Mesiniaga final

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Contents
1. Introduction
 Introduction 2-3
 Fast Facts of the Building 4-12
 History of the Building 13-14
 Architect of the Building 15-17
2. Main Paragraph
 Site Context Analysis (Chew Jia Chen) 18-30
 Architectural Layout of Building (Chong Yi Qi) 30-39
 Architecture Style Analysis (Adam Tan) 40-46
 Building Construction, Structure & Materials Analysis (Andrew Law) 47-59
 Architectural Elements/Components Analysis (Bridget Tan) 60-74
3. Conclusion 75
4. References 76-78

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Introduction
Figure 1.1: Exterior perspective of Menara Mesiniaga
The Menara Mesiniaga (Figure 1.1) is the headquarters for IBM in Subang Jaya near
Kuala Lumpur. The Mesiniaga is a 15 storey building with and area of 12,345.69 square
meters. The floors are very well spaced with room for future expansion. It was first
conceived of in 1989 and finally completed in 1992. IBM asked the office of T.R. Hamzah &
Ken Yeang for a building which was a high-tech corporate showcase for their highly visible
site and high-technology industry. Also, Ken Yeang designed this building as an example
and culmination of his bioclimatic skyscraper practices and principles. Architect Ken
Yeang's long research into bio-climatic design principles was recognized with the Aga Khan
Award for Architecture in 1995 for the design. This building is environmentally friendly.

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Figure 1.2: Culmination of Yeang’s vision and his bioclimatic skyscraper practices and
principles
Menara Mesiniaga is an environmental filter, an analogy for synthesis and analysis.
The Menara Mesiniaga is a built work that utilizes a basis of traditional Malaysian building
models and their transition or evolution into modern principles. It is Yeang’s vision of the
tropical garden city and it uncovers “the relationship of buildings, landscape and climate . .
.” transforming the impact of high-rise development in the ecosystemof a city. This building
intends to incorporate the modern day office building with a sensitivity towards
environmental issues, like natural lighting and natural ventilation. One of the substantial
points about this building is that it takes advantage of its existing environment and site
context by incorporating into the function of the building. (Figure 1.2)
The choice of materials is excellent as far as expressing the concept, and the
corporate image of technological products. However, due to climatic circumstances, some
materials are not well considered. Glass, steel and aluminium do not correspond to local
technologies. There is a tangible transition in material use as one walks through the
building. As the spaces change, the use of materials becomes warmer. The steel elements
and structures were specifically designed by the architects in drawings submitted to the
engineers to size the pieces to be built. The cladding was imported from Japan, as was the
suspended glass in the ground floor lobby. Interior panelling, partitions and carpeting were
imported from the United States. The architect submitted designs, the engineers sized
them, and the contractors submitted costs and built the structure. This process shows that
the level of technology is appropriately arranged. Pre-fabricated forms were not needed
since any form the architect wanted was built.

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Fast Facts of the Building
Key Info
Official Name Menara Mesiniaga
Structure Type High-rise Building
Status Completed
Address 1, Jalan SS 16/1, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Building Function IT office
Structural Material concrete
Construction Start 1989
Completion
Architectural Style
Height
Floors (over ground)
Floors (under ground)
Gross Floor Area
Architect
Structural Engineer
MEP Engineer
1992
Modernism
63 meters
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12,346 m² / 132,891 ft²
TR Hamzah & Yeang
Reka Perunding Sdn Bhd
Norman Disney & Young

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Site Location
Figure 1.3: Site Plan
Menara Mesiniaga is located on a major highway from the airport to Kuala Lumpur.
It is in a highly visible location with few buildings within the surrounding context. The
building sits beside a highway towering above a mixture of unplanned structure and
environment; a lake which can be seen from every level of the building, some residential
complexes and townhouses, office buildings, and a mosque. There is also a medical centre
which is within view of the building. Overall, many of the surrounding buildings are low
budget adaptations of older houses. Comparing to the surrounding buildings, Menara
Mesiniaga’s outstanding high rise structure and unique design not only lets this building
become the landmark of the site, but also increased the value of the land surrounding it.
The natural landscaping catches the eye’s attention with a substantial amount of growth
within the area, in respect to community development. It is significant that this building is a
facility that is sensitive to and in harmony with the environment.
The traffic ranges from moderate to congested at certain hours of the day, due to
the existence of the federal highway nearby.

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Figure 1.4: View of lake from the rooftop
Figure 1.5: View of Federal Highway from the rooftop
Terrain
The topography is generally flat.
Function and Use
The building is equipped with 6- classrooms, a demo centre, a 130-seat auditorium,
lounge, cafeteria, and prayer rooms. The building boasts an excellent audio-visual system,
complete lighting equipment, administrative and catering services and a large entry foyer
for product display and demonstration. It is wired for communications within itself and with

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its technology partners. They boast a commitment to creating a facility that would be
sensitive to and in harmony with the local environment, as well as one that reflected the
company’s aspirations to be an industry leader.
The singular appearance of this moderately tall tower is the result of architect
Kenneth Yeang's ten-year research into bio-climatic principles for the design of medium-to-
tall buildings. Its tri-partite structure consists of a raised green base, ten circular floors of
office space with terraced garden balconies and external louvers for shade, and is crowned
by a spectacular sun-roof, arching across the top-floor pool. The distinctive columns that
project above the pool floor will eventually support the installation of solar panels, further
reducing the energy consumption of a building cooled by natural ventilation, sun screens,
and air conditioning. Yeang's ecologically and environmentally sound design strategies
reduce long-term maintenance costs by lowering energy use. Importantly, designing with
the climate in mind brings an aesthetic dimension to his work that is not to be found in
typical glass-enclosed air-conditioned medium-to-high rise buildings.
General Objectives
The client needed more space for their headquarters, but more importantly, the
client wanted a showcase building to contribute to their marketing efforts and to represent
projected commercial success. Also, the client wanted to occupy the building as soon as
possible.
The architect’s objectives, on the other hand, were:
 Control of fresh air and air movement
 Access to operable windows
 Potential for natural ventilation
 A good view
 Access to green space
 Access to transitorial spaces
 Receiving natural sunlight
 Control of lighting level

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 Greater comfort in furnishings
 Ability to move furniture
 Provision of interior and exterior areas for relaxation
 A greater feeling of spaciousness
 Better heating and cooling
 Adjustable temperatures
 Less noise and distraction
 Better amenities
 Provision of recreational facilities
 Awareness of place
 Awareness of seasons of the year
 Recreation of ground condition in the sky through elevated gardens
 Bio-climatic functioning of the building
 Interaction with nature, sunlight and shadow
Functional Requirements
The tower was designed to be flexible, to allow for an increase in usable floor area. It
includes spatial requirements for marketing rooms, products, demonstration rooms,
exhibition spaces and an auditorium, a gymnasium and a swimming pool.
Users
The users are the IBM corporate employees. However, not only does the Malaysian
company benefit from this building, but also the surrounding neighbours. The users’
response is outstanding and all are extremely pleased.

