Mendels-law-of-inheritance.powerpoint presentation
- 1. Mendel’s Law of Inheritance Prepared by: Bryan S. Codiao Faculty IFUGAO STATE UNIVERSITY Potia Campus College of Agriculture and Sustainable Development
- 2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance •Inheritance can be defined as the process of how a child receives genetic information from the parent. The whole process of heredity is dependent upon inheritance and it is the reason that the off springs are similar to the parents. This simply means that due to inheritance, the members of the same family possess similar characteristics.
- 4. •Between 1856-1863, Mendel conducted the hybridization experiments on the garden peas. During that period, he chose some distinct characteristics of the peas and conducted some cross-pollination/ artificial pollination on the pea lines that showed stable trait inheritance and underwent continuous self-pollination. Such pea lines are called true-breeding pea lines.
- 5. Why was Pea Plant Selected for Mendel’s Experiments? • He selected a pea plant for his experiments for the following reasons: • The pea plant can be easily grown and maintained. • They are naturally self-pollinating but can also be cross- pollinated. • It is an annual plant, therefore, many generations can be studied within a short period of time. • It has several contrasting characters.
- 6. Mendel conducted 2 main experiments to determine the laws of inheritance. These experiments were: •Monohybrid Cross •Dihybrid Cross
- 7. Monohybrid Cross • In this experiment, Mendel took two pea plants of opposite traits (one short and one tall) and crossed them. He found the first generation offspring were tall and called it F1 progeny. Then he crossed F1 progeny and obtained both tall and short plants in the ratio 3:1. Dihybrid Cross • In a dihybrid cross experiment, Mendel considered two traits, each having two alleles. He crossed wrinkled-green seed and round-yellow seeds and observed that all the first generation progeny (F1 progeny) were round- yellow. This meant that dominant traits were the round shape and yellow colour. • He then self-pollinated the F1 progeny and obtained 4 different traits: round-yellow, round-green, wrinkled-yellow, and wrinkled-green seeds in the ratio 9:3:3:1.
- 8. Conclusions from Mendel’s Experiments • The genetic makeup of the plant is known as the genotype. On the contrary, the physical appearance of the plant is known as phenotype. • The genes are transferred from parents to the offspring in pairs known as alleles. • During gametogenesis when the chromosomes are halved, there is a 50% chance of one of the two alleles to fuse with the allele of the gamete of the other parent. • When the alleles are the same, they are known as homozygous alleles and when the alleles are different they are known as heterozygous alleles.
- 9. Mendel’s laws The two experiments lead to the formulation of Mendel’s laws known as laws of inheritance which are: •Law of Dominance •Law of Segregation •Law of Independent Assortment
- 10. Law of Dominance •This is also called Mendel’s first law of inheritance. According to the law of dominance, hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are called the recessive traits while the alleles that determine the trait are known as the dominant traits.
- 12. Law of Segregation •The law of segregation states that during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent. In other words, allele (alternative form of the gene) pairs segregate during the formation of gamete and re- unite randomly during fertilization. This is also known as Mendel’s third law of inheritance.
- 14. Law of Independent Assortment • Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance, the law of independent assortment states that a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together.
- 17. Key Points on Mendel’s Laws • The law of inheritance was proposed by Gregor Mendel after conducting experiments on pea plants for seven years. • Mendel’s laws of inheritance include law of dominance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment. • The law of segregation states that every individual possesses two alleles and only one allele is passed on to the offspring. • The law of independent assortment states that the inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair.