Methods For Improving The Cellular Uptake Of Dna Origami...

Methods For Improving The Cellular Uptake Of Dna Origami...
Summary o The authors of this paper indicate an apparently novel method for improving the cellular
uptake of DNA origami–based drug delivery nanocarriers. While the transport protein, transferrin
(Tf), has been used to functionalize other types of drug delivery nanocarriers, it had yet to be
incorporated into nanocarriers made via DNA origami prior to this publication. The authors
demonstrate successful functionalization of Tf to a specific morphology of DNA origami using gel–
shift analysis and atomic force microscopy; cellular uptake of the DNA nanocarriers was measured
using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy
(CLSM). The authors subsequently conclude a direct correlation between the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The seemingly small number of citations is only potentially problematic when considering the
amount of research central to each term; it is difficult to believe that only a single source can
accurately depict the entirety of DNA–based computation, pH–sensors, molecular pegboards, or
protein encapsulation. Additional sources may help demonstrate the potential importance and
relevance of DNA–based nanostructures. o That being said, the number of citations referenced
specifically when describing transferrin increases notably, which is important since transferrin is
central to the paper while the terms mentioned in the previous bullet point are less immediately
relevant. o Overall, the quality of citations appears to be sufficiently high, as does the quantity. This
holds true especially when motivating the use of DNA and transferrin as constituent parts of a novel
drug delivery platform.
Novelty – The authors of this paper appear to demonstrate a novel functionalization for DNA
origami–based drug delivery nanocarriers: transferrin. It is noted, however, that transferrin has been
used as a targeting ligand in other forms of nanocarriers. Perhaps this detail should be more clearly
stated to clarify that neither transferrin nor DNA origami are novel concepts, but rather their
successful combination
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Iodine Therapy Thyroidectomy
Iodine therapy is another option for treatment and "is used in coordination with thyroidectomy to
completely ablate the thyroid gland and to postoperatively eradicate possible residual cancer"
(Nguyen, et al., 2015). Iodine 131 has had a significant part in the treatment and of thyroid cancer
since the mid 1940's (Nguyen, et al., 2015). Iodine 131 works "by entering the thyroid cells via the
sodium iodide transporters and emitting short–wavelength beta rays, causing acute cell death"
(Nguyen, et al., 2015). The use of Iodine 131 is done in two ways. "When administered the first time
after surgery, it is referred to as ablation, whereas subsequent administrations for residual disease are
referred to as treatment" (Nguyen, et al., 2015). Iodine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient had a history of thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism and abnormal TSH levels. The
technologist used Iodine 123 and administered 288 uCi. The technologist used a low energy high
resolution collimator and increased the zoom because the hospital does not have a pinhole
collimator. The patient had a thyroidectomy done in 1985. The technologist was looking for any
uptake or nodules that may be present. We didn't expect to find much uptake because the patient had
already had the thyroidectomy. What was found was surprising. The patient had their thyroid gland
grow back over time especially the right lobe. According to an article in Clinical Endocrinology
thyroid tissue being present after a thyroidectomy is not that uncommon. The study from Clinical
Endocrinology showed thyroid tissue was present in about half the patients on SPECT/CT studies
(Barber, Cherk, Toplisst, Serpell, Yap, Bailey & Klaff, 2014). There was more uptake on the right
gland in this case study. Normal scans have homogeneous uptake in the entire gland and don't have
cold nodule's present. Abnormal scans can have cold nodules and uptake that is not uniform
throughout the gland. The physician noted that even though this study had more uptake in the right
lobe it was due to the gland being thicker and more of the right gland had grown

Daphnia Magna Experiment
2.3 Exposure experiment in Daphnia magna The effects of MP exposure on life history parameters
were tested in a 21–d reproduction test according to OECD guidelines at one concentration of each
particles size: 1000 particles/L (0.1,1,10 µm), subjected to the environment concentration about 1.1
items/mL has been reported(Moore et al., 2011). In brief, there were triplicates for each control and
treatment group an experimental series. Five neonates (< 24h) were incubated respectively in 50 mL
medium at 22 ℃ under a 12:12 light dark cycle of 1600 lux and fed 4.2×104 cell/mL a day of the
micro alga Chlorella vulgaris. The test medium was fully replaced every day along with calculating
the cells of C.vulgaris the daphnia ate everyday by blood cell ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The photos show that zooplanktons, rotifer, cladoceranr and copepod, could take in three types of
MPs (0.1,1,9.9 µm) overtly. But all organisms no MPs in vivo under 101 µm diameter exposure
surroundings were observed by fluorescence microscope, so there were not pictures printed here.
Many freshwater and marine species such as annelids, crustaceans, ostracods and gastropods were
reported that could uptake MPs(Imhof et al., 2013b; Setala et al., 2014). In the present study, the
uptake of microspheres after 24h exposure in three kinds of zooplankton, rotifers, cladocerans and
copepods, were captured by the fluorescence microscope. The observations displayed that rotifer
gained MPs though test environment with remnant digestive production remaining in mastax,
cloaca, (Fig.1 A, D, G), while cladocerans absorbed MPs by filter feeding so that MPs were
discovered explicitly in their filter–feeding and intestinal tract (Fig.1 B, E, H), copepod also can
procure three kinds of diameter MPs in a high concentration polystyrene microspheres condition,
then persisted in digestive tract (Fig.1 C, F, I). Fig.1 suggests samples from wild fresh water had the
capability of gaining fluorescence particles under the surroundings with MPs. They can uptake three
types of microspheres apparently, 0.1,1,9.9 µm, out of 101 µm diameter. Early researches focused
on selection at plastic sizes