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Architectural Drawings
Figure 1.6: Ground Floor Plan
Figure 1.7: East Elevation

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Figure 1.8: South West Elevation
Figure 1.9: Section

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Figure 1.10: Roof Plan
Figure 1.11: Perspective

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Figure 1.12: Office Floor Partitioning

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History of the Building
Figure 1.13 & 1.14: Views of Menara Mesiniaga
Menara Mesiniaga is a landmark building at Jalan SS16/1, Subang Jaya that has
earned the admiration of design experts worldwide. It stands tall as a symbol of the
company’s entrepreneurial drive and innovative spirit. Construction of the building began in
early June 1989 and it was completed in August 1992. The building design is by Dr. Kenneth
Yeang, a well-known and established architect in Malaysia and his firm, TR Hamzah and
Yeang. The construction work was undertaken by the Siah Brothers.
IBM needed a specific symbolic headquarters for their corporate office. Their
intention was to create an atmosphere suitable and comfortable for their employees, along
with an icon that represented their high technological products. Appropriate site analysis
was completed in June 1989 and preliminary sketches were done by the architect and his
client in July 1989.

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By 1989 the preliminary design was approved and construction would commence on
December 1990, and the project was completed in August 1992. This site was specifically
approved by the client, among the five sites proposed by the architect.
The objective of the building is to create a conducive and productive working
environment for its employees. The design also allowed for recreational activities to be
conducted within its premises. But more importantly, was a showcase building to contribute
to their marketing efforts and to represent projected commercial success.
After completion, architect Ken Yeang's long research into bio-climatic design
principles was recognised with the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1995 for the design.

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The Architect
Figure 1.15: Ken Yeang
Dr. Kenneth Yeang (Figure 1.3) is the world’s leading architect in ecological and
passive low energy design. He has delivered over 200 built projects and his “bioclimatic”
towers have had an impact around the world, fusing high-tech and organic principles. Born
in Penang, Malaysia in 1948, Yeang was educated there, as well as in the United States and
the United Kingdom, receiving his doctorate in Architecture from Cambridge University, and
attending the ecological land use planning course at the University of Pennsylvania under
Ian McHarg. His study of ecology gave Yeang a keen interest in the relationship between
buildings and the environment, and the regionally appropriate designs encouraged by
McHarg would have a significant influence on his later work.
His expertise in the field of green design originated from his early doctoral
dissertation from Cambridge University (1971-1974) followed by his on-going Research &
Development work, which has since led to the publication of a number of his treatises on
the topic of ecological design and planning, bioclimatic design and high-rise design. His
publication includes: “The skyscraper: Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable,
Intensive Buildings,” and his latest book “Ecodesign: A manual for Ecological Design.” He
became a member of the British Ecological Society.
He is registered as a professional architect with the ARB (Architects Registration
Board) (UK), the RIBA (Royal Institute of Architects) (UK), PAM (Pertubuhan Arkitek
Malaysia), and, as of 1972, the SIA (Singapore Institute of Architects). He is a Fellow of the

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SIA, an Honorary Fellow of the AIA (American institute of Architects) and Honorary Fellow of
the RSIA (Royal Scottish Institute of Architects). Over his 35 years of professional practice,
he has seen to completion over a hundred projects on site, including having designed over
50 skyscrapers, with over 16 completed, and currently two towers in construction. Besides,
Yeang lectures extensively in over 30 countries at conferences and schools of architecture
on his ideas and work on ecological design and master planning.
He is best known as the inventor of the Bioclimatic skyscraper (as a genre of low-
energy skyscrapers based on bioclimatic design principles), and for his novel ideas on
designing the high-rise building type as vertical urban design. Hamzah & Yeang's design and
built work have been recognised by the over 70 awards received since 1989 that include
the:
• Aga Khan Award for Architecture (for the Menara Mesiniaga, an IBM franchise
• The Prince Claus Award (Netherlands)
• The UIA (International Union of Architects) Auguste Perret Award
• Several of the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) annual design awards
• The WACA (World Association of Chinese Architects) Gold Medals (for the Solaris
Building, 2011 and for the National Library Singapore)
• The Holcim Regional Award for Sustainability (Switzerland) (for the Putrajaya Phase
2C5 building, Malaysia, 2011),
His personal awards include:
• PAM (Malaysia Institute of Architects) Gold Medal
• UIA Auguste Perret Award
• Government of Malaysia’s ‘Darjah Mulia Pangkuan Negeri (DMPN) Award (that
carries the official title of ‘Dato’ (2003) generally regarded as the Malaysian

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equivalent of the UK’s OBE)
• Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat (USA)
• Merdeka Award (for the 'environment' category, 2011) from the Government of
Malaysia, regarded as its national equivalent of the Nobel prize.

