for
Painting—The Examination of Pigments—Examination of Lakes—The
Testing of Dye-Woods—The Design of a Colour Works—Commercial
Names of Pigments—Appendix: Conversion of Metric to English
Weights and Measures—Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometer
Scales—Index.
RECIPES FOR THE COLOUR, PAINT, VARNISH, OIL, SOAP
AND DRYSALTERY TRADES. Compiled by An Analytical
Chemist. 350 pp. 1902. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d.; India and British
Colonies, 8s.; Other Countries, 8s. 6d.; strictly net.
Contents.
Pigments or Colours for Paints, Lithographic and Letterpress Printing
Inks, etc.—Mixed Paints and Preparations for Paint-making, Painting,
Lime-washing, Paperhanging, etc.—Varnishes for Coach-builders,
Cabinetmakers, Wood-workers, Metal-workers, Photographers, etc.—
Soaps for Toilet, Cleansing, Polishing, etc.—Perfumes—Lubricating
Greases, Oils, etc.—Cements, Pastes, Glues and Other Adhesive
Preparations—Writing, Marking, Endorsing and Other Inks—Sealing-
wax and Office Requisites—Preparations for the Laundry, Kitchen,
Stable and General Household Uses—Disinfectant Preparations—
Miscellaneous Preparations—Index.
OIL COLOURS AND PRINTING INKS. By Louis Edgar Andés.
Translated from the German. 215 pp. Crown 8vo. 56

Illustrations. 1903. Price 5s.; India and British Colonies, 5s. 6d.;
Other Countries, 6s.; strictly Net.
Contents.
Linseed Oil—Poppy Oil—Mechanical Purification of Linseed Oil—
Chemical Purification of Linseed Oil—Bleaching Linseed Oil—
Oxidizing Agents for Boiling Linseed Oil—Theory of Oil Boiling—
Manufacture of Boiled Oil—Adulterations of Boiled Oil—Chinese
Drying Oil and Other Specialities—Pigments for House and Artistic
Painting and Inks—Pigment for Printers’ Black Inks—Substitutes for
Lampblack—Machinery for Colour Grinding and Rubbing—Machines
for mixing Pigments with the Vehicle—Paint Mills—Manufacture of
House Oil Paints—Ship Paints—Luminous Paint—Artists’ Colours—
Printers’ Inks:—VEHICLES—Printers’ Inks:—PIGMENTS and
MANUFACTURE—Index.
(See also Writing Inks, p. 11.)
SIMPLE METHODS FOR TESTING PAINTERS’ MATERIALS. By
A. C. Wright, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Crown 8vo. 160 pp.
1903. Price 5s.; India and British Colonies, 5s. 6d.; Other
Countries, 6s.; strictly Net.
Contents.
Necessity for Testing—Standards—Arrangement—The Apparatus-The
Reagents—Practical Tests—Dry Colours—Stiff Paints—Liquid and
Enamel Paints—Oil Varnishes—Spirit Varnishes—Driers—Putty—
Linseed Oil—Turpentine—Water Stains—The Chemical Examination—
Dry Colours and Paints—White Pigments and Paints—Yellow
Pigments and Paints—Blue Pigments and Paints—Green Pigments
and Paints—Red Pigments and Paints—Brown Pigments and Paints—
Black Pigments and Paints—Oil Varnishes—Linseed Oil—Turpentine.
IRON-CORROSION, ANTI-FOULING AND ANTI-CORROSIVE
PAINTS. Translated from the German of Louis Edgar Andés.

