MASONRY STRUCTURES design and construction
- 3. Some of the world's most Some of the world's most significant architectural significant architectural achievements have been achievements have been built with masonry. built with masonry.
- 4. • Brick is man’s oldest Brick is man’s oldest manufactured product manufactured product from more than 7000 from more than 7000 years years • It was the primary It was the primary structural system until structural system until beams and column beams and column systems developed systems developed
- 5. • With the Industrial With the Industrial Revolution, masonry Revolution, masonry structures became a past structures became a past • The 1940's, however, that The 1940's, however, that European engineers and European engineers and architects began serious architects began serious studies of masonry studies of masonry bearing wall designs. bearing wall designs.
- 6. • H History istory • A Advantages dvantages –Environmental Catastrophes Resistance Environmental Catastrophes Resistance –Durability Durability –Fire Resistant Fire Resistant –Sound Isolation Sound Isolation –Lower Insurance Costs Lower Insurance Costs –Higher Resale Value Higher Resale Value
- 7. • D Disadvantages isadvantages –Frost Frost –Heavy Weight Heavy Weight –Tensile Forces Resistance Tensile Forces Resistance –Cost Cost –Future Future
- 8. Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete, or slate, calcium silicate, concrete, or shaped from quarried stone. shaped from quarried stone. The vast majorities are made from clay. The vast majorities are made from clay.
- 9. C Clay lay B Bricks ricks It starts with the raw clay, It starts with the raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25-30% preferably in a mix with 25-30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is first ground is first ground . .and mixed with and mixed with water to the desired water to the desired . .consistency consistency Properties: Properties: Most common Most common Most economical Most economical
- 10. C Concrete oncrete B Bricks ricks Usage: They are often used as the structural Usage: They are often used as the structural core for veneered brick masonry, or are core for veneered brick masonry, or are used alone for the walls of garages, used alone for the walls of garages, factories, and other industrial-type buildings factories, and other industrial-type buildings Properties: They are usually much larger than Properties: They are usually much larger than ordinary bricks. ordinary bricks.
- 11. C Calcium alcium S Silicate ilicate B Bricks ricks The raw materials for calcium silicate bricks The raw materials for calcium silicate bricks include lime mixed with quartz. include lime mixed with quartz. Properties: The finished bricks are very accurate Properties: The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform bricks can be made in a variety of and uniform bricks can be made in a variety of colors, white is a common color. colors, white is a common color.
- 12. S Stones tones Stone blocks used in masonry can be Stone blocks used in masonry can be "dressed" or "rough" "dressed" or "rough" Properties: This type of material is not Properties: This type of material is not favored for solid masonry as it favored for solid masonry as it requires a great amount of mortar requires a great amount of mortar and can lack natural structural and can lack natural structural strength. strength.
- 13. • Veneer Masonry Veneer Masonry • Dry set masonry Dry set masonry • Brickwork Brickwork • Concrete masonry units Concrete masonry units • Stone Masonry Stone Masonry • A-jacks A-jacks • Gabions Gabions
- 15. D Dry set ry set M Masonry asonry B Brickwork rickwork
- 16. •C Concrete oncrete M Masonry asonry U Units nits Economical Benefits Lateral loads Increase height of building Grouting must be used
- 19. D Design esign R Requirement equirement • Method Method Limit State Design Method Limit State Design Method • Requirements Requirements Maximum vertical stress in the wall Maximum vertical stress in the wall The maximum shear stress along the interface. The maximum shear stress along the interface. The max. bending moment in the beam(wall) The max. bending moment in the beam(wall)
- 21. D Design of esign of M Members embers • Vertical load Vertical load • The Direct Tensile Strength The Direct Tensile Strength
- 22. D Design of esign of M Members embers Wind load Wind load
- 23. D Design of esign of M Members embers The Composite Wall Beam (Deep Beam Action) The Composite Wall Beam (Deep Beam Action)
- 27. D Design esign L Limitation imitation • Moisture Movement Moisture Movement • Fire Resistance Fire Resistance
- 29. SECTIONAL PLAN
- 31. S Stone Masonry tone Masonry • Traditional Dry-Stack Traditional Dry-Stack Stone Walls Stone Walls • Traditional Mortared Traditional Mortared Stone Walls Stone Walls • Veneered Stone Walls Veneered Stone Walls
- 32. T Traditional raditional D Dry- ry-S Stack tack S Stone tone W Walls alls
- 33. T Traditional raditional M Mortared ortared S Stone tone W Walls alls
- 36. C Construction onstruction D Defects in efects in B Brickwork rickwork • Failure to fill bed joints Failure to fill bed joints • Bed joints of excessive thickness Bed joints of excessive thickness • Deviation from verticality or Deviation from verticality or alignment alignment • Exposure to adverse weather Exposure to adverse weather after laying after laying • Failure to adjust suction of Failure to adjust suction of bricks bricks
- 39. • The oldest structural techniques. The oldest structural techniques. • Buildings with beams and columns Buildings with beams and columns replaces the masonry ones replaces the masonry ones • Durable, have an artistic view, fire Durable, have an artistic view, fire resistance, sound insulation and high resistance, sound insulation and high resale cost resale cost
- 40. IMPORTANT COMMON TERMS IN MASONRY WORKSHOPS
- 41. BONDS
- 42. • Heavy weight, needs special types Heavy weight, needs special types of foundations of foundations • The code discusses the modern The code discusses the modern types of bearing wall structure types of bearing wall structure • Most of stone buildings are Most of stone buildings are supported by their own weight supported by their own weight • Bricks depends on the way of and Bricks depends on the way of and the bonding technique the bonding technique