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Site Context Analysis
Building Accessibility
Figure 2.1: Ingress and Egress to Menara Mesiniaga
The Menara Mesiniaga building shares a same route for both ingress and egress
(Figure 2.1). The route is used for both users and building services. The entrance to the
building is located at the front lobby with prepared parking lots for users and visitors. There
is also a basement carpark which gives access to multiple parking bays for users to park their
cars. (Figure 2.2)
Figure 2.2: Basement carpark

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The front of the building caters for the public whereas the others are for private
usage – i.e for staffs and loading/unloading. The back of the building is used for
maintenance services for the building. It also includes an emergency escape for staffs. The
back of the building is used for maintenance services for the building. It also includes an
emergency escape for staffs.
Relationship of Building with Surroundings
Figure 2.3: View of Menara Mesiniaga
Menara Mesiniaga is located on a major highway from the airport to Kuala Lumpur.
It is in a highly visible location with few buildings within the surrounding context. Around
the building there is a mixture of unplanned, beautifully lush places. There is a lake which is
seen from every level of the building, some residential complexes and townhouses, office
buildings and a mosque. One of the largest shopping centres is also located within walking
distance of the Mesiniaga. There is also a medical centre which is within view of the
building. Overall, many of the surrounding buildings are low budget. They are 1 or 2 storey
adaptations of older houses. A federal highway and two hotels are nearby, both are large
scale structures. Also, an office block and commercial centre are in the vicinity.
The natural landscaping is very eye catching. There seems to be a substantial
amount of growth within the area, in respect to community development. Menara
Mesiniaga is a landmark building that has earned the admiration of design experts

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worldwide. It stands tall its revolutionary status has increased the value of the land around
it.
The Mesiniaga building is a courageous attempt at energy-efficient tropical-friendly
architecture, but it lacks local cultural references. Unlike the buildings surrounding it which
are mostly based on Malaysia’s cultural reference, Mesiniaga’s extraordinary exoskeleton
formed the differences between the site and Menara Mesiniaga.
Figure 2.4: Buildings surrounding Menara Mesiniaga
The Menara Mesiniaga differs from its surrounding context through its overall
relative appearance. The building surrounding Menara Mesiniaga like the 1 to 2 storey
adaptations of older houses creates a contrast with the outstanding high-rise structure of
the Menara Mesiniaga. Its unique design inevitably becomes the main focus of the area,
making it the landmark of the site. Moreover, there is also a mosque situated nearby that is
designed with the local Islamic architectural style, which further distincts the Mesiniaga
building from its surrounding context. The surrounding buildings are relatively compact and
project dissimilarity in comparison with Menara Mesiniaga as the building is situated on a
wide individual corner space, isolated from the compact buildings surrounding it.

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Figure 2.5: Natural view from Menara Mesiniaga
Figure 2.6: Man-made landscape to shelter the lowest three levels of the building
Artificial landscape is built to insulate the lowest three levels of Menara Mesiniaga
from direct contact with the morning sunlight thus reducing the usage of man-made light
source. This sloping landscape connecting the land is covered with green grass making the
surrounding view of nature similar to it. Besides that, sky gardens (planter boxes) are also
located at every level of the building, thus creating a harmonious environment when in
comparison with the surrounding landscape.
Response to Climate
“The bioclimatic high-rise Menara Mesiniaga is a tall building with passive low energy
benefits, achieved through design responses to the climate of the place and through

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optimizing the use of the locality’s ambient energies, to enhance the quality of life and
comfort for its occupants.”
This headquarters applies Ken Yeang’s bioclimatic designs with both internal and
external features to create a low energy building ideal for the tropical climate.
Climate Analysis
Figure 2.7: Annual relative humidity in Kuala Lumpur
Figure 2.8: Annual maximum temperature in Kuala Lumpur

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Figure 2.9: Annual minimum temperature in Kuala Lumpur
Figure 2.10: Annual average temperature in Kuala Lumpur
Humidity
Figure 2.6 shows that Kuala Lumpur has a high relative humidity in the range of 80%-
85%. Malaysia has a tropical wet climate with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist
due to the year-round rainfall.

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With relation to the building design, it is encouraged to include passive ventilation by
having windows open on opposite sides of the building to maintain a good cross air flow and
eliminate interior humidity build up.
Temperature
Based on the temperature graph in Figures 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9, the annual average
temperature is around 26.6 degree Celsius. On average, the warmest month is in April while
the coolest is in September. April happens to be the wettest month and June is the driest
month.
For high-rise buildings in high temperature locations, proper HVAC or adequate
passive ventilation is necessary to maintain the cool temperature inside the building.
Sun Analysis
Figure 2.11s: January 1st - 1200 hours
Figure 2.12: May 15th – 1315 hours

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Figure 2.13: August 29th - 1415 hours
Figure 2.14: November 1st – 0915 hours
The Advantages
In the design of Menara Mesiniaga, the architect took advantage of the sunlight
penetrating through the building. He intended to build the building in such a way that
benefits the natural sunlight and the environment.
The enclosed rooms do not need much light and are located near the central core,
which allows workstations to be located on the outside edge where natural lighting and
outstanding views are available.

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Annual and Daily Sun Pathway
Figure 2.15: Sun-shading devices on the facade
Figures 2.11, 2.12, 2.13 and 2.14 prove that the architect’s intention was to benefit the
natural sunlight from every direction into the building. In addition, shading elements were
inserted on the East and West elevation rather than the North and South elevation.
Moreover, the lobby of the building is placed further inside for shade (from the second
floor’s balcony). Lastly, the natural sunlight also enters through the sunroof of the basement
carpark, reducing the need for man-made light source.
Wind Analysis
Ventilation
Due to various wind directions, the winds are nearly transferred equally. Menara
Mesiniaga’s main ventilation is by air conditioning and natural ventilation. The air
conditioning systems for the counter area, offices, meeting rooms, cafeteria and few other
areas are divided into two types. One of the air conditioning systems is the Energy Saving
System which is used around the counter area and offices, as shown by the yellow ellipse
(Figure 2.17), as the staying period in these areas are longer. The other air conditioning
system is called the Split Air Conditioner which is usually used in houses as it is used to cool

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one to two rooms. For this building, Split AC are used in the meeting rooms and cafeteria for
only a certain period of time.
Figure 2.16: Sliding doors of terrace can be opened to improve air flow
Figure 2.17: The air flow (green arrows) and air conditioning flow (yellow ellipse) throughout
the building

