Mc4 logic and critical thinking
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This document discusses different types of logical arguments: deductive arguments, inductive arguments, and fallacious arguments. It provides examples of each type and explains the key differences between them. Deductive arguments have conclusions that are necessarily true if the premises are true. Inductive arguments have conclusions that are probably but not necessarily true based on the premises. Fallacious arguments use invalid reasoning and have conclusions that do not logically follow from the premises.
![Based on research findings, hospital leaders determine
patients recover more quickly if they receive adequate rest.
The hospital creates a policy for quiet zones at night by
initiating no overhead paging, promoting low-speaking
voices by staff, and reducing lighting in the hallways. (See
Figure 4.2).[5] The nurse further implements this policy by
organizing care for patients that promotes periods of
uninterrupted rest at night.
This is an example of deductive thinking because the intervention is applied to all patients
regardless if they have difficulty sleeping or not.
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mc4logicandcriticalthinking-220223053204/85/Mc4-logic-and-critical-thinking-7-320.jpg)
![Give 5 examples of each of the arguments
presented (5 for inductive, 5 for deductive, 10 for
fallacies [5 for ad misericodium and 5 ad
baculum])
A S S I G N M E N T](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mc4logicandcriticalthinking-220223053204/85/Mc4-logic-and-critical-thinking-47-320.jpg)
Mc4 logic and critical thinking
- 1. MC 4: LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING Deductive, Inductive and Fallacious Reasoning/Argument
- 2. An argument is deductive when its premises and conclusion are related in such a way that the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion. A relationship of deductive support holds between the premises and conclusion of a deductive argument. In a deductive argument, if the premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
- 3. In a deductive argument, if all the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT Jack is a Bachelor He has no wife Addition is Commutative 3 + 4 = 4 + 3
- 4. In a deductive argument, if all the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT Jack is a Bachelor He has no wife Addition is Commutative 3 + 4 = 4 + 3
- 5. In a deductive argument, if all the premises are true, the conclusion cannot be false. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT Either Jeb is not graduating, or he has paid his tuition bill. But he is graduating. He has paid his tuition bill All whales are mammals. All mammals are warm blooded. All whales are warm blooded
- 7. Based on research findings, hospital leaders determine patients recover more quickly if they receive adequate rest. The hospital creates a policy for quiet zones at night by initiating no overhead paging, promoting low-speaking voices by staff, and reducing lighting in the hallways. (See Figure 4.2).[5] The nurse further implements this policy by organizing care for patients that promotes periods of uninterrupted rest at night. This is an example of deductive thinking because the intervention is applied to all patients regardless if they have difficulty sleeping or not. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
- 8. The second type of argument is inductive. In such an argument, the premises provide a different kind of support for the conclusion. In an inductive argument, if the premises are all true, then probably the conclusion is true, but it might be false. inductive support provides good reasons but not conclusive reasons to accept the conclusion. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
- 9. Conclusions of inductive arguments amplify or go beyond the information found in their premises. Conclusions of ampliative arguments contain new information that is not present, even implicitly, in their premises. Inductive arguments figure strongly in reasoning about causes. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
- 10. Causal arguments are among the most common inductive arguments. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT That a stone will fall, that fire will burn, that the earth has solidity, we have observed a thousand and a thousand times; and when any new instance of this nature is presented, we draw without hesitation the accustomed inference. —D. Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Philo, the speaker in this passage of the dialogue, does not actually state the obvious conclusion— that in the future, stones will continue to fall, fire to burn, and the earth to be solid—but his meaning is clear.
- 11. Causal arguments are among the most common inductive arguments. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT In this argument, you're making an educated or informed guess based on the information or data that you have. It might sound right, but that doesn't mean it is right.
- 12. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT The left-handed people I know use left- handed scissors; therefore, all left- handed people use left-handed scissors.
- 13. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT In the summer, there are ducks on our pond. Therefore, summer will bring ducks to our pond.
- 14. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT Mary and Jim are left-handed and use left-handed scissors. Bill is also left-handed. Conclusion: Bill also uses left-handed scissors.
- 15. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT Mary and Jim are left-handed and use left-handed scissors. Bill is also left-handed. Conclusion: Bill also uses left-handed scissors.
- 17. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT A nurse assesses a patient and finds the surgical incision site is red, warm, and tender to the touch. The nurse recognizes these cues form a pattern of signs of infection and creates a hypothesis that the incision has become infected. The provider is notified of the patient’s change in condition, and a new prescription is received for an antibiotic.
