Maratha Architecture | History of Architecture
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The document provides an overview of Maratha architecture from the 13th century to the 18th century. It discusses the spread of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaja and later Peshwa rulers. Key architectural features of this period included wadas (residential buildings), forts, and various temple styles that blended Hindu, Mughal, and local Deccan influences. Specifically, it describes the Shaniwar Wada palace in Pune, built in 1732 as the seat of the Peshwa rulers, and the ornate Omkareshwar temple in Pune, dating from 1740-1760.
Maratha Architecture | History of Architecture
- 1. Maratha Architecture HISTORY OF Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Conservation Architect pktode@yahoo.co.in
- 2. Genealogy of The Marathas Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode https://cdn.shopify.com Image Source:
- 3. Spread of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Early maratha period- 13th century till beginning of 14th century : • Yadavas of Devagiri are considered as first Maratha empire. • Ramadev yadava was defeated by Alla-ud-din Khilji in 1294, kingdom was given back in lieu of huge amount of ransom and annual tribute. • The amount was not paid till 1307 AD, when Malik Kafur was sent to retake the kingdom. • Ruled by Alla-ud-din Khilji till 1317 AD, Devagiri renamed as ‘DAULATABAD’. • After that there was a period of anarchy till Mohammed-bin Tughlaq shifted his capital to Daulatabad in 1340 AD. • Alla-ud-din baman shah a Persian official established his kingdom in Gulbarga in Deccan.
- 4. Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Spread of Maratha Empire 5 divisions of Islamic rule in Deccan: 1. Berar - Imad Shahi (1490-1574 AD) 2. Ahmednagar – Nizam shahi (1490 – 1636 AD) 3. Bijapur- Adil shahi (1490-1686 AD) 4. Bidar – Barid Shahi (1492-1619 AD) 5. Golkonda- Kutubshahi (1518-1687 AD) 6. Several Jagirdars and Sardars were also in rule in smaller parts. • Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja gave a fight against the Sultanates and later also against Mughal emperor Aurangzeb till his death in 1680 AD. • Later his sons Sambhaji (1657-1689AD) and Rajaram (1670- 1700AD) also continued the fight. • The actual Maratha rule spans from 1749 – 1818.
- 5. Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Spread of Maratha Empire Maratha Period 1749-1818 AD: • Rein of the Prime Ministers of Maratha Rulers. • Pune was established as the capital and empire extended upto Punjab, Kashmir, Bengal, Mysore, Tanjore and major lands of west and central India. • Greater Maratha Kingdoms of the Great importance were established as Indore (The Holkars), Gwalior (The Scindias), Baroda (Giakwads).
- 6. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode - Civil Town-planning, Roads and Bridges, Wadas, Houses, mansions and palaces, Gardens and fountains, water- supply, Sanitary arrangements, Step-well. - Military Gadis, Civil Defence, Forts. - Religious Maratha Temples Type A (Neo-Yadav) Maratha Temples Type B (Indo-Aryan) Maratha Temples Type A (Maratha) Ghats, Dharamshalas and Kunds Chhattris and Samadhis.
- 7. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Wadas - which were the traditional residential form of Maratha architecture, evolved under the reign of Peshwas. A wada was typically a large building of two or more storey with groups of rooms arranged around open courtyards. Types of wadas: • Palace Wadas • Nobleman Wadas • Ordinary Wadas • Its style was an amalgamation where features from Mughal, Rajasthan, and Gujarat architecture were combined with local construction techniques. Settlements developed around the Peshwa’s residence. Land around the Peshwa residence was divided into wards called peths. Similarly the wadas were built in rest of the Maharashtra. • The streets and roads in the settlement were narrow. Roads were never straight as the growth of the settlement was organic. The plots for construction of wadas were rectangular and lay right next to the streets. A wada never had a garden or vistas leading to it. The urban form of the settlement appeared like a maze of two or three storied structures having internal open spaces, placed along the road network with very little open community space.
