2. intro to construction material
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This document discusses various building materials used in construction. It describes stones, bricks, lime, cement and concrete. Stones are classified based on their geological, physical and chemical properties. Different types of stones are used in building foundations, walls and other structures. Bricks are manufactured by molding and firing clay and are classified based on their quality. Concrete is produced by mixing cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water. Reinforced cement concrete combines concrete with steel reinforcement to provide strength. Cement acts as the binding agent in concrete and is made from limestone. Limestone has various uses in construction as well as other industries. The document outlines the composition and uses of key construction materials.
2. intro to construction material
- 1. BUILDING It is a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof, windows, doors, and often more than one level, used for any of a wide variety of activities as living, entertaining, or manufacturing. Purposes of a Building A building is constructed to achieve the following objectives: The primary object of a building is to provide shelter to the residents. To provide sufficient accommodation for the purpose for which it is to be constructed. To provide protection to the residents from the heat and glare of the sun. To protect the residents from the storm, lightning, rain and snowfall. To provide protection to the residents against thieves and house breakers
- 2. TYPES OF BUILDING Buildings are divided into nine groups ranging from Group-A to Group-I. They are as under:
- 6. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS All the building structures are composed of different types of materials. These materials are either called building materials or materials of construction. .The material cost in a building ranges 30 to 50 percent cost of total cost Project Stone Bricks Lime Cement Concrete
- 8. STONE
- 9. STONE The hard, solid, nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material. Classification of Rocks: Building stones are obtained from rocks occurring in nature and classified in three ways. 1.Geological classification 2. Physical classification 3. Chemical classification GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION: Igneous rocks: Rocks that are formed by cooling of Magana (molten or pasty rocky material) are known as igneous rocks. Eg: Granite, Basalt and Dolerite etc. Sedimentary rocks: these rocks are formed by the deposition of production of weathering on the pre- existing rocks. Examples: gravel, sandstone, limestone, gypsum, lignite etc
- 10. Metamorphic rocks. These rocks are formed by the change in character of the pre-existing rocks. Igneous as well as sedimentary rocks are changed in character when they are subject to great heat and pressure. Known as metamorphism PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION: Stratified Rocks: These rocks posses planes of stratification or cleavage and such rocks can be easily split along these planes An stratified rocks: The structure may be crystalline granular or compact granular Foliated Rocks: These rocks have a tendency to split up in a definite direction only. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION: Siliceous rocks: In these rocks, silica is predominates. The rocks are hard; durable and not easily effected by weathering agences etc. Argillaceous Rocks: In these rocks, clay predominates. The rocks may be dense and compact or may be soft
- 11. USES OF STONE 1- Structure: Stones are used for foundations, walls, columns, lintels, arches, roofs, floors, damp proof course etc. 2.Face works. Stones are adopted to give massive appearance to the structure. Wall are of bricks and facing is done in stones of desired shades. This is known as composite masonry. 3. Paving stones: These are used to cover floor of building of various types such as residential, commercial, industrial etc. They are also adopted to form paving of roads, foot paths etc 4- Basic material: Stones are disintegrated and converted to form a basic material for cement concrete, morum of roads, calcareous cements, artificial stones, hallow blocks etc. 5.Misalliances: Stones are also used for (i) ballast for railways (ii) flux in blast furnace (iii) Blocks in the construction of bridges, piers, abutments, retaining walls, light houses, dams etc.
- 12. BRICKS
- 13. BRICKS Bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks
- 14. HOW ARE BRICK PERPARED ? MATERIAL PERPARATION
- 15. MANUFACTURING
- 17. PACKAGING PROPOERTIES OF BRICKS The most important properties of brick are 1) durability 2) color 3) texture 4) size variation 5) compressive strength 6) absorption.
