Bricks as building materiaL-2
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Brick has been used as a building material for centuries due to its durability, strength, reliability and low cost. It is made by preparing clay through processes like blending, tempering and molding into bricks, then drying and burning. The key ingredients in clay that give bricks their properties include alumina, silica, lime and iron. Bricks are classified by their positioning in walls, such as headers, stretchers. Other brick terminology includes arrises, frogs, courses, quoins, perpends, closures and bats. Good bricks are table molded, well-burned, copper colored and free from cracks, with uniform shape and size that produces a clear ringing sound.
Bricks as building materiaL-2
- 1. “BRICKS” As Building Material AAERT_SID INTERIOR MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY-1 SEM.- 01
- 2. Introduction • Brick is one of the oldest building material. • Extensively used in present time as a leading building material because of its durability, strength, reliability, low cost and easy availability. • Great wall of china was built with both burnt and dried bricks. • Bricks and mortar is one of the essential components of brick masonry.y
- 3. • Principal Ingredient: – Alumina: Should contain 20 to 30 %Alumina: Should contain 20 to 30 % , Imparts plasticity if present in excess raw bricks shrink and deforms during drying and burning and becomes very hard on burning. – Silica: Should contain 50 to 60 % , Imparts uniform shape to the bricks prevents Cracking, shrinking, and deform of raw bricks. Excess destroys the cohesion between particles and brick becomes brittle – Lime: Should not exceed 5%Lime: Should not exceed 5% Prevents shrinkage of raw bricks. excess Causes bricks to melt and hence the shape is lost. – Oxide Of Iron: Desirable Quantity about 5 to 6 percent Imparts Red Color to the Brick. Excess makes brick dark blue or blackish and lesser quantity makes itExcess makes brick dark blue or blackish and lesser quantity makes it yellowish – Magnesia: imparts yellow tint and decreases shrinkage. E l d h d f b i kExcess leads to the decay of bricks.
- 4. Harmful Ingredients in bricksg – Lime- excess causes bricks to melt and shape is lost I it b i k t lli d d di i t t d d i b i– Iron pyrites- bricks are crystallized and disintegrated during burning because of the oxidation of iron pirates. – Alkalis – mainly found in the form of soda potash. Acts as a flux in the kiln during burning and they cause brick to fuse, twist and deform. – Pebbles - it will not allow the clay to be mixed uniformly and thoroughly which will result into weak and porous bricks. – Vegetation and organic matters – if doesn’t get burnt completely causes pores in the brick
- 5. Manufacturing of bricksg Criteria for the selection of a brick field • Linked up with the roadLinked up with the road • Situated on the plain ground • Good earth is readily available • It should offer all the facilities to the workers. Four distinct operationsFour distinct operations – Preparation of clay – Moulding – Drying – Burning
- 6. 1. Preparation of clay • The clay for bricks is prepared in the following order: a) Un-soiling b) Digging c) Cleaning d) Weathering e) Blending) g f) Tempering
- 7. 2. Moulding • Hand Moulding – Ground moulded bricks – Table moulded bricks • Machine Moulding – Plastic clay machinesPlastic clay machines – Dry Clay machines
- 8. 3. Dryingy g • If the damp bricks are directly burnt, there is a possibility of being cracked and distorted. • Hence bricks are dried before burning stage artificially or naturally. • Laid longitudinally in stacks. • They are laid along and across the stack in alternate layersThey are laid along and across the stack in alternate layers. • They are kept for drying till 2% of moisture is removed – bone dry • Important fact to be remembered regarding drying of bricks. A tifi i l D i i th f f t l h t fl d– Artificial Drying: in the form of tunnels or hot floor dryers – Circulation of air – Drying-yardy g y – Period for drying – screens
- 9. 4. Burningg • Very important stage in the manufacturing of bricks. I t h d d t th t th• Imparts hardness and strength to the bricks. • It makes the bricks dense and durable If b t th b i k ill b• If over burnt, then bricks will become brittle. • If under burnt, they will be soft and will not be able to take loadnot be able to take load • Burning is done in:- – Clamps Kil– Kilns
- 14. Brick Positions:Brick Positions: St t hStretcher Header Soldier Shiner Rowlock SailorSailor
- 15. Definitions • Arrises Frog – The edges formed by the intersection of plane surfaces of a brick are called arrises. • Frog Th d i id d– The depression provided in the face of a brick during its manufacturing Courses g g is called the frog. • Course each hori ontal la er of Arises each horizontal layer of bricks laid in mortar is called course.