- 8. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode • Shaniwarada is a historical fortification in the city of Pune in Maharashtra, India. Built in 1732, it was the seat of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire until 1818, when the Peshwas lost control to the British East India company after the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Following the rise of the Maratha Empire, the palace became the center of Indian politics in the 18th century. • The Shaniwarwada was originally the seven-storey capital building of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. It was supposed to be made entirely of stone but after the completion of the base floor or the first storey, the people of Satara (the national capital) complained to the Shahu(King) saying that a stone monument can be sanctioned and built only by the Shahu(King) himself and not the Peshwas. Following this, an official letter was written to the Peshwas stating that the remaining building had to be made of brick and not stone. Even today if you visit and see the walls carefully, they are partly made of stone and partly by bricks. The Wada was then completed and upon being attacked by the British Artillery 90 years later, all the top six stories collapsed leaving only the stone base, which was immune to the British artillery. Hence only the stone base of the Shaniwar Wada remains and can be seen even today in the older parts of Pune.
- 9. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode • Distinct zoning can be seen. • Separate entrances for guests, domestic help, people visiting the durbar, separate entries for the people performing in the durbar and a separate entry into the cattle shed. • Privacy for the women given a priority. Three main courtyards or chowks. • The wada has it’s entrance in the southern side. • The most significant features of the wada was the way it’s zoning of public, private and semi-private spaces was done. • This can be seen very distinctly in the plan. • Three main courtyards. • Architectural Details Courtyard of Wada Wooden window Details. Brick of size 12 inches x 24 inches x 15 inches were used for construction of walls which were plastered with lime plaster. Door and window openings were done in teak woods • Columns made of great dark processed saag (teak) columns and cream walls. Intricately curved ornamental tear drop teak pillars. The banana flower embellishment are characteristic to the Peshwa era. Wooden makara Detail made up of teak wood. Wooden Beam-Bracket Detail made up of teak wood.
- 10. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Military Structures • Nearly 350 forts of different types are found in Maharashtra many of them were built by chatrapati shivaji • maharaja. • Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, founder of maratha empire in western india in 1664, was well known for his forts; he was in possession of around 370 at the time of his death. Many, like Panhala Fort and Rajgad existed before him but others, like Sindhudurg and Pratapgadh, were built by him from scratch. • Most of these forts were built mainly along the highways to check on the enemies. • Maratha kings mainly Shivaji maharaja built many forts Several defensive architectural features were evolved for the guerilla warfare tactics, Forts are mainly of three types: 1. Hill forts 2. Sea forts 3. Land forts
- 11. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Military Structures Notable features of Maharaja Shivaji's forts: • Design changes with the topography and in harmony of the contour, no monotony of design. • No ornate palaces or dance floors or gardens. • No temple complexes. • Not much difference in the area of higher or lower ranks. • Marvelous acoustics in the capital. • Sanskritization of fort names. • Community participation in the defense of forts. • Three tier administration of forts. • System of inspection of forts by higher ups including the king. • Distinct feature of forts like double line fortification of Pratapgad, citadel of Rajgad. • Foresight in selection of sites.
- 12. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Military Structures Raigad Fort (Mahad, Raigad District) • Shivaji seized the fort in 1656, then known as the fort of Rairi from Chandraraoji More, The King of Jawali. • Shivaji renovated and expanded the fort of Rairi and renamed it as Raigad (King's Fort). It became the capital of Maharaja Shivaji's Maratha Empire.
- 13. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Religious Structures Developed from Hemadpanti style as well as gradually got fused with Islamic features. Both Dravidian & Nagara (specially Gujarat, Rajasthan) influences were synthesized. The evolution of temples could be grouped in three categories : 1.Neo-Yadava 2.Nagara style 3.Maratha style Neo-Yadava style • Developed from the earlier Yadava style • Introduced Islamic arcuated system of construction with dome in Garbhagriha. • Vimana with dressed black trap (basalt) stone with mortar & shikhara has stucco with conical upward sweep lotus petal base • Horizontal bands with motifs • Domical amalaka finial with kalash • Monolithic pillars of square, octagonal, round profile, with motifs and capital. Nagara style • Followed Nagara style of Gujarat & Rajasthan • More Islamic style adapted for construction & decoration like arches in porch, dressed stone with mortar • Two types of Shikhara found- plain domes, conical Nagara style, decorated with motifs Devdeveshwar temple, Pune
- 14. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Maratha style • Most popular since 1725 AD during Peshwa period • Adapted Islamic methods of construction & features widely (domes, arches, minerate motifs) • characterized by plain shrine & rich row of columns • Main features are arches (cusped, pointed circular) cypruss column, wooden pillars. • Example 1. Kartik Swami temple at Parvati, Pune 2. Tulsi bag temple, Pune 3.Omkareshwar temple, Pune Omkareshwara Temple, Pune • Omkareshwar temple is situated in Shaniwar Peth on the banks of river Mutha. It is one of the biggest and oldest temples in the city. The holy abode was built by Shivaram Bhat, spiritual guru of Peshwas between 1740 to 1760 .Temple proclaims the splendor of the fallen Peshwa Empire. • Chimaji Appa, commander of Maratha Empire and brother of Bajirao Peshwa provided donations to built the temple. The samadhi of Chimaji Appa is in the temple where he regularly visited and left for heavenly abode.