- 18. BRICKS CLASSIFICATION •First Class Bricks (A-type): •These are thoroughly burnt bricks and are of deep red, cherry, or copper color. The surface of these bricks is smooth and rectangular, with sharp and straight edges and square corners. A metallic or ringing sound comes when two bricks are struck against each other. Their water absorption power is about 12%-15% of its dry weight. It is used for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structures, flooring and reinforcement brick work. •Second Class Bricks (B-type): They are supposed to have some requirements as the first class except that there may be some small cracks and distortions, or they have more absorption power of about 16%-20%. They are used in important or unimportant hidden masonry works, and centering of reinforced brick structures. •Third Class Bricks (C-type): •Third class bricks are under-burnt bricks. They are soft and light colored producing a dull sound when struck against each other. Their water absorption power is about 25% of dry weight. They are used in building temporary structures. •Fourth Class Bricks (D-type): Fourth class bricks are over-burnt and badly distorted in shape and size and are brittle in nature. They are used in filling of foundation and floors.
- 19. TYPES OF BRICK BONDS
- 20. CONCRETE
- 21. CONCRETE WHAT IS CONCRETE? Construction material Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases, admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the aggregates together. Often looked upon as “man made rock”. Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of agricultural and residential uses. Strong , durable, versatile, and economical .
- 22. COMPOS T ON OF CONCRETEİ İ Water Aggregates Chemical admixtures Cement PROPERTIES Concrete has relatively high compressive strength. It is a corrosion resistant material and atmospheric agent has no effect on it. It is more economical than steel. It forms a hard surface, capable of resisting abrasion. Concrete walls and floors slow the passage of heat moving through, and reduce temperature swings. Being naturally fire resistant, concrete forms a highly effective barrier to fire- spread.
- 23. CONCRETE PRODUCTİON This process develops physical and chemical properties like mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical and volumetric stability. A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide Mixing concrete Workability Curing
- 25. REINFORCEMENT Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. Weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail . Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding either metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
- 26. Uses : RCC is used as a structural member wherever bending of the member is required; like in Footings, Columns, Beams, Lintels, Stairs, etc.
- 27. CEMENT
- 28. CEMENT Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds having hydraulic properties. Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden under or with excess water through the hydration of the cement’s chemical compounds or minerals
- 29. CEMENT Uses Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars Modern uses -Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar, panels, plaster) -Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels, parking, etc.) -Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.) -Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles, pylons, fencing) -Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)
- 30. PORTLAND CEMENT Most active component of concrete The greatest unit cost in concrete, Its selection and proper use are important in obtaining most economically the balance of properties desired for any particular concrete mixture.
- 31. LIMESTONE
- 33. LIMESTONE USES It is the raw material for the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide), slaked lime(calcium hydroxide), cement and mortar. Pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidic soils. It is crushed for use as aggregate—the solid base for many roads. Geological formations of limestone are among the best petroleum reservoirs As a reagent in flue-gas desulfurization, It is added to toothpaste, paper, plastics, paint, tiles, and other materials as both white pigment and a cheap filler. It can suppress methane explosions in underground coal mines. Purified, it is added to bread and cereals as a source of calcium. Used in blast furnaces, limestone extracts iron from its ore. It is often found in medicines and cosmetics. It is used in sculptures because of its suitability for carving.
- 34. CONSTRUCT ON MATER ALSİ İ
- 35. CONSTRUCTİON MATERİALS Asphalt Aggregate Brick Gypsum
- 36. ASPHALT Also known as bitumen Dark brown to black Highly viscous Hydrocarbon produced from petroleum distillation residue. At least 80% carbon, which explains its deep black color. Sulphur is another ingredient. Primarily used as a sealant for rooftops and a durable surface for roads, airport runways, playgrounds and parking lots.
- 37. AGGREGATE Collective term for sand, gravel and crushed stone mineral materials in their natural or processed state Roads and highways constitute the largest single use of aggregate at 40 percent of the total
- 38. GYPSUM Occurs in nature as : - flattened - often twinned crystals - transparent cleavable masses called selenite. May also occur in a silky, fibrous form, in which case it is commonly called satin spar. Finally may also be granular or quite compact. In hand-sized samples. Can be transparent or opaque.
- 39. BRICK Masonry unit Does not infer any particular material About %90 of UK, bricks made from some form of clay. %8 of UK bricks made of concrete crushed rock aggregate and portland cement are main constituents. %3 of UK of brick made from sand and lime, sometimes with the addition of crushed flint.
- 40. USES OF BRICK In metalurgy industry , glass industry for lining furnaces. Use as a refractory (silica, magnesia bricks) To make walls,barbeques,fences etc..
- 41. THE END