Materials for a Better Future.
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This document discusses materials for a sustainable future. It begins by asking whether the future will be a golden age or decline for humanity based on available materials. It then discusses using biomass for food, energy and raw materials historically. Current issues around using biomass for biofuels contributing to food insecurity are also examined. The document explores materials that can be produced from biomass like sugarcane and the potential of natural rubber composites and conductive materials made from cellulose and graphite. It argues that electrostatics and friction are fundamental topics that were neglected but are now seeing renewed interest for applications.
![Tuning-up mechanical properties
Tensile testing:
Modulus increases
ca. 250 times
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increases up to 3.5
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30 phr
E = 223 MPa
10 phr
E = 31 MPa
20 phr
E = 109 MPa
5 phr
E = 6.5 MPa
Natural rubber
E = 0.9 MPa
Stress[MPa]
Strain [%]
Valadares, L. F., Leite, C. A. P., Galembeck, F., Polymer, 2006, 47, 672.
21](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/galembeck-180927195815/85/Materials-for-a-Better-Future-21-320.jpg)
Materials for a Better Future.
- 1. Materials for a Better Future Fernando Galembeck University of Campinas Inomat (INCT for Complex Functional Materials) GG & FG Costa Ribeiro Memorial Lecture 17th B-MRS/SBPMat Meeting 8/16/16 1
- 2. Synopsis • A Golden Age OR Decline of Humankind? • Biomass: Food, energy and raw materials • Materials from biomass • Chemical Electrostatics • Perspectives 8/16/16 2
- 3. What is ahead? • Every epoch is marked by transformation mediated by materials. • What are the upcoming new materials and how will they transform our lives? • Will the needed materials still be available, in the coming decades? 3
- 4. A Golden Age? • Prospect: unlimited supply of energy • Inexpensive solar energy, competitive wind power, biomass… • Fusion, in twenty years (?) • Inexpensive energy is the key to abundant raw materials • e.g. lithium • Largest reserves in the world are in: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, China, US, Australia, Canada. • Largest current producers are Australia, Chille, Argentina, China, Zimbabwe… • Mg from seawater, Au from “urban mining”… • H2O from seawater 8/16/16 4 Materials for a Sustainable Future Scott, J. L. (ed.) & Letcher, T. (ed.) 2012 Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. 828 p.Research output: Book/Report › Book
- 5. In the past: biomass provided food, energy and raw materials Food: 100% Energy: wood Raw materials: wood, natural fibers + minerals Consequence: land change 8/16/16 5 by Sir Mark Walport, Dec 2013 http://www.slideshare.net/bis_foresight/natural-history-museum-annual-science-lecture-2013
- 6. Then came coal, oil and gas 8/16/16 6https://notable.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/energy-per-capita.png
- 7. Abundant oil? Make food from oil! • Use of hydrocarbon fractions for production of single-cell protein • Nine plants in the Soviet Union ranged from 50 to 240,000 tons/year. • http://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/10/archives/soviet-plant-to-convert-oil-to-protein-for-feed-use-of-yeast.htm • Unesco Science Prize, 1976 8/16/16 7 France Alfred Champagnat BP's Lavera Oil Refinery in France “pour ses conclusions sur la production à la chaîne et à bas coût de nouveaux proteines provenant du pétrole” “for his findings on the low-cost mass production of new proteins from petroleum” http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001111/111158E.pdf
- 8. Produção industrial População POPULATION POLLUTION SERVICESINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION FOOD NATURAL RESOURCES http://polynomial.me.uk/tag/science/ Concern: resource depletion. World 3 model 8/16/16 8 1900 2100 ca. 2030
- 9. Solution: energy from renewable resources. Biofuels 8/16/16 9 https://media5.picsearch.com/is?H6ocSV7tIiUeAfGxI4BIToSfopEZjZSEhfqT6DjV5ac&height=341