- 18. Sforks should be the new standard for silverware since they were very efficient, therefore a lot of workers will have no job at spoon and fork factories WHAT KIND OF ARGUMENT IS THIS?
- 19. Into the third category fall the fallacies. In a fallacy, or fallacious argument, the alleged evidence offers only very weak support or is irrelevant to the conclusion. FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT/ LOGICAL FALLCY
- 20. Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum) FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT This fallacy appeals to an emotion (fear) rather than to our reasoning ability. Although a threat may be a good reason (in the sense of serving your best interests) to do something, it should not be confused with evidence for the truth of a statement.
- 21. Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum) FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT HOW do you read this: “GIF”
- 22. Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum) FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT HOW do you read this: “GIF” Language is Relative, so long as people know what you are talking about it doesn’t matter if you pronounce GIF with a HARD or a SOFT “g”. But if you call that it a “jif” the teacher will fail you in his subject.
- 23. Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum) FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT Using the force of one’s AUTHORITY or POSITION to force an opponent to concede
- 24. Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum) FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT TREAT is not an ARGUMENT
- 25. Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericodiam) FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT This occurs when we confuse feeling sorry for someone with evidence for the truth of an assertion that is made by or about the person who is to be pitied.
- 26. Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericodiam) FALLACIOUS ARGUMENT John said if Tim sign a lease he has an obligation to pay rent. Tim doesn’t like this and responds, My pet died last month, I just don’t know if I can take paying the rent.
- 27. Sforks should be the new standard for silverware since they were very efficient, therefore a lot of workers will have no job at spoon and fork factories WHAT KIND OF LOGICAL FALLACY IS THIS?
- 28. Jennifer always leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes, then, that if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. for school today, she will be on time. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 29. How is Deductive Argument different from Inductive Argument? GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @
- 30. The cost of goods was $1.00. The cost of labor to manufacture the item was $0.50. The sales price of the item was $5.00. So, the item always provides a good profit for the stores selling it. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 31. To get a Bachelor’s degree at Utah Sate University, a student must have 120 credits. Sally has more than 130 credits. Therefore, Sally has a bachelor’s degree. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 32. Feminists want to ban all pornography and punish everyone who looks at it! But such harsh measures are surely inappropriate, so the feminists are wrong: porn and its fans should be left in peace. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 33. The children in that house yell loudly when they play in their bedroom. I can hear children yelling in that house. Therefore, the children must be playing in their bedroom. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 34. How will you determine if it is an Inductive Argument? GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @
- 35. Red meat has iron in it, and beef is red meat. Therefore, beef has iron in it. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 36. People have been trying for years to prove that God does not exist. But no one has yet been able to prove it. Therefore, God exists. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ* Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 37. Ray is a football player. All the other football players on the high school team weigh more than 170 pounds. Therefore, Ray must weigh more than 170 pounds. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 38. How is Inductive Argument different from Fallacious Argument? GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @
- 39. Practically every house on South Street is falling apart. Sherry lives on South Street. Her house is probably falling apart. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 40. All men are mortal. Joe is a man. Therefore Joe is mortal. If the first two statements are true, then the conclusion must be true. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 41. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bedroom is red. All the chairs in the house are red. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 42. Elephants have cells in their bodies, and all cells have DNA. Therefore, elephants have DNA. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 43. Bob is showing a big diamond ring to his friend Larry. Bob has told Larry that he is planning to marry Joan. Bob must be surprising Joan with the diamond ring tonight. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 44. All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it must be divisible by 5. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 45. How will you determine if it is Fallacious Argument? GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ @
- 46. Cacti are plants, and all plants perform photosynthesis. Therefore, cacti perform photosynthesis. GRADED INDIVIDUAL QUIZ Determine what kind of argument it is:
- 47. Give 5 examples of each of the arguments presented (5 for inductive, 5 for deductive, 10 for fallacies [5 for ad misericodium and 5 ad baculum]) A S S I G N M E N T
Editor's Notes
- #22: If you pronounce that as “jif” I will fail you in my subject
- #23: If you pronounce that as “jif” I will fail you in my subject
- #24: If you pronounce that as “jif” I will fail you in my subject
- #27: It is sad that Tims pet died but it has no logical bearing, he still have the obligation to pay the remt.