Sixty-two Illustrations. 275 pp. Demy 8vo. 1900. Price 10s. 6d.;
India and Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries, 12s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Iron-rust and its Formation—Protection from Rusting by Paint—
Grounding the Iron with Linseed Oil, etc.—Testing Paints—Use of Tar
for Painting on Iron—Anti-corrosive Paints—Linseed Varnish—
Chinese Wood Oil—Lead Pigments—Iron Pigments—Artificial Iron
Oxides—Carbon—Preparation of Anti-corrosive Paints—Results of
Examination of Several Anti-corrosive Paints—Paints for Ship’s
Bottoms—Anti-fouling Compositions—Various Anti-corrosive and
Ship’s Paints—Official Standard Specifications for Ironwork Paints—
Index.
THE TESTING AND VALUATION OF RAW MATERIALS USED
IN PAINT AND COLOUR MANUFACTURE. By M. W. Jones,
F.C.S. A Book for the Laboratories of Colour Works. 88 pp.
Crown 8vo. 1900. Price 5s.; India and Colonies, 5s. 6d.; Other
Countries, 6s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Aluminium Compounds—China Clay—Iron Compounds—Potassium
Compounds—Sodium Compounds—Ammonium Hydrate—Acids—
Chromium Compounds—Tin Compounds—Copper Compounds—Lead
Compounds—Zinc Compounds—Manganese Compounds—Arsenic
Compounds—Antimony Compounds—Calcium Compounds—Barium
Compounds—Cadmium Compounds—Mercury Compounds—
Ultramarine—Cobalt and Carbon Compounds—Oils—Index.
STUDENTS’ MANUAL OF PAINTS, COLOURS, OILS AND
VARNISHES. By John Furnell. Crown 8vo. 12 Illustrations. 96
pp. 1903. Price 2s. 6d.; Abroad, 3s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Plant—Chromes—Blues—Greens—Earth Colours—Blacks—Reds—
Lakes—Whites—Painters’ Oils—Turpentine—Oil Varnishes—Spirit

Varnishes—Liquid Paints—Enamel Paints.

Varnishes and Drying Oils.
THE MANUFACTURE OF VARNISHES, OIL REFINING AND
BOILING, AND KINDRED INDUSTRIES. Translated from the
French of Ach. Livache, Ingénieur Civil des Mines. Greatly
Extended and Adapted to English Practice, with numerous
Original Recipes by John Geddes Mcintosh. 27 Illustrations. 400
pp. Demy 8vo. 1899. Price 12s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 13s.
6d.; Other Countries, 15s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Resins—Solvents: Natural, Artificial, Manufacture, Storage, Special
Use—Colouring: Principles, Vegetable, Coal Tar, Coloured Resinates,
Coloured Oleates and Linoleates—Gum Running: Melting Pots,
Mixing Pans—Spirit Varnish Manufacture: Cold Solution Plant,
Mechanical Agitators, Storage Plant—Manufacture, Characteristics
and Uses of the Spirit Varnishes—Manufacture of Varnish Stains—
Manufacture of Lacquers—Manufacture of Spirit Enamels—Analysis
of Spirit Varnishes—Physical and Chemical Constants of Resins—
Table of Solubility of Resins in different Menstrua—Systematic
qualitative Analysis of Resins, Hirschop’s tables—Drying Oils—Oil
Refining: Processes—Oil Boiling—Driers—Liquid Driers—Solidified
Boiled Oil—Manufacture of Linoleum—Manufacture of India Rubber
Substitutes—Printing Ink Manufacture—Lithographic Ink Manufacture
—Manufacture of Oil Varnishes—Running and Special Treatment of
Amber, Copal, Kauri, Manilla—Addition of Oil to Resin—Addition of
Resin to Oil—Mixed Processes—Solution in Cold of previously Fused
Resin—Dissolving Resins in Oil, etc., under pressure—Filtration—
Clarification—Storage—Ageing—Coachmakers’ Varnishes and Japans
—Oak Varnishes—Japanners’ Stoving Varnishes—Japanners’ Gold

Size—Brunswick Black—Various Oil Varnishes—Oil-Varnish Stains—
Varnishes for “Enamels”—India Rubber Varnishes—Varnishes
Analysis: Processes, Matching—Faults in Varnishes: Cause,
Prevention—Experiments and Exercises.
DRYING OILS, BOILED OIL AND SOLID AND LIQUID
DRIERS. By L. E. Andés. Expressly Written for this Series of
Special Technical Books, and the Publishers hold the Copyright
for English and Foreign Editions. Forty-two Illustrations. 342 pp.
1901. Demy 8vo. Price 12s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 13s. 6d.;
Other Countries, 15s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Properties of the Drying Oils; Cause of the Drying Property;
Absorption of Oxygen; Behaviour towards Metallic Oxides, etc.—The
Properties of and Methods for obtaining the Drying Oils—Production
of the Drying Oils by Expression and Extraction; Refining and
Bleaching; Oil Cakes and Meal; The Refining and Bleaching of the
Drying Oils; The Bleaching of Linseed Oil—The Manufacture of Boiled
Oil; The Preparation of Drying Oils for Use in the Grinding of Paints
and Artists’ Colours and in the Manufacture of Varnishes by Heating
over a Fire or by Steam, by the Cold Process, by the Action of Air,
and by Means of the Electric Current; The Driers used in Boiling
Linseed Oil; The Manufacture of Boiled Oil and the Apparatus
therefor; Livache’s Process for Preparing a Good Drying Oil and its
Practical Application—The Preparation of Varnishes for Letterpress,
Lithographic and Copperplate Printing, for Oilcloth and Waterproof
Fabrics; The Manufacture of Thickened Linseed Oil, Burnt Oil, Stand
Oil by Fire Heat, Superheated Steam, and by a Current of Air—
Behaviour of the Drying Oils and Boiled Oils towards Atmospheric
Influences, Water, Acids and Alkalies—Boiled Oil Substitutes—The
Manufacture of Solid and Liquid Driers from Linseed Oil and Rosin;
Linolic Acid Compounds of the Driers—The Adulteration and
Examination of the Drying Oils and Boiled Oil.