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Figure 2.18: Open rooftop swimming pool
Figure 2.19: Entrance to basement carpark
As for the natural ventilation – wind, the escape stairs are unenclosed and pushed to
the edge of the building to allow wind to take part. The elevator lobby and washroom
spaces have shaded window openings that give in view and natural ventilation. The sliding
doors on the terraces can be opened for natural ventilation to flow throughout the office
areas. Besides that, part of highest floor which is an opened space swimming pool area
allows for natural ventilation. Moreover, tiny gaps allow the wind to ventilate into the
gymnasium under the overhang-curved roofing provided. Lastly, the basement parking area
is also ventilated as the entrance and exit are opened. Ventilations Since the energy
consumption is reduced, the electricity cost of Menara Mesiniaga is maintained within a

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certain amount more reasonable compared to other buildings. Moreover, the air from the
surrounding site is also fresher due to the green site context and also the flow of the wind.
Wind and Weather Statistics
Figure 2.17: Table and wind rose of wind and weather statistics of Morib/Kuala Lumpur
Airport

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Air Flow
Figure 2.18: Basic air flow within the building
As warm air passes through the sky gardens (planter boxes) as well as shading
devices, they are cooled and allowed to flow through the building as part of the ventilation
cooling system. The exterior windows utilise the natural ventilation to maintain air flow
throughout the building.

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Architectural Layout of the Building
Figure 3.1: Plan to section/elevation analysis

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Shading Devices
Figure 3.2: Sun Path
The façade is treated with aluminium louvers that help prevent solar heat gain. The
arrangement of the louvers illustrates the equatorial solar path at the site, north and south
façade, which receive the least direct sunlight, are shaded with thin strip louvers, while the
western face of the building is shielded by wide bands of aluminium that almost cover the
entire window to block the harsh afternoon sun.
The tower rises from a planted berm at base, and the vegetation continues upward
in a spiral of landscaped “sky courts” carved from the cylindrical façade. In addition to
provide a connection to nature for the building occupants and also provide shading for
adjacent interior spaces, while floor-to-ceiling glazing, and sliding glass doors maintain
contact with exterior.

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Conceptual Sketches
The first design proposal had an atrium and the core in the centre of the building.
This design adds voids in the lower and upper floors and plants flowing upwards from the
ground floor. The second proposal that was approved by the client in December 1989
removed the original atrium and relocated the core on the east periphery. The built form is
the result of architect’s decade-long research into bioclimatic principles for the design of tall
buildings in tropical climates.
Sun Shaders
The louvers and shades relate to
the orientation of the building.
They reduce solar and heat gain.
Garden Insets
The deep garden insets allow full
height curtain walls on the north
and south sides as a response to
the tropical overhead sun path.

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The core of the building located on the periphery east, which is the hot side of the
building. Yeang used this over the advantage of natural lighting for the toilets and elevator
lobbies. Also, the core area is naturally ventilated, minimizing the use of air-conditioning. On
the other hand, the location of the service core helps to block out the morning sunlight
going into the office spaces.
Artificial lighting is reduced due to the natural lighting but sun and shading effects in
spaces are used to control the brightness of sunlight penetrating into the interior spaces of
the building.
The roof is inhabitable, but as a part of Yeang’s idea of connecting the building back
to the land, the roof of the building holds a pool and a gymnasium. It acts as the social space
of the building.
The distinctive composition that crowns the tower will provide for the future
installation of solar panels to further reduce energy consumption. The sun screen structure
is made of steel and holds aluminium panels and serves to shades the pool as well as the
roof of the buildings. The rain water collection system is also on the roof.

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Figure 3.3: Circulation of the office floor plan
Organisation Analysis
 The building has a tripartite structure that consists of a raised “green" base,
and ten circular floors of office space with a spiralling body with horizontal,
terraced garden balconies and external louvers for shade.
 Contrast
Two spirals of green “sky garden” that twist up the building create visual
contrast with the steel and aluminium surfaces
 Hierarchy

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There is a specific hierarchy to the location of each office, staircase, and
terrace.
 At the bottom is a slopped landscapes base that houses the main lobby,
theatre, classrooms and other exhibition spaces to create a gradation from
surrounding grass fields to the main structure.
 Centralized
The body of the building rotate about the central axis that is the core of the
building
Spatial Organisation

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Figure 3.4: The office and leisure space
The spatial organization for Menara Mesiniaga is spiral vertical organization. As seen
in the section of Menara Mesiniaga is divided into few spaces; the public, semi-public and
private park.
The public spaces are the public area (lobby) and the carpark. These spaces are more
concentrated in the lower part of the building.
The semi-public spaces are spaces that is partially accessible, like the recreation area
which are the swimming pool and gymnasium room and the exterior circulation are open for
the people with access letter.
The private spaces such as the office space and leisure space, are located at the
centre of the building. which only allow for the worker to access.

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Architecture Style Analysis
1. Structural ExpressionismArchitecture
2. Bioclimatic Architecture
3. Contemporary Architecture
Examples of Structural ExpressionismBuildings
Figure 4.1: Examples of structural expressionism buildings
Structural Expressionism, also known as High Tech Modernism, was a reaction to
Miesian ideals of buildings. Structural Expressionist buildings incorporate the ideals of
interchangeable prefabricated parts, flexibility in design and economy of construction. The
main concept behind the design is using the structural components to dictate the aesthetic
of the building. Oftentimes, structural elements are exposed and employ innovative
approaches to structural stability. Engineering creates new possibilities in building design.
Primary Stylistic Features
 Exposed or visible structural elements inside and out.

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 Emphasis on the industrial materials.
 Functional building components are exposed.
Secondary Stylistic Features
 Interior spaces are adaptable.
 Detached frames.
 Exposed trusswork.
 Extensive use of glass.
 Highly complex shapes.
 Metallic.
Bioclimatic architecture refers to the design of buildings and spaces (interior, exterior,
outdoor) based on local climate, aimed at providing thermal and visual comfort, making use
of solar energy and other environmental sources. Basic elements of bioclimatic design are
passive solar systems which are incorporated onto buildings and utlilise environmental
sources (for example, sun, air, wind, vegetation, water, soil, sky) for heating, cooling and
lighting the buildings.