- 16. Definitions • QuoinsQuoins – The external corners of a wall are called Quoins. And Perpends a a e ca ed Quo s d the bricks forming quoins are called quoin bricks. E.g quoin h d i t t hheader or quoin stretcher. P d Quoin Header Quoin Stretcher • Perpends – The imaginary vertical lines which includes vertical jointswhich includes vertical joints are called Perpends.
- 17. DefinitionsDefinitions H d• Header – Brick laid with its width in elevation is called h d I i hi h ll b i k h dheader. In a course in which all bricks are header is called heading or header course. • Stretcher – Brick laid with its length in elevation is called stretcher. In a course in which all bricks are h i ll d h histretcher is called stretcher or stretching course.
- 18. Definitions • Closure – Closure bricks are prepared by cutting standard brick across length or in different ways to fulfillbrick across length or in different ways to fulfill the requirements of bond in straight walls, corners, junctions or crosses is called closures. They are of four types Q l– Queen closure – King closure – Bevelled closure Mitered closure– Mitered closure • Brick bats Brick bats are prepared by cutting standard brick– Brick bats are prepared by cutting standard brick across width. They are of four types – Three quarter batThree quarter bat – Half or square bat – Quarter bat – Bevelled bat
- 19. DefinitionsDefinitions • FacingFacing – The external face of wall is called facing. • Backing• Backing – The unexposed or internal face of wall is called backingbacking. • Hearting Th i t i ti b t f i d b ki i– The interior portion between facing and backing is called hearting.
- 20. Definitions • Reveals It is the verticle sides of door or window opening– It is the verticle sides of door or window opening from outside is called reveals. • Jambs – It is the verticle sides of door or window opening from inside is called jambs. S ffit• Soffit – The under surface of a lintel is called Soffit. It’s the horizontal surfacethe horizontal surface. • Sill – The horizontal surface at the bottom side of aThe horizontal surface at the bottom side of a door or window opening is called sill.
- 21. Definitions • Column – The isolated vertical load bearing member whose cross sectional dimensions are much lesser then its length is called column. • Pillar The isolated vertical non load bearing member used for– The isolated vertical non load bearing member used for ornamental purpose or as memorial is called pillar. • Pier – The isolated vertical load bearing members used as an intermediate support of a series of arches is called pier. • PilasterPilaster – The thickened vertical load bearing member strengthening a wall is called pilaster. St hi• Stanchion – The vertical load bearing member constructed of rolled steel section is called stanchion.
- 22. Definitions • Mortar – The mixture of binding material and fine aggregate forming a workable paste is called mortar. • Grout or slurryy – The thin paste of cement is called grout or slurry. It is used to fill the joints. • Lintel A ll h i t l b t ll i i ll d li t l– A small horizontal member to span up small opening is called lintel. • Copping – It is provided at the top of a wall to avoid dampness.It is provided at the top of a wall to avoid dampness.
- 23. Qualities Of Good Brick • Should be : – Table moulded – Well burnt in kilns – Copper coloured – Free from cracks – Sharp and square edges • Uniform in shape and of standard size • Should give clear metallic ringing soundShould give clear metallic ringing sound • Should show a bright homogeneous and uniform compact structure free from voids • Should not absorb water more than 20 22 % by weight for first class and• Should not absorb water more than 20 – 22 % by weight for first class and second class brick • Sufficiently hard- no impression should be left
- 24. Thank you.