- 10. Solution: energy from renewable resources. Biofuels 8/16/16 10 https://media5.picsearch.com/is?H6ocSV7tIiUeAfGxI4BIToSfopEZjZSEhfqT6DjV5ac&height=341 New Problem
- 11. The Food Crisis (2007) • The ”Food riots” • FAO Food Price Index rose to 220 (Jul 2008) and 238(2011) • Causes: • Rising biofuel production from corn, sugarcane, palm oil • Wild commodity speculation, pre 2008 financial crisis • Climate, drought 8/16/16 11 By Jashuah - Own work by uploader, data from Food and Agriculture Organization, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19394247
- 12. FAO Hunger Map, 2015 8/16/16 12 Legend Target achieved Target not achieved, slow progress Target not achieved, lack of progress or deterioration http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4674e.pdf
- 13. Nassar, A. M., Moreira, M. Evidences on sugarcane expansion and agricultural land use changes in Brazil. Institute for International Trade Negociations Total recoverable sugar: +39 % from 1990 to 2012. Electricity surplus: 1 to 11 Twh/year, from 2005 to 2012 Production and efficiency gains: sugarcane 8/16/16 13 Ton/ha Ton/ha
- 14. Products from sugarcane 8/16/16 • Introduced in South and Central America in the 16th century, to produce sugar. • Sugar crystallization residues were fermented to produce ethanol. • In 1976: subsidized fuel ethanol production. • In 1990: subsidies were eliminated in 90% of the producing areas. • Sugarcane is the biomass input for making ethanol, butanol, polyethylene, wax, green solvents and surfactants, nanosilica, cellulose, paper and pulp, microcrystalline cellulose, PHB- and other thermoplastics, lysine (>600,000 tons/year), electricity. • Galembeck, Csordas “Chemicals from Sugarcane”, in Fletcher and Scott “Materials for a Better Future”, RSC 2012 14
- 15. Biofuels contribute to food security “…biofuels may offer an opportunity to improve food security. Yet, for many poorer countries in Africa and elsewhere, biofuels may be better viewed as a potential export or as a means for reducing fossil fuel imports. …producing conventional biofuels in low-income countries could raise rural incomes beyond what is required to offset rising food prices. Studies in Ethiopia: … farmers’ participation in biofuel programs encouraged greater use of fertilizers and improved farming technologies, leading to higher food-crop productivity and better food security during the year. One precondition for success, however, was farmers’ access to high-quality, productive biofuel crops.” 8/16/16 15 C. Arndt et al., Fueling the path to food security, IFPRI Global Food Policy Report 2016 p.63 F. Galembeck, Synergy in food, energy and advanced materials production from biomass. Energy and Environmental Science 2010 and Pure and Applied Chemistry 2018. Galembeck, Fernando. Synergy in food, energy and advanced materials production from biomass. PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY , v. 90, p. 109-119, 2018
- 16. A note on policy • What do policymakers expect from scientists? • Not much. • Few citations in “The UN Sustainable Development Goals Report” 2018. “science” 3 times; “scientific”: 1; “research”: 2“: technology/ical/ies”: 21. • Brazilian science concentrates on explaining, modelling, theorizing… • Much smaller effort on making. • Result: small number of significant new products and processes, • …although all the competitive economic sectors rely heavily on S&T. 8/16/16 16
- 17. Materials from Biomass: Well-known or Ever-surprising? • Natural Rubber • Cellulose • Electrostatic Adhesion 17
- 18. Natural Rubber • Accounts for 42% of global elastomer consumption • Essential in transportation and many industrial products Rubber Statistical Bulletin April- June edition, quoted by S. Rolere, et al. in European Polymer Journal (2016) • The “mistery of natural rubber” • “…as the tire size increases and the level of punishment the tire will take goes up, the amount of natural rubber increases…” (Josh Velson) • Which is the role of the non-rubber constituents (inorganics, proteins and phospholipids NR properties?