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Bioclimatic design takes into account the local climate and includes the following principles:
 Heat protection of the buildings in winter as well as in summer, using appropriate
techniques which are applied to the external envelope of the building, especially by
adequate insulation and air tightness of the building and its openings.
 Use of solar energy for heating buildings in the winter season and for daylighting all
year round. This is achieved by the appropriate orientation of the buildings and
especially their openings (preferably towards the south), by the layout of interior
spaces according to their heating requirements, and by passive solar systems which
collect solar radiation and act as “natural” heating as well as lighting systems.
 Protection of the buildings from the summer sun, primarily by shading but also by
the appropriate treatment of the building envelope (i.e. use of reflective colours and
surfaces).
 Removal of the heat which accumulates in summer in the building to the
surrounding environment using by natural means (passive cooling systems and
techniques), such as natural ventilation, mostly during nighttime.
 Improvement – adjustment of environmental conditions in the interiors of buildings
so that their inhabitants find them comfortable and pleasant (i.e. increasing the air
movement inside spaces, heat storage, or cool storage in walls).
 Ensuring insolation combined with solar control for daylighting of buildings, in order
to provide sufficient and evenly distributed light in interior spaces.
 Improvement of the microclimate around buildings, through the bioclimatic design
of exterior spaces and in general, of the built environment, adhering to all of the
above principles.
Contemporary architecture retains modernism’s devotion to connecting the indoors
and outdoors, and to achieving a feeling of spaciousness. But it isn’t averse to showing signs
of regional character or even whimsy. And today’s architects are especially concerned with
energy efficiency and sustainable materials, which has led to some truly innovative design.
Contemporary architecture is definable broadly as the building style of the present day.
Examples do not necessarily have similar or easily recognizable features, however, because

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the "style" is really quite varied and has a number of different influences. Even though a
precise definition of the term is difficult to articulate, contemporary homes typically include
an irregular or unusually shaped frame, an open floor plan, oversized windows, and the use
of "green" and repurposed components. Such homes also often have an organic design,
fitting into the surrounding space and meeting an immediate need in the area.
Key Elements
 Natural, sustainable components
 Recycled and nontoxic materials
 Natural light
Although people sometimes use the terms "contemporary" and "modern" architecture
interchangeably, they technically are not synonymous. Modern architecture refers to the
building style of the early to mid-20th century. It featured clean lines with an emphasis on
function. Some people viewed the elements that characterized modern architecture as too
cold and impersonal.

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Examples of architecture styles on the building (Menara Mesiniaga)
Figure 4.2: Menara Mesiniaga’s Built Form
Planting can be found amongst the triple-height recessed terraces in the upper
reaches of the building. These atriums allow natural ventilation with cool air, and the
vegetation enhances shade and increases the oxygen supply. On the north and south
facades, curtain wall glazing is used to control solar gain and on the east and west facades,
external aluminium fins and louvers provide sun shading.
Figure 4.3: Sun shading devices

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The facade is a “sieve-like” filter (instead of a “sealed skin”). The louvers and shades relate
to the orientation of the building. They allow or reduce solar gain. The deep garden insets
allow full height curtain walls on the north and south sides- as a response to the tropical
overhead sun path. The core functions are located on the “hot” side, the east.
Figure 4.4: Spiral which starts at the base and circulates up to the top of the building. This
form creates a garden in the sky and provides interest for the viewer’s eye.

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Figure 4.5 & 4.6: Exposed structure of Menara Mesiniaga
The structure is completely exposed. The structural system is reinforced concrete, with a
steel structure used for the mezzanine and balconies.
Imported aluminium composite panels for cladding with local spray tile finish to other
masonry areas.

47
Building Construction, Structure and Materials Analysis
The main structure of Menara Mesiniaga is exposed steel tubes (Figure 5.1 & 5.2). The floor
plates are concrete over steel trusses. In which, both modern materials are used in the
construction of Menara Mesiniaga.
Figure 5.1 & 5.2: Exposed steel tubes
As for the core functions, they are located on the “hot” or east side. The elevator lobbies
(Figure 5.3) and lavatories which are not air-conditioned and are on the east side in order to
buffer the climate-controlled offices from the sun. For the main office spaces (Figure 5.4),
they are naturally ventilated and air-conditioned. Furthermore, the building is equipped
with a Building Automated System at which it controls energy features including air
conditioning and is utilized to the reduction of energy consumption in equipment.

48
Figure 5.3: Lobbies on the east side
Figure 5.4: Main Office Space
Other passive low energy features include: Aluminium louvers (Figure 5.5) are
presented in all the windows on the east and west in order to provide sun shading. The
Curtain wall glazing (Figure 5.6) is used to control solar gain and on the north and south
facades.

49
Figure 5.5: Aluminium fin & louvers (East & West) Figure 5.6: Curtain Wall Glazing (North &
South)
The shaft is alternately indented by garden terraces and fitted with brise soleil on the east
and west - that saves $13590 in air conditioning per year.
The roof is inhabitable and acts as the capping social space of the building as well as an
additional buffer between interior and exterior spaces.
Figure 5.7 & 5.8: Sunscreen structure on roof top.
The sunscreen structure (Figure 5.7 & 5.8) is made of steel and holds aluminium
panels. The structure has the capability of holding solar panels (if ever installed). The screen
shades the pool as well as the roof of the building. The rainwater collection system is also on
the roof.
The roof is not problem-free. Due to the high-humidity, there has been some leakage
and the deterioration of insulation. Therefore, some rusting has occurred elsewhere in the
building. Yeang has since stressed an importance on material lifecycle costing.