Oils, Fats, Soaps and Perfumes.
LUBRICATING OILS, FATS AND GREASES: Their Origin,
Preparation, Properties, Uses and Analyses. A Handbook for Oil
Manufacturers, Refiners and Merchants, and the Oil and Fat
Industry in General. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S. Second Revised
and Enlarged Edition. Sixty-five Illustrations. 317 pp. Demy 8vo.
1902. Price 10s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries.
12s. strictly net.
Contents.
Introductory—Hydrocarbon Oils—Scotch Shale Oils—
Petroleum—Vegetable and Animal Oils—Testing and
Adulteration of Oils—Lubricating Greases—Lubrication—
Appendices—Index.
TECHNOLOGY OF PETROLEUM: Oil Fields of the World—Their
History, Geography and Geology—Annual Production and
Development—Oil-well Drilling—Transport. By Henry Neuberger
and Henry Noalhat. Translated from the French by J. G. McIntosh.
550 pp. 153 Illustrations. 26 Plates. Super Royal 8vo. 1901.
Price 21s.; India and Colonies, 22s.; Other Countries, 23s. 6d.;
strictly net.
Contents.
Study of the Petroliferous Strata—Petroleum—Definition—The
Genesis or Origin of Petroleum—The Oil Fields of Galicia, their
History—Physical Geography and Geology of the Galician Oil Fields—
Practical Notes on Galician Land Law—Economic Hints on Working,
etc.—Roumania—History, Geography, Geology—Petroleum in Russia

—History—Russian Petroleum (continued)—Geography and Geology
of the Caucasian Oil Fields—Russian Petroleum (continued)—The
Secondary Oil Fields of Europe, Northern Germany, Alsace, Italy, etc.
—Petroleum in France—Petroleum in Asia—Transcaspian and
Turkestan Territory—Turkestan—Persia—British India and Burmah—
British Burmah or Lower Burmah—China—Chinese Thibet—Japan,
Formosa and Saghalien—Petroleum in Oceania—Sumatra, Java,
Borneo—Isle of Timor—Philippine Isles—New Zealand—The United
States of America—History—Physical Geology and Geography of the
United States Oil Fields—Canadian and other North American Oil
Fields—Economic Data of Work in North America—Petroleum in the
West Indies and South America—Petroleum in the French Colonies.
Excavations—Hand Excavation or Hand Digging of Oil Wells.
Methods of Boring.
Accidents—Boring Accidents—Methods of preventing them—
Methods of remedying them—Explosives and the use of the
“Torpedo” Levigation—Storing and Transport of Petroleum—General
Advice—Prospecting, Management and carrying on of Petroleum
Boring Operations.
General Data—Customary Formulæ—Memento. Practical Part.
General Data bearing on Petroleum—Glossary of Technical Terms
used in the Petroleum Industry—Copious Index.
THE PRACTICAL COMPOUNDING OF OILS, TALLOW AND
GREASE FOR LUBRICATION, ETC. By An Expert Oil Refiner.
100 pp. 1898. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 8s.;
Other Countries, 8s. 6d.; strictly net.
Contents.
Introductory Remarks on the General Nomenclature of Oils,
Tallow and Greases suitable for Lubrication—Hydrocarbon Oils—
Animal and Fish Oils—Compound Oils—Vegetable Oils—Lamp
Oils—Engine Tallow, Solidified Oils and Petroleum Jelly—