- 19. ESI-TEM thin film elemental maps of dialyzed natural rubber latex film BF 200 nm •Adherent mineral nanoparticles in natural rubber • C, N densification around the inorganic particles: adhesion Rippel, M.M. et al. Analytical Chemistry, 2002 19
- 20. Learning from Nature Preparation of nanocomposites in aqueous media using latex Varghese, S., Karger-Kocsis, J., Polymer, 2003, 44, 4921. Wu, Y.P., Wang, Y.Q., Zhang H.F. et al. J. Compos. Sci. Tech. 2005, 65, 1195 Valadares, L. F., Leite, C. A. P., Galembeck, F., Polymer, 2006, 47, 672. Valadares, L. F., Murakami, M. M., Rippel, M. M., Galembeck, F., PI0301193-3, INPI, 2003. 20
- 21. Tuning-up mechanical properties Tensile testing: Modulus increases ca. 250 times Maximum stress increases up to 3.5 times 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 2 4 6 8 10 30 phr E = 223 MPa 10 phr E = 31 MPa 20 phr E = 109 MPa 5 phr E = 6.5 MPa Natural rubber E = 0.9 MPa Stress[MPa] Strain [%] Valadares, L. F., Leite, C. A. P., Galembeck, F., Polymer, 2006, 47, 672. 21
- 22. Strong polymer – clay adhesion Formation of a polymer-particle network Resistance to solvents Valadares, L. F., Leite, C. A. P., Galembeck, F., Polymer, 2006, 47, 672. 22 x y z 1cm 30 phr Natural rubber
- 23. • Capillary adhesion during drying • Electrostatic adhesion in the dry monolith • Both are controlled by interfacial properties • Water-based processes for making composites from incompatible materials 23 Composite formation and stability Valadares, L.F et al.. J. Phys Chem C (2008); Bragença, F. C. ; et al. Chemistry of Materials, (2007) 11/9/16
- 24. Kelvin micrograph from PVC / natural rubber blend Electrostatic contribution to cohesion Linares et al., Langmuir 2008
- 25. Overcoming limits to miscibility: conductive “green” rubber Kampioti, Matos et al., ACS Omega 2018 8/16/16 25
- 26. Conductive inks, paints and adhesives • Usually made of silver • Also: copper, PEDOT, graphite, carbon nanotubes, graphene. • US$ 3 Billion/year market • CAGR = 4 – 6 %, depending on the market or product segment • Broad range of users • Auto industry: window and seat heaters • Hardware and displays: screens, contacts • Touch screens: ITO, graphene, carbon nanotubes • • Rao R, V. K., Abhinav K, V. et al. (2015).Conductive silver inks and their applications in printed and flexible electronics. RSC Adv. 5, 77760–60. • Yang, W. and Wang, C. (2016) Graphene and the related conductive inks for flexible electronics. J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 7193– 207.
- 27. Material Resistivity (.m) Resistance (/sq) Thickness (m) graphene monolayer 10-8 33 3. 10-10 (single sheet) graphene nanosheet 10-6 33 (1) 3. 10-8 (100 sheets) graphite (basal) 2.10-6 0.3 6. 10-6 (20K sheets) graphite (microfluidized) 2.5x10-4 2 (2) silver 1x10-8 10-3 10-5 silver ink 12.5x10-8 5x10-3 2.5x10-5 THE MAIN PLAYERS (1) Fang, X. Y., Yu, X. X. et al. (2015) Temperature and thickness-dependent electrical conductivity of few-layer graphene and graphene nanosheets, Physics Letters A, 379, 2245-51. (2) P. G. Karagiannidis, S. A. Hodge, L. Lombardi et al., Microfluidization of Graphite and Formulation of Graphene- Based Conductive Inks, ACS Nano 2017, 11, 2742-2755.
- 28. Cellulose is soluble in water + alkali • Simple procedure: Isogai et al. Cellulose, 5 (1998) 309 • Insolubility in pure liquids derives from its amphiphilic structure (the Lindman hypothesis) • Shows the usual properties of polyelectrolytes. Adhesive for paper, cloth, wood. • E. S. Ferreira et al, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2015) • Excellent dispersant and exfoliating agent for graphite. • E. S. Ferreira et al, Nanoscale (2017) .