50
Construction Technology
Reinforced concrete and conventional structural curtain walls (Figure 5.9) were
semi-unitized, half on site and half prefabricated and then moved to the site. Aluminium
work (Figure 5.10) on the façade was fabricated off site and later installed on site.
Choice of Materials and Level of Technology
The concept is well expressed with the excellent choice of materials, and the
corporate image of technological products. However, due to climatic circumstances, some
of the materials are not well considered. Glass, steel and aluminium are those that do not
correspond to local technologies to that time. While there was no establishment of
regional recycled construction materials companies yet. Therefore, city and industry
practices do not create a helpful infrastructure to regain the value of construction waste.
A tangible transition in material use can be felt as one walks through the building.
For example, as the spaces change, the use of materials becomes warmer. The steel
elements and structures were specifically designed by the architects in drawings and
submitted to the engineers. It only remained for the engineers to size the pieces to be
built. Most of them were imported from Japan like the cladding and the suspended glass in
the ground floor lobby. While for the interior paneling, partitions and carpeting were
imported from the United States.
Figure 5.9: Semi-unitized structural curtain walls Figure 5.10: Prefabricated aluminium work

51
In conclusion, the architect submitted designs, the engineers sized them, and the
contractors submitted costs and built the structure. The process shows that level of
technology is appropriately arranged.
Materials Analysis
Figure 5.11: Steel structure and reinforce concrete as structural system
The structural system is reinforced concrete which has high relative strength,
irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress and most importantly thermal compatibility,
and with the modern material which is steel structure which has high strength, easy to work
with, ductile is used for the mezzanine and balconies and as structural system. (Figure 5.11)
Materials are basically divided among the following elements:
i) Foundation
Bore concrete piles. The principal structural members are reinforced concrete and a
structural frame uses steel outriggers. The usage of reinforced concrete is to compatible
with the surrounding temperatures and provide durability, irrespective of corrosion or
sustained stress.
ii) Infill
Brickwork for internal fire protected areas which brick is said to be an excellent cladding
choice to resist or confine fires. Glazed panels for external cladding which increases the
thermal efficiency of buildings and reduces water and air infiltration, and gypsum board for

52
internal partitioning which has the advantages of being sound attenuating, economical, fire
resistive and versatile.
iii) Rendering and finishes
Figure 5.12: Aluminium composite panels on various parts
Figure 5.13: White marble used for lobby walls

53
Figure 5.14: Quartz tiles used for lobby feature wall.
Imported aluminium composite panels (Figure 5.12) which is an economical
selection, provided with outstanding thermal comfort, protecting the environment, least
maintenance, durable and excellent weather resistance is used for cladding with local spray
tile finish to other masonry areas like columns and walls. White marble (Figure 5.13) which
is aesthetical, resistant to fire, shattering and erosion is used for lobby walls. Quartz tiles
(Figure 5.14) which are very durable, fire resistance and porous are used for lobby feature
wall.
iv) Floors
Figure 5.15: Granite floorings in the lobby

54
Figure 5.16: Homogeneous local tiles Figure 5.17: Imported carpet at lift lobbies
Figure 5.18: Exposed aggregate plaster used for forecourt and apron.
Imported granite (Figure 5.15) which is beautiful, bacteria and stain resistant is used
in the lobby with homogeneous local tiles (Figure 5.16) for the poolside, toilet, and roof
terraces. But provided with that the granite flooring is expensive and regular maintenance is
necessary. Imported carpet and tiles (Figure 5.17) for the office areas and lift lobbies.
Exposed aggregate plaster (Figure 5.18) used for forecourt and apron.
v) Ceilings
Figure 5.19: Mineral Fiber board

55
Figure 5.20 & 5.21: Gypsum Board and fibrous plaster used for ground floor reception,
auditorium
Imported mineral fiber board (Figure 5.19) which has much execution, sound
ingestion, flame resistant, warm protection, bacteria resistance, ecological assurance is used
for office areas and lift lobbies. The usages of Fibrous plaster and gypsum board (Figure
5.20 & 5.21) which can be easily installed, impact resistant and as a thermal insulator for
ground floor reception, auditorium and exhibition space.
vi) Roofing
Figure 5.22: Metal deck roofing used for the sky gymnasium.
Figure 5.23: Painted mild steel outriggers

56
Imported metal deck roofing (Figure 5.22) which is an energy efficient roofing type as it
reflects solar heat and cut back on cooling costs is used for the sky gymnasium. Also painted
mild steel outriggers (Figure 5.23) for the roof structure and mezzanine.
vii) Glazing
Figure 5.24: Laminated double glazed light green glass
Mostly double glazed. The laminated light-green glass and glazing detailing (Figure 5.24)
acts as a ventilation-filter without wholly insulation the interior.
In conclusion,
i) Exposed steel structure and reinforced concrete as structure.
ii) Aluminium louvers and curtain wall glazing as shading devices.
iii) Sunscreen structure is made of steel and holds aluminium panels.
iv) Foundation: Bore concrete piles.
v) Infill: Brickwork for internal fire protected areas. Glazed panels are used for
external cladding. Gypsum board for internal partitioning.
vi) Rendering & Finishes: Aluminium composite panels on various parts. White
marbles used for lobby walls. Quartz tiles used for lobby feature walls.

57
vii) Flooring: Imported granite floorings in the lobby. Imported carpet and tiles for
the office and lift lobbies. Exposed aggregate plaster used for forecourt and
apron.
viii) Ceilings: Imported mineral fiber board for office areas and lift lobbies. Fibrous
plaster and gypsum board for ground floor reception, auditorium and exhibition
space.
ix) Roofing: Metal deck roofing for sky gymnasium. Painted mild steel outriggers for
roof structure and mezzanine.
x) Glazing: Double glazed laminated light green glass as ventilation filter.

58
Comparing with the Buildings in the West
Menara Mesiniaga is a “Structural expressionism” or “Late Modernism” style
building, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design.
Structural Expressionist buildings reveal their structure on the outside as well as the inside,
but with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure as
opposed to exterior concrete walls. Therefore, by comparing with 30 St Mary Axe, which is
also a high-tech sustainable building in the west, similarities and differences can be found.
Menara Mesiniaga 30 St Mary Axe
Foundation Concrete piles Concrete piles
Structure Exposed steel tube, Reinforced concrete Aluminium coated tube steel
Facade Glazing, Aluminium Louvers, Aluminium
panels
Glazing, Perforated Aluminium
louvers, Extruded Aluminium Frame
Floor Concrete Concrete

59
Wall Single Wall System Double Wall System
Floor plan Circular Circular
Methodology Prefabricated off site & fabricated on
site
Precambering & prefabricated off
site.
From the comparison above, both buildings favors the requirements of a “late
modernism” buildings at which they have the similarity of using glass and aluminium as
primary materials, while concrete piles for foundation and reinforced concrete or steel as
skeletal structure.