Machinery Greases: Loco and Anti-friction—Clarifying and
Utilisation of Waste Fats, Oils, Tank Bottoms, Drainings of
Barrels and Drums, Pickings Up, Dregs, etc.—The Fixing and
Cleaning of Oil Tanks, etc.—Appendix and General
Information.
ANIMAL FATS AND OILS: Their Practical Production, Purification
and Uses for a great Variety of Purposes. Their Properties,
Falsification and Examination. Translated from the German of
Louis Edgar Andés. Sixty-two Illustrations. 240 pp. 1898. Demy
8vo. Price 10s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries,
12s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Introduction—Occurrence, Origin, Properties and Chemical
Constitution of Animal Fats—Preparation of Animal Fats and Oils—
Machinery—Tallow-melting Plant—Extraction Plant—Presses—
Filtering Apparatus—Butter: Raw Material and Preparation,
Properties, Adulterations, Beef Lard or Remelted Butter, Testing—
Candle-fish Oil—Mutton-Tallow—Hare Fat—Goose Fat—Neatsfoot Oil
—Bone Fat: Bone Boiling, Steaming Bones, Extraction, Refining—
Bone Oil—Artificial Butter: Oleomargarine, Margarine Manufacture in
France, Grasso’s Process, “Kaiser’s Butter,” Jahr & Münzberg’s
Method, Filbert’s Process, Winter’s Method—Human Fat—Horse Fat—
Beef Marrow—Turtle Oil—Hog’s Lard: Raw Material—Preparation,
Properties, Adulterations, Examination—Lard Oil—Fish Oils—Liver
Oils—Artificial Train Oil—Wool Fat: Properties, Purified Wool Fat—
Spermaceti: Examination of Fats and Oils in General.
THE OIL MERCHANTS’ MANUAL AND OIL TRADE READY
RECKONER. Compiled by Frank F. Sherriff. Second Edition
Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo. 214 pp. 1904. With Two
Sheets of Tables. Price 7s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 8s.; Other
Countries, 8s. 6d.; strictly net.
Contents.

Trade Terms and Customs—Tables to Ascertain Value of Oil sold per
cwt. or ton—Specific Gravity Tables—Percentage Tare Tables—
Petroleum Tables—Paraffine and Benzoline Calculations—Customary
Drafts—Tables for Calculating Allowance for Dirt, Water, etc.—
Capacity of Circular Tanks Tables, etc., etc.
THE CHEMISTRY OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND ARTIFICIAL
PERFUMES. By Ernest J. Parry, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S. 411
pp. 20 Illustrations. 1899. Demy 8vo. Price 12s. 6d.; India and
Colonies, 13s. 6d.; Other Countries, 15s.; strictly net.
Contents.
The General Properties of Essential Oils—Compounds
occurring in Essential Oils—The Preparation of Essential Oils
—The Analysis of Essential Oils—Systematic Study of the
Essential Oils—Terpeneless Oils—The Chemistry of Artificial
Perfumes—Appendix: Table of Constants—Index.
VEGETABLE FATS AND OILS: Their Practical Preparation,
Purification and Employment for Various Purposes, their
Properties, Adulteration and Examination. Translated from the
German of Louis Edgar Andés. Ninety-four Illustrations. 340 pp.
Second Edition. 1902. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d.; India and
Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries, 12s.; strictly net.
Contents.
General Properties—Estimation of the Amount of Oil in
Seeds—The Preparation of Vegetable Fats and Oils—
Apparatus for Grinding Oil Seeds and Fruits—Installation of Oil
and Fat Works—Extraction Method of Obtaining Oils and Fats—Oil
Extraction Installations—Press Moulds—Non-drying Vegetable
Oils—Vegetable drying Oils—Solid Vegetable Fats—Fruits
Yielding Oils and Fats—Wool-softening Oils—Soluble Oils—Treatment
of the Oil after Leaving the Press—Improved Methods of Refining—
Bleaching Fats and Oils—Practical Experiments on the Treatment
of Oils with regard to Refining and Bleaching—Testing Oils and Fats.

SOAPS. A Practical Manual of the Manufacture of Domestic, Toilet
and other Soaps. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S. 390 pp. 66
Illustrations. 1898. Price 12s. 6d.; India and Colonies, 13s. 6d.;
Contents.
Introductory—Soap-maker’s Alkalies—Soap Fats and Oils—
Perfumes—Water as a Soap Material—Soap Machinery—
Technology of Soap-making—Glycerine in Soap Lyes—Laying
out a Soap Factory—Soap Analysis—Appendices.