- 29. Black particles, do not settle Shiny particles Graphite exfoliated in alkaline aqueous cellulose solution E. S. Ferreira et al, Nanoscale (2017)
- 30. FILTRATION LITHOGRAPHY SCALING UP - SPRAY 5 cm Typical thickness: 10 – 100 μm Broad resistance range depending on cellulose/graphite ratio Graphite coatings on paper, cloth and ceramics
- 31. Material Resistivity (.m) Resistance (/sq) Thickness (m) graphene monolayer 10-8 33 3. 10-10 (single sheet) multilayer graphene 10-6 33 3. 10-8 (100 sheets) graphite (basal) 2.10-6 0.3 6. 10-6 (20 K sheets) graphite/cellulose 3.7x10-5 0.3 125.10-6 (total) microfluidized graphite 2.5x10-4 2 commercial silver ink 12.5x10-8 5x10-3 2.5x10-5 Benchmarking
- 32. Inexpensive, safe circuit boards… …electrodes, sensors, supercapacitors, heaters…
- 33. Electrostatics and Friction: Fundamental but Snubbed Well-stablished knowledge OR Unsolved problems? Neglected as scientific topics in the 20th century Disconnected from atomic-molecular theory Revived interest since the first decade of this century 8/16/16 33
- 34. Electrostatics is Alive, Again • We live in an electrified environment • Electricity is produced within the Earth capacitor • Electroneutrality is the exception, anywhere • The charge carriers • Chemical electrostatics • The atmosphere is a charge reservoir • Fires, explosions, safety • Outlook: new science, new technology 34
- 35. An electrified environment: the Global Electric Circuit Galactic Cosmic Rays Fair weather return currents Transient luminous events Thunder Clouds Field-aligned currents Solar energetic protons Auroral currents Electrified Clouds Magnetic Field Lines Geomagnetically induced currents Electric potential gradients at Kew Observatory, London, 1966 to 1979): 50 – 1200 V m -1 Rycroft and Harrison, Space Sci Rev 2008
- 36. “…current geophysical research has not yet disclosed effective models for atmospheric cloud electrification.” Helsdon Jr., J. H.; Gattaleeradapan, S., Farley, R. D.; Waits, C. C. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107, 4630. How electricity is produced, in the atmosphere? 36
- 37. polishing powder handling aerosol water splash 37 milling We add electricity to the environment (beyond power plants and the grid) Charge separation/ interfacial effects: Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars Costa Ribeiro Workman-Reynolds R u b b e r s t r e t c h i n g crystal formation, phase transition chemical process plants
- 38. Unexpected: Complex charge distribution in dielectric solids A Galembeck, CAR Costa, et al., Polymer, 2001, 42, 4845; F Galembeck, CAR Costa, et al., An. Acad. Bras. Cienc., 2001, 73, 495; FG, C Rezende, RF Gouveia, MA da Silva Journal of Physics – Condensed Matter, 21, 2009, 26300 EFM KFM Polypropylene Natural rubber Poly(hydroxyethy l methacrylate) Polyethylene PP Silica PSAAM on mica Natural rubber + sodium polyphosphate film Polyester printing film PE Poly(styrene-butyl acrylate- acrylic acid) aging Alumin a TiO2 on mica Styrene-butyl acrylate latex 38 Why? Water ion partition/adsorption and mechanochemical reactions
- 39. Charge carriers are electrons or ions? Critical analysis: Meurig W. Williams (2012) American Scientist 2012, 100(4), 316-325. Feature Article: What Creates Static Electricity? ”Traditionally considered a physics problem, the answer is beginning to emerge from chemistry and other sciences.” 39 Ions: McCarty and Whitesides, Electrostatic Charging due to Separation of Ions at Interfaces: Contact Electrification of Ionic Electrets, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 2188-2207. Ions, Baytekin, Grzybowski, et al., The Mosaic of Surface Charge in Contact Electrification, Science 2011, 333, 308-312. Electrons: Liu and Bard, Electrostatic electrochemistry at insulators, Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 505–509. Ions, Mass Transfer: Burgo, Galembeck et al., Triboelectricity: Macroscopic charge patterns formed by self-arraying ions on polymer surfaces. Langmuir 2012.