60
Architectural Elements/Components Analysis
Main Ideas and Concepts for the Menara Mesiniaga
1. Sky gardens that serve as villages
2. Spiralling vertical landscape
3. Recessed and shaded windows on the East and West
4. Curtain wall glazing on the North and South
5. Single core service on hot side – East
6. Naturally ventilated and sunlit toilets, stairways and lift lobbies
7. Spiral balconies on the exterior walls with full height sliding doors to interior offices
Design Features
The building brings together the principles of the bioclimatic approach to the design of tall
buildings developed over the previous decade by the firm. In particular, the building has the
following features:
• “Vertical Landscaping” (planting) is introduced into the building facade and at the “sky
courts”. In this building the planting starts by mounding up from ground level to as far up as
possible at one side of the building. The planting then “spirals” upwards across the face of
the building with the use of recessed terraces (as sky courts).
• A number of passive low-energy features are also incorporated: All the window areas
facing the hot sides of the building (i.e. East and West sides) have external louvers as solar-
shading to reduce solar heat gain into the internal spaces. Those sides without direct solar
insolation (i.e. the north and South sides) have unshielded curtain-walled glazing for good
views and to maximise natural lighting.
• The lift lobbies at all floors are naturally ventilated and are sun-lit with views to the
outside. These lobbies do not require fire-protection pressurisation (i.e. low-energy lobby).
All stairways and toilet areas are also naturally ventilated and have natural lighting.

61
• The sunroof is the skeletal provision for panel space for the possible future placing of
solar-cells to provide back-up energy source. BAS (Building Automation System) is an active
Intelligent Building feature used in the building for energy-saving.
Figure 6.1: Sun shaders (Yellow) / Garden spaces (Green)
General Overview
The building is 15 stories tall and circular in plan. Yeang designed this building to
include three items: 1- a sloping landscape base to connect the land with the verticality of
the building; 2- a circular spiralling body with landscaped sky courts that allow visual relief
for office workers as well as providing continuity of spaces connecting the land through the
building; and 3- the upper floor provides a swimming pool and gym.
The noticeable building features of the IBM tower not only visually define the high-
tech style of the company and its conceptual organic disposition, but also define it as a
bioclimatic high-rise. First, the building’s general form, structural strategy, component
cores, glazed surfaces, is oriented for maximum environmental efficiency shading against
direct overheating but allowing for natural daylight. Second, where the main components of
the building and its orientation cannot shade the building, ingeniously calculated shading
devices are installed on the building face for passive cooling. Finally, the extension of the

62
land that begins at the sloped berm spirals up the height of the building with planted
terraces that culminates at the inhabited rooftop. These terraces not only provide for
vertical gardens and transitional spaces, but also shades and ventilates the building. These
major innovations in form, envelope and regional adaptations to the typical skyscraper
indicated that Yeang’s work was at the leading edge of the then contemporary architecture
at the time ecological design was at its organizational infancy.
Figure 6.2: Axonometrics: (Left to Right) Built Form; Planting & Sky Gardens; Solar
Orientation; Shading Devices
Built Form
Mesiniaga’s verticality allows exposure to the full extent of heat, weather and
temperatures. Mesiniaga’s exoskeleton – made of exposed steel and reinforced concrete
structures, helps to reflect the sun, and the entirely exposed columns and beams are open
for cross-ventilated cooling. The single core services are built on the hot side which is on the
East.
Planting and Sky Garden
In order to shelter and insulate the lowest three levels from the morning sun, an
artificial sloping landscape is created to connect the land to the verticality of the building.
Moreover, its circular spiralling body with landscaped sky courts aids in cooling, ventilation
and provision of space for occupants to relieve.

63
Figure 6.3: Sky garden in Menara Mesiniaga
Solar Orientation and Passive Solar Design
The majority of the building’s double-glazed, operable curtain walls lie flush to the
façade only on the North and South side. Being near the equator, the Malaysian afternoon
sun shines from high in the sky, a slight overhang is enough to block shallow penetrating
rays into the building. For most of the West half of the building, external solar shades are
installed. The South West and North West are protected by aluminium fins offset
approximately 40cm away from the building face. These devices are utilized where high-
angled rays may hit the curtain walls. But for more far reaching direct light, deeper, single
panel aluminium louvers offset from the building twice as far as the fins is installed. Where
extensive West-side shading is concerned, the alternately shaped floor plates partner with
terraces to create indentations in the building form that help it shade itself.

64
Figure 6.4: Interior view of external solar shades on the West side
The landscaped terraces that appear on every office level also allows for full height
sliding glass doors that let in fresh air and greened transitional spaces for a respite from
computer screens. The stepped terraces can be traced spiralling back down to the berm and
the surrounding landscape, generating an atrium where employees may feel part of a
progressive organization that has clear environmental awareness.
Figure 6.5: The spiralling stepped terraces allow fresh air through glass doors

65
Figure 6.6: Garden terraces located on each office level
Internally, enclosed rooms are placed as a central core rather than being situated at
the periphery. This ensures good natural lighting and views out for the peripherally located
workstations. As the building is circular in plan, there are no dark corners.
Figure 6.7: Model of Menara Mesiniaga to show Louvers and Sun Roof
LOUVER
The louver shades the office and the
uppermost floor houses recreational areas, a
swimming pool and sun roof.
SUN ROOF
The sunroof is the skeletal provision for panel
space for the possible future placing of solar
cells to provide back-up energy source.

66
Figure 6.8: On the North and South facades, curtain wall glazing is used to control solar gain
(Highlighted in green)
Figure 6.9: On the East and West facades, external aluminium fins and louvers provide sun
shading (Highlighted in green)

67
Figure 6.10: Model massing showing the glazing and shading of Menra Mesiniaga
(Highlighted in green)
The major visible architectural elements topping off the office levels include a
cantilevering rooftop pool and a gym with a curvilinear roof; these facilities are open to
employees. The pool ‘greens’ the rooftop by insulating and reflecting the overhead sun. The
overhang of the curvilinear roof is enough to shade most of the entire South façade from
the high-angled afternoon sun. Crowning the building is a tubular steel trellis that shades
the top floor amenities and is designed to accommodate solar panels in the future that will
further increase the building’s ecological efficiency.

