material used in civil engineering
- 3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS • The basic materials used in civil engineering applications or in construction projects are • Wood • Stone and Rocks • Cement and concrete • Bitumen and bituminous materials • Structural clay and concrete units • Reinforcing and structural steels • These are sometimes also called structural materials. All these materials are employed in a variety of civil engineering structures such as dams, bridges, roads, foundations, liquid-retaining structures, waterfront construction, buildings, and retaining walls.
- 4. WOOD Wood is derived from trees, and can be put to use directly, as pieces of lumber cut from a log, or as a raw material in the manufacture of various wood products or manufactured components. Plywood, glue-laminated timber, and oriented strand- board are some of the wood products most commonly found in the construction of buildings and bridges.
- 5. Stone and Rocks Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main draw-back as a material is its weight and awkwardness.
- 6. Cement and concrete Concrete is one of the most common construction materials, in which Portland cement is the essential ingredient. Portland cement (and other types of hydraulic cement) is also a key ingredient in the manufacture of many other cementitious products, such as masonry blocks, soil-cement bricks, and plaster. In combination with other materials, such as reinforcing bars, polypropylene fibers, and high- strength strands or wires, different types of concrete are produced, such as reinforced, fiber, and prestressed concrete.
- 7. Bitumen and bituminous materials Bitumen, which comes in a variety of forms, is mixed with other raw materials for the construction of pavements, roof shingles, waterproofing compounds, and many other materials.
- 8. Structural clay and concrete units Structural clay and concrete masonry units, commonly called bricks and blocks, are the principal elements in the construction of masonry walls.
- 9. Reinforcing and structural steels Structural steel, which is fabricated in many forms and shapes, is employed in the construction of railroad ties, high-rise buildings, roof trusses, and many more structural elements. These basic materials or products are selected for their properties, performance, availability, aesthetics, and cost. Knowledge of all these aspects is essential in selecting a suitable material for a particular situation.
- 10. secondary construction materials In addition to the materials mentioned above, there are a significant number of secondary construction materials common to engineering projects. Sealants, adhesives, floor and wall coverings, fasteners, and doors and windows fall into this category. Most of these, also called nonstructural materials, are chosen based on quality guidelines and aesthetic considerations
- 11. MATERIALS AND TYPES Material is defined as a substance or thing from which something else can be made. Cloth, cement, sugar, brick, aluminum, soil, and water are all examples of materials. In engineering, materials are employed to design and build structures, elements, or products. The subject of materials science examines the whys and hows of materials , making it possible to advance the development of new materials. The term materials engineering refers to the understanding and review of properties and uses of materials commonly used in engineering. Materials can be divided into several categories; some of the common groups of materials are introduced in the following.
- 12. Brittle Materials Brittleness denotes relatively little or no elongation or increase in length at fracture. A material that exhibits brittleness is called a brittle material. Examples: Cast iron, concrete, and glass.
- 13. Ductile Materials Ductility is the property that makes it possible for a material to be drawn out or stretched to a considerable extent, from a significant sustained load, before rupture. It is usually measured as the percentage of elongation (increase in length), or as the percentage of the reduction in the cross-sectional area, when the material is subjected to tension. Examples: mild steel, aluminum, and wood.
- 14. Building Materials Materials that are used in the building industry, such as cement, steel, brick, plastics, wood, glass, ceramics, and concrete, are called building materials
- 15. Cementitious Materials Materials in which the principal binder is Portland cement or another type of hydraulic cement are called cementitious materials. Concrete, mortar, grout, and roller-compacted concrete, which are obtained by combining cement, aggregates, and water, are the most common cementitious materials. The products of the reaction between cement and water form compounds that bind the aggregate particles together, so that the resulting material can be considered homogeneous. The aggregates are of two types, fine and coarse; and both contain particles of various sizes, from large to small. All cementitious materials are porous, the porosity depending upon many factors, such as the amount and type of cement, and the amount of water.