Textile Soaps.
TEXTILE SOAPS AND OILS. Handbook on the Preparation,
Properties and Analysis of the Soaps and Oils used in Textile
Manufacturing, Dyeing and Printing. By George H. Hurst, F.C.S.
Crown 8vo. 195 pp. 1904. Price 5s.; India and Colonies, 5s. 6d.;
Contents.
Methods of Making Soaps—Hard Soap—Soft Soap. Special
Textile Soaps—Wool Soaps—Calico Printers’ Soaps—Dyers’ Soaps.
Relation of Soap to Water for Industrial Purposes—Treating
Waste Soap Liquors—Boiled Off Liquor—Calico Printers’ and Dyers’
Soap Liquors—Soap Analysis—Fat in Soap.
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS—Tallow—Lard—Bone
Grease—Tallow Oil. Vegetable Soap, Oils and Fats—Palm Oil—
Coco-nut Oil—Olive Oil—Cottonseed Oil—Linseed Oil—Castor Oil—
Corn Oil—Whale Oil or Train Oil—Repe Oil.
GLYCERINE.
TEXTILE OILS—Oleic Acid—Blended Wool Oils—Oils for Cotton
Dyeing, Printing and Finishing—Turkey Red Oil—Alizarine Oil—Oleine
—Oxy Turkey Red Oils—Soluble Oil—Analysis of Turkey Red Oil—
Finisher’s Soluble Oil—Finisher’s Soap Softening—Testing and
Adulteration of Oils—Index.

Cosmetical Preparations.
COSMETICS: MANUFACTURE, EMPLOYMENT AND TESTING
OF ALL COSMETIC MATERIALS AND COSMETIC
SPECIALITIES. Translated from the German of Dr. Theodor
Koller. Crown 8vo. 262 pp. 1902. Price 5s.; India and Colonies,
5s. 6d.; Other Countries, 6s. net.
Contents.
Purposes and Uses of, and Ingredients used in the Preparation of
Cosmetics—Preparation of Perfumes by Pressure, Distillation,
Maceration, Absorption or Enfleurage, and Extraction Methods—
Chemical and Animal Products used in the Preparation of Cosmetics
—Oils and Fats used in the Preparation of Cosmetics—General
Cosmetic Preparations—Mouth Washes and Tooth Pastes—Hair Dyes,
Hair Restorers and Depilatories—Cosmetic Adjuncts and Specialities
—Colouring Cosmetic Preparations—Antiseptic Washes and Soaps—
Toilet and Hygienic Soaps—Secret Preparations for Skin, Complexion,
Teeth, Mouth, etc.—Testing and Examining the Materials Employed in
the Manufacture of Cosmetics—Index.

Glue, Bone Products and Manures.
GLUE AND GLUE TESTING. By Samuel Rideal, D.SC. (Lond.), F.I.C.
Fourteen Engravings. 144 pp. Demy 8vo. 1900. Price 10s. 6d.;
India and Colonies, 11s.; Other Countries, 12s.; strictly net.
Contents.
Constitution and Properties: Definitions and Sources, Gelatine,
Chondrin and Allied Bodies, Physical and Chemical Properties,
Classification, Grades and Commercial Varieties—Raw Materials
and Manufacture: Glue Stock, Lining, Extraction, Washing and
Clarifying, Filter Presses, Water Supply, Use of Alkalies, Action of
Bacteria and of Antiseptics, Various Processes, Cleansing, Forming,
Drying, Crushing, etc., Secondary Products—Uses of Glue:
Selection and Preparation for Use, Carpentry, Veneering, Paper-
Making, Bookbinding, Printing Rollers, Hectographs, Match
Manufacture, Sandpaper, etc., Substitutes for other Materials,
Artificial Leather and Caoutchouc—Gelatine: General Characters,
Liquid Gelatine, Photographic Uses, Size, Tanno-, Chrome and
Formo-Gelatine, Artificial Silk, Cements, Pneumatic Tyres, Culinary,
Meat Extracts, Isinglass, Medicinal and other Uses, Bacteriology—
Glue Testing: Review of Processes, Chemical Examination,
Adulteration, Physical Tests, Valuation of Raw Materials—
Commercial Aspects.
BONE PRODUCTS AND MANURES: An Account of the most
recent Improvements in the Manufacture of Fat, Glue, Animal
Charcoal, Size, Gelatine and Manures. By Thomas Lambert,
Technical and Consulting Chemist. Illustrated by Twenty-one
Plans and Diagrams. 162 pp. Demy 8vo. 1901. Price 7s. 6d.;
India and Colonies, 8s.; Other Countries, 8s. 6d.; strictly net.

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