68
Figure 6.11: Cantilevering rooftop pool that insulates and reflects the overhead sun
Figure 6.12: Sunroof made of trussed steel and aluminium, which shades and filters light on
to the swimming pools and gymnasium

69
Figure 6.13: Rooftop swimming pool
The core functions are located on the “hot” side, the East. The core uses extensive
passive heating and cooling strategies and has no mechanical support because its
programmed functions of circulation and washrooms involve low occupancy duration.
Instead of an internal service core, the concrete core of the building faces the exterior and is
located on the East side of the tower. This orientation allows the core to shade the building
from direct sun rays and its material construction allows it to become a heat sink that will
reradiate absorbed heat into the interiors at night.
Figure 6.14: East Side: Building core shades direct East sunlight and acts as heat sink

70
Air Ventilation
Large multi-storey transitional spaces provide airflow in between the zones and
provide better circulation of hot and cool air in and out of the building. The permeable
external walls of the building provide cross-ventilation even in air-conditioned spaces. Air
movement is encouraged underneath the building, specifically at the lobby entrance as it is
half open to the surrounding land while the other half is circled by the sloped berm. This
creates a lobby entrance that is shaded as well as ventilated without mechanical effort. This
also allows for a functional connection with the site, avoiding how typical enclosed lobbies
segregate the building from its landscape.
Figure 6.15: The lobby entrance which is half open to the surrounding land
Summary
Menara Mesiniaga maximizes the use of passive solar design into their building. It
plays with sunlight which penetrates through the building and controls it with the use of
appropriate shading devices to reduce overheating and to provide comfort for its users. The
circular exterior shape of the building and orientation affects the amount of sunlight
passing through as it admits sunlight from all angles. Glazing and shading of glass windows
are incorporated into the design to minimize the solar gain and heat load in the morning.
Glazed curtain walling is applied throughout the building to enhance natural lighting and

71
also reduce temperature of the building and avoid overheating. Shading devices are also
strategically placed at locations with high sunlight intensity. This is to give thermal comfort
for users inside the building as well as to reduce glaring. Natural lighting is also found in the
basement of the building which illuminates the parking lot, toilets and air-conditioning
generator. Window openings are placed on the ground directly above these spaces in order
to provide sufficient lighting. This helps reduce the cost of electricity.
Figure 6.17: Basement parking area of Menara Mesiniaga
Open spaces and well planned ventilated areas can be found throughout the Menara
Mesiniaga building. Spaces like the garden terraces, rooftop, service core and stairs located
in the building help to enhance thermal comfort for the users in the area by providing
natural sunlight and ventilation. The core uses extensive passive heating and cooling
strategies and has no mechanical support as its programmed functions of circulation and
washrooms involve low use period. Instead of an internal service core, the concrete core of
the building faces the outside and is located on the Eastern side of the tower. This
orientation allows the core to shade the building from direct sun rays and its material
construction allows it to become a heat sink that will re-radiate absorbed heat into the
interior at night. The escape stairs are unenclosed and the elevator lobby and washroom
spaces have shaded window openings that give in view and natural ventilation. Thermal
comfort in this building is more than effectively achieved by these specific features, where
mechanical cooling system is put to optimum use, not overuse.

72
Furthermore, studies have shown greater occupancy happiness and employee
output where the building can offer a connection with external spaces whether it is natural
daylight or sky gardens that let workers relax and feel as if they belong to a whole. The
major visible architectural elements topping off the office levels include a cantilevering
rooftop pool and a curvilinear roof. The pool on the rooftop helps by insulating and
reflecting the overhead sun. The overhang of the curvilinear roof is enough to shade most
of the entire south facade from the high angled afternoon sun.
Sketches
Figure 6.18: Different types of shading devices used to reduce overheating
Figure 6.19: Direction of sunlight affected by circular exterior

73
Figure 6.20: Glazed curtain walling and shading devices
Figure 6.21: Window placement on ground level
Figure 6.22: Natural sunlight and ventilation through spaces

74
Figure 6.23: Natural daylight for garden terraces
Figure 6.24: Reflection and absorption of sunlight

75
Conclusion
Menara Mesiniaga is considered one of the first bio-climatic skyscrapers. Yeang’s
use of all these different elements allows for a low energy building that is high performance.
This striking interpretation of the corporate landmark skyscraper explores a new direction
for an often pompous building type. Instead of a typically authoritarian and introverted
statement of a multi-national corporation, the IBM tower is a robust, informal and open
expression of an emerging technology. The architect calls this new type the ‘bioclimatic tall
building’ and provides it with sensible, energy-saving climatic controls. Most notable are the
two spirals of green sky gardens that twist up the building and provide shade and visual
contrast with the steel and aluminium surfaces. The reinforced concrete frame is further
punctuated by two types of sun-screens and a glass and steel curtain wall, which along with
the sloping base and metal crown, make the essentially High Tech image much more
organic; one of the jurors termed the building ‘organitech’. Further ecological sensitivity
includes the placement of the core functions on the hottest (east) side of the tower and the
extensive use of natural light, ventilation and greenery.
Many of Kenneth Yeang’s projects include the use of ‘sky courts’, vertical
landscaping, and natural ventilation - ideas that he used in Menara Mesiniaga. He is also
starting to use more green materials, removable partitions and floors, water recycling and
purification, and building material being recycled and reused. All of these design aspects
are helping in Kenneth Yeang’s hopes to change how one thinks about skyscrapers.
Kenneth Yeang’s ‘bioclimatic architecture’ recalls the climatic architecture of the
1950s and Frank Lloyd Wright’s skyscraper projects, in a move towards a new architecture
for the 1990s. the result is an alternative to the reigning mode of corporate towers and a
new synthesis for contemporary architecture that is responsive to the climate of a particular
place and finds inspiration for a new architectural language from forces that are ultimately
cosmic.

76
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