- 16. Ceramic Materials The word “ceramic” comes from the Greek, meaning “burned earth” When something is burned, it combines with oxygen in the air; ceramic materials are nonmetallic materials often based on clay (silicate mineral). They are usually crystalline and brittle, do not conduct heat or electricity very well, and can withstand high temperatures. When loaded, they remain mostly elastic and exhibit practically no plastic flow. Many ceramic materials are used for insulation— thermal (firebricks), building (fiberglass), and electrical. Examples: glass, cement, china, stone, and brick.
- 17. Clay Brickwork Brick is a burned clay masonry unit, generally rectangular and solid. The term “brickwork” refers to masonry built with bricks and mortar, primarily as vertical members subjected to compressive and bending forces.
- 18. Construction Materials A construction material is any material used in the construction industry. Examples: Concrete, cement, soil, stones, aggregates, plastics, and asphalt.
- 19. Elastic Materials Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under a load, without a permanent set or deformation upon the release of the load. Springs, rubber bands, and cricket balls behave elastically. Elasticity can also be defined as that property of a material by virtue of which deformations from a load or stress disappear after the removal of the load. Some materials (gases, for example) possess elasticity of volume only (that is, the volume is the only characteristic that remains unchanged), but solids such as metals may possess elasticity of form and shape as well. As an example, the top of a metal desk will not deform in shape, form or volume from the stresses caused by a stack of books piled on the desk. A perfectly elastic material should recover completely its original shape and dimensions when loads are removed. None of the materials known today remain perfectly elastic throughout the range of stress leading up to failure, but all exhibit elastic properties up to some stress level. Metals such as steel remain elastic over very high stress levels, whereas some materials such as polymers and concrete can be considered elastic only at low stress levels. An elastic material behaves in-elastically when the stresses exceed the elastic limit, beyond which changes in the volume, shape, and form are
- 20. Insulating Materials Materials that are provided for sound, thermal (heat), or electrical insulation are called insulating materials.
- 21. Manufacturing Materials These are materials used in machinery or in manufacturing industries—industries that make products. Examples: metals, plastics, ceramics, and rubber.
- 22. Masonry Materials A mason is one who builds with bricks, stones, and blocks. Masonry is the part of a building or structure that is made from combining the masonry units: stone, block or brick, and mortar. Egyptians built their pyramids (called mastabas) first using mud brick masonry and later (around 2500 B.c.) with stone masonry using gypsum mortar. Romans employed a type of masonry construction for walls in which the space between two parallel layers of burned brick was filled with concrete. Mortar from bitumen was used to bond the bricks in some early masonry construction. Masonry was also used for building columns and towers, such as the Tower of Pisa, and arches, such as the 83-ft span semicircular arch in the Basilica of Constantine (A.D. 313). Masonry walls are erected today using the same two types of materials: masonry units and mortar. The common masonry units are clay bricks and concrete blocks, although stones, mud bricks, and fly ash bricks can also be used. Masonry units can be solid (such as burned clay bricks) or hollow (such as hollow concrete blocks). The hollow spaces, called cells, in hollow-block masonry can be kept hollow or filled with grout.
- 23. Plastic Materials Plastics are organic-based materials derived primarily from the petrochemical industry, which are capable of being formed into any shape
- 24. Raw Materials Natural products or materials that are transformed through manufacturing processes are called raw materials. Examples: Coal, petroleum, iron ore, and limestone
- 25. Repair Materials These are materials used to repair a deteriorating structure of concrete, masonry, or steel. They may include several classes of materials such as fillers (materials used as the base for the sealant in full- movement joints), sealants (to seal the joints), waterproofing compounds, and materials for general repair work. Examples: rubber (filler), cork (filler), mastics such as asphalt (sealant) and hot- applied rubber-bitumen compound (sealant), polyurethane (sealant and repair mortar), cement mortar, and concrete.