- 15. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Maratha style (Omkareshwar Temple, Pune) Omkareshwara boasts of splendid architecture, huge domes, and intricate carvings that charm and amaze devotees with its beauty. Spacious verrandah with artistic columns enhance the grandeur of the shrine. The columns are in the shapes of circles, polygons and squares. In addition to the Shiva temple, you have six other temples in the premises. These include Lord Shani, Lord Hanuman, Lord Vishnu, Lord Ganesh and Goddess Durga The white dome of the temple is made of soft soap stone displaying intricate carving on upper portion as well as on the stone roof of temple. Nandi Mandap: As you enter the shrine through a gateway, you can see a beautiful mandap a home of Nandi Maharaj. Shivling:In the Garbhagriha, devotees mind fills with spiritual emotions, as they see pleasing Shivling decorated by the priests. Devotees offer flowers, bael leaves, and milk for the blessings of the most divine hindu god, Shiva
- 16. Architecture of Maratha Empire Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode Maratha style (Omkareshwar Temple, Pune) • The temple is surrounded by verandaa each column • These columns are carved in polygons, squares and circles, • The temple provides nice showcase of the creativity and charm of that period. • The temple has become well known for its extravagant style of construction. • This temples at pune is built in Nagara style of architecture and consist of five distinct layers which • represents the different hindu Gods.
- 17. Conclusion Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode • The characteristic of the Maratha style from later buildings such as forts palaces and temples. Brick, wood, mortar and stone were the materials use for construction. Besides other apartments, the palaces contained darbar halls and ranga and chitra mandirs. • The use of the arch was kept to the minimum and, where used, followed the Deccan style. Forts were naturally the most common feature of the earlier period. • The decorative features of the mansions were “pointed arches, heavy carved stone brackets, narrow balconies projecting on rows of such brackets, domical shallow ceilings resting on a variety of squinches, the chief being the interwoven type”. • The temples constructed during the period, we may refer to the Vitthalwadi temple near Poona and the temple of Shambhu Mahadvat Shinganapur. Both of them are said to have been constructed during the time of Shivaji. These temples followed the earlier style of the Yadava temples. • The Maratha temples generally provided with a huge lampstand (deepmala) represents a renaissance of the medieval western Chalukyan or Shilhara sanctuary often combined with the Mughal arches and coupolas, its spire is a curious transposition of the ancient shikara (tower) into Deccan-Mughal forms, a bulbous lotus dome (in place of amalaka) rising on top of several storeys of domed chhattris (pavilion). • The Maratha architecture lacked the beauty and grace of the buildings of the Mughals, and the Rajputs. But the Marathas excelled in fort architecture. The wood work they used to decorate their palaces and other civil buildings was intricate and minute. Maratha art could have developed and attained a distinctive character but it was not possible because of the unstable times. https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/124/106/124106009/MP4/mod03lec14.mp4
- 18. References Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode http://cdn.iiit.ac.in/cdn/eerc.iiit.ac.in/IHE/Wada.pdf http://www.ijera.com/papers/Vol7_issue3/Part-1/B0703011222.pdf https://nptel.ac.in/courses/124/106/124106009/# https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53927 https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/124/106/124106009/MP4/mod03lec14.mp4