Methodological issues
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This document discusses methodological issues in qualitative research, including sampling, validity, and triangulation. It outlines different sampling techniques used in qualitative research like convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It also discusses evaluating the validity of qualitative research methods and different types of validity. Finally, it covers the concept of triangulation, which involves using multiple data sources or research methods to validate research findings. Triangulation helps reduce biases and allows a more comprehensive understanding of the research topic.
Methodological issues
- 1. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES SAMPLING VALIDITY TRIANGULATION Presented by Dr Moazzam Ali,MSPH.2014 2015 Course coordinator Mr. Aijaz
- 2. OUTLINE METHODOLOGY & METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OVERVIEW OF METHODS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SAMPLING ISSUES EVALUATION AND VALIDITY OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS TRIANGULATION
- 3. METHODOLOGY & METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES Methodology refers to general principles Investigations ways of the social world Demonstrate the knowledge Validity of knowledge
- 4. METHODS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- 5. WHEN QUALITATIVE METHODS USED? In exploratory studies, prior to quantitative work as a way of examining the context of quantitative findings, or to give depth on their own, in studies addressing questions of meaning and interpretation to generate hypothesis to develop new concepts
- 8. CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
- 9. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Example A more concrete example is choosing five people from a class or choosing the first five names from the list of patients.
- 10. JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING Judgmental sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on their knowledge and professional judgment.
- 11. JUDGMENTAL SAMPLING Judgmental sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on their knowledge and professional judgment. Setbacks of Judgmental Sampling, bias & sampling error
- 12. QUOTA SAMPLING Fixed number of persons with particular characteristics are taken regardless of their distribution in population Example. old and young urban and rural selection of 40% males and 60% females from total sample size 200
- 13. SNOW BALL SAMPLING Snowball sampling is used by researchers to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard to locate.
- 16. EVALUATION AND VALIDITY OF QUALITATIVE METHODS
- 17. VALIDITY Validity characterizes the extent to which a measurement procedure is capable of measuring what it is supposed to measure. Normally, the term "validity" is used in situations where measurement is indirect, imprecise and cannot be precise in principle, e.g. in psychological IQ tests purporting to measure intellect. (In direct measurements of physical quantities - e.g. length, duration, weight - the concept of "accuracy" is normally used rather than "validity“ “definition from Glossary of statistical terms www.statistics.com/glossary”
- 18. TYPES OF VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Descriptive Validity Interpretive Validity Theoretical Validity External Validity
- 19. RELIABILITY Reliability concerns the ability of different researchers to make the same observations of a given phenomenon if and when the observation is conducted using the same method(s) and procedure(s)
- 20. RELIABILITY OF THEIR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH can enhance the by: Standardizing data collection techniques and protocols Again, documenting, documenting, documenting (e.g., time day and place observations made) Inter-rater reliability
- 21. TRIANGULATION
- 22. TRIANGULATION TRIANGULATION is often used to indicate that two (or more) methods are used in a study in order to check the results. OR the use of multiple methods as a plan of action that will raise sociologist above the personalistic biases from single research. “Denzin 1970 b:27 A Handbook of Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication Research” "The concept of triangulation is borrowed from navigational and land surveying techniques that determine a single point in space with the convergence of measurements taken from two other distinct points”
- 23. TYPES OF TRIANGULATION Methodological triangulation, which involves using more than one method and may consist of within- method or between-method strategies
- 24. TYPES OF TRIANGULATION Multiple triangulation, when the researcher combines in one investigation multiple observers, theoretical perspectives, sources of data, and methodologies
- 28. REFERENCES A Handbook of Qualitative Methodologies for Mass Communication Research HAS lecture notes of Dr Sara Bashir Kant definition from Glossary of statistical terms www.statistics.com/glossary Statistics web site www.exploreable.com Google image search