- 40. Electroneutrality: exception, not the rule • “Electroneutrality principle: The principle expresses the fact that all pure substances carry a net charge of zero.” (IUPAC Gold Book) • Can only happen under zero electric potential: μ- = μ-° + RT (ln x-) + zFV • Pauling’s Electroneutrality Principle of molecular structure: unduly extrapolated to macroscopic matter in introductory science courses. • Charge partition and accumulation are expected in any interface: Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect. • Charge patterns are observed in any material system. • The discovery tools: Kelvin electrode, Kelvin force microscopy and other techniques derived from AFM. DV = 250 kV 40
- 41. Is water electroneutral? Seldom. • Ovchinnikova, K.; Pollack, G. H. Langmuir 2009, 25, 542: Can water store charge? • Corti, H. R.; Colussi, A. J. Langmuir 2009, 25, 6587: criticism to Pollack. • Amin, M. S.; Peterson, T. F.; Zahn, M. J. Electrostatics 2006, 64, 424: water from different sources carries excess negative charge. • McCarty, L. S.; Whitesides, G. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 2188: non-electroneutrality should be considered. • I. Bhattacharyya, J. T. Maze, G. E. Ewing,* and M. F. Jarrold*, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2011, 115, 5723: bursting droplets are negative. 41
- 42. Water and electricity • Steam electricity • Discovered in 1840 by Lord Armstrong: vapor is charged opposite to the remaining liquid. • M. Faraday, Phil. Trans. 1843, 133, 17. • Schrödinger (Ph.D. Thesis) • Passive role for water in static electricity dissipation • Water ion partition at interfaces • Gas bubbles and pure hydrocarbon drops in water hold negative charge • Beattie, J. K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3568. Marinova, K. G. Langmuir 1996, 12, 2045. Healy, T. W.; Fuerstenau, D. W. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2007, 309, 181. I. Bhattacharyya et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 2011, 115, 5723. • Kelvin dropper • http://ocw.mit.edu/...demonstration: kelvin water dropper 42
- 43. Charge separation due to H2O partition at interfaces • expansion of wet steam: • J. Finke, J. Electrostat. 1989, 23, 69. • adsorption-desorption: • R. F. Gouveia and F. Galembeck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005; J. Phys. Chem C 2005, 2008; Anal. Chem. 2011. • water ion partition: • T. A. L. Burgo, F. Galembeck, G. H. Pollack, J. Electrost. 2016, 80, 30–33; T. R. D. Ducati, L. H. Simões, F. Galembeck, Langmuir 2010, 26, 13763–13766; T. A. L. Burgo, F. Galembeck, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2016, 27, 229– 238; T. A. L. Burgo, T. T. D. Ducati, K. R. Francisco, K. J. Clinckspoor, F. Galembeck, S. E. Galembeck, Langmuir 2012, 28, 7407–7416 • splashing and bubble breaking: • P. Lenard, Ann. Phys. 46, 584, 1892; Z. Levin, P. V. Hobbs, Phil. Trans. 269, 555, 1971. P. Kolarž et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 3687. I. Bhattacharyya et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 2011, 115, 5723. T. L. Burgo et al., Coll. Interf. Sci. Comm. 2015, 7, 7-11
- 44. Charge on Aerosol Positive + negative droplets 44 Aerosol Collected liquid weight (g) Electrode (+) Electrode (-) Deionized water 0.053± 0.025 0.139 ±0.040 NaCl solution 0.205± 0.066 0.085± 0.017
- 45. Water vapor adsorption contributes charge to solids Stöber silica is more negative under high humidity. Reversible. Atmosphere is a charge reservoir for insulators. Gouveia, R. F.; Galembeck, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(32), 2009, 11381 0 100 200 300 400 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -1.9 -1.8 -1.7 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 Relative humidity (RH): 30% 50% 70% Back to 30% (obtained immediately) 30% (after 90 min) Electricpotential(V) Distance (nm) 10 kV m-1 45
- 46. Water vapor adsorption contributes charge to isolated metals Chrome-plated brass cylinders acquire negative charge under high humidity 46 “Charge Partitioning at Gas-Solid Interfaces: Humidity Causes Electricity Buildup on Metals” Telma R. D. Ducati, Luís H. Simões, Fernando Galembeck. Langmuir, 2010, 26, 13763-13766.
- 47. Chargechangerate/10-8C/s Relative humidity/ % Chrome-plated brass Stainless steel Cu, brass, silicone- coated Al Charge pick-up by isolated metals within a Faraday cup “Charge Partitioning at Gas-Solid Interfaces: Humidity Causes Electricity Buildup on Metals” Telma R. D. Ducati, Luís H. Simões, Fernando Galembeck. Langmuir, 2010, 26, 13763-13766. 47 Water vapor adsorption contributes charge to isolated metals
- 48. Acidic surfaces become more negative when the humidity changes from 30 to 70% Basic surfaces become more positive. Substance DVm (DV)2 m (DVm)2/(DV)2 m Iron oxide@Fe -0.464 0.004 0.217 0.004 0.99 Acid Magnesium sulfate -0.229 0.008 0.063 0.009 0.83 Acid Silica -0.172 0.015 0.033 0.005 0.90 Acid Cellulose -0.104 0.007 0.011 0.001 0.98 Acid Aluminum oxide@Al -0.055 0.016 0.004 0.002 0.76 Acid Calcium oxide +1.657 0.11 2.811 0.33 0.98 Base MgO (30- 50% RH) +0.195 0.062 0.096 0.021 0.40 Base Nickel oxide +0.060 0.017 0.005 0.002 0.72 Base Aluminum phosphate +0.039 0.007 0.002 0.001 0.76 Base R. Gouveia et al. Analytical Chemistry 2012 48
- 49. Charge transfer during H2O adsorption “Charge Partitioning at Gas-Solid Interfaces: Humidity Causes Electricity Buildup on Metals” Telma R. D. Ducati, Luís H. Simões, Fernando Galembeck. Langmuir, 2010, 26, 13763-13766. 49
- 50. Elastoelectricity Periodically stretched rubber tubing shows potential variation in phase with length. - 3 kV Stretching rubber exposes and hides sub- surface groups that adsorb water acquiring excess charge. A capacitor is charged. Burgo, Batista, Galembeck, ACS Omega (2018). 50
- 51. Charge produced by friction: PTFE rubbed with LDPE foam 51 Formation of positive AND negative charges on the same surface. Chalenges the paradigm of unidirectional charge transfer in contacting solids.
- 52. + + - - + Homolytic chain scission Electron transfer PTFE PE PTFE PE 52 Hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon chains are mutually segregated according to Flory theory: charge separation driven by polymer immiscibility Friction, mutual shearing How? mechanochemical mechanism for triboelectricity Burgo et al., Langmuir 28, (2012) 7407-7416
- 53. 8/16/16 53 Feeding back: friction creates charge that increases friction coefficients T. A. L. Burgo, C. A. Silva, L. B. S. Balestrin & F. Galembeck Scientific Reports 3 (2013) 2384
- 54. 54
- 55. Electrostatics is Alive, Again • We live in an electrified environment • Electricity is produced within the Earth capacitor • Electroneutrality is the exception, anywhere • The charge carriers • Chemical electrostatics • The atmosphere is a charge reservoir • Fires, explosions, safety • Outlook: new science, new technology 55
- 56. The first dust explosion that was outlined in a world literature occurred in 14 December 1785 in Italy. Turin Science Academy noticed that it was an explosion of flour dust in the centre of Turin. According to literature all building was destroyed. Reported by Rafal Porowski from HQ of SFS. http://www.ppoz.pl/wwwold/current.htm Explosions triggered by electrostatic discharge 56
- 57. Can we better understand and achieve controlled interaction with atmospheric electricity? 57 cuvette wrapped with stainless steel screen water contacting a stainless-steel electrode water level water- mediated discharge Ejection of electrified water produces sustained discharge. Consistent with the fractal geometry of lightning.
- 58. Acknowledgements André Herzog André Galembeck Bruno Batista Carlos Alberto Costa Camila Resende Carlos Alberto Leite Douglas Soares Elisa Ferreira Fabio Bragança Jeferson Santos João Paulo Bertacchi Juliana Bernardes Juliane Santos Leandra Santos Leonardo Valadares Lia Beraldo Balestrin Lucimara Lopes Lucas Soares Márcia Rippel Melissa Braga Pompeu Abreu Filho Rubia Gouveia Telma Doi Ducati Thiago Burgo Victor Chida Maria do Carmo da Silva 58 Aldo Zarbin (UFPr), Steven Armes (Sussex), Gerd Kaupp (Oldenburg), P. Somasundaran (Columbia), K. Kurihara (Tohoku), Lay-Theng Lee (Gif), B. Vincent (Bristol) INCT Program grant to Inomat (Institute for Functional Complex Materials) Grants and fellowships from Fapesp, CNPq, Finep and Capes Bunge, Cameron, Odebrecht Agro, Orbys, Oxiteno, Pirelli, Unilever. SBQ, SBPMat/BMRS, ABPol, IACIS, ABC, ESA, RSC, ACS, IOP
- 59. A note on policy (II) 8/16/16 59 • Is money being spent where it should? • Little, poor diagnosis. Poor decisions on project implementation. • Lack of assessment. • Results of the largest funding body in the country (FNDCT) do not even have a definite assessment methodology. • Poor planning • Result: huge sums spent in facilities and equipment that do not provide the basis for the introduction of much- needed public policies.