The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake
In society, medical researchers, cosmetic companies, and others often perform experiments on
animals. Many people feel rather uneasy about this and strongly feel that it should stop. They
believe this because like humans, animals have nerves and emotions. They feel pain the same way
that we do. And there are some alternatives.
Examples may include using the blood from the veins and arteries of human volunteers to test the
presence of fever–causing contaminants. The use of artificial human skin, which is contained in
products such as EpiSkin, EpiDerm, and SkinEthic would be a good alternative. The use of eyes
from the animals in the slaughterhouse for the meat industry could be used since they are already
dead. The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake

Nocodazole Synthesis Lab Report
We hypothesized that the cells would uptake LDL and transferrin the most at 37°C for an incubation
period of 30 minutes. According to our results, we hypothesized correctly. This means that at this
temperature and rate, the cells would get the most drug delivery. We also hypothesized that higher
concentrations of nocodazole would have more of an effect on receptor mediated endocytosis. This
was also proven correct by our results. The cells that were treated with the nocodazole inhibitor,
didn't take up as much dye compared to the cells that weren't treated the nocodazole. When
designing an anti–cancer drug, the results that were found in this experiment need to be considered.
It was found that the cells were more likely to uptake the drugs at a higher temperature. In particular
the uptake of LDL and transferrin was the most successful at 37°C. This temperature is noted as the
body temperature. These results make sense because tumors grow in the human body, so the anti
cancer drugs need to be the most effective at this body temperature. There have been many
experiments that have tested the same principles that were performed in this ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many things that could have gone wrong when conducting these various experiments. A
wrong amount of PBS or paraformaldehyde could have been used which would alter the results.
Also, cells could have been lost throughout the experiment. This would sway the results because
there wouldn't be as many shown in the microscope slides. Also counting up the cells to determine
which ones were involved with cell uptake could have been done incorrectly. The appearance of
these cells on the microscope can be very hard to determine and count. So the numbers found in the
results all came from a personal judgment. This is the main source of error because these numbers
determine the total outcome of the

Shared-Sak Work Practices
A recent survey of 400 multinational corporations found that two–thirds plan to implement shared–
desk workplaces by 2020. But research shows these arrangements have a range of outcomes, many
of which are negative. The Conversation
A recently published study of 1,000 Australian employees found that shared–desk environments had
a number of problems. These included increased distrust, distractions, uncooperative behaviour and
negative relationships. On top of this, there was a decreased perception of support from supervisors.
Another study showed that shared–desk environments can lead to employee marginalisation,
indifference and inattention to co–workers, loss of identity and decreased organisational
commitment.
These studies and more should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using these arrangements, an employer can fit more workers into an existing space and more
efficiently use the available space.
Hot–desking is where employees either share a desk with others or are not assigned a permanent
desk and must find one when needed. Hot–desking arose as a strategy to save on space and to cater
to the needs of employees who largely worked outside the office.
Activity–based work, by contrast, assumes all employees work flexibly and will seek out a range of
different spaces to undertake different tasks. As such, these workspaces provide a range of work
settings for different types of activities such as meetings, collaboration, private work, creativity and
concentration. Employees are expected to switch between these settings as necessary.
Proponents of activity–based work claim that cost is not a major driver of its uptake. Rather,
companies have implemented it to attract and retain talent and increase collaboration and
innovation, employee wellbeing and sustainability.
But plenty of research shows negative effects of shared–desk workplaces. These negatives
potentially outweigh the

Causes Of Calcium Uptake From Foliar Application
Calcium Uptake from Foliar Application
Foliar Ca2+ application has been suggested to increase the fruit–Ca2+ supply that may, in turn,
reduce fruit–Ca2+ deficiency disorders. Spraying with Ca2+– solution reduces Ca2+–deficiency
injury in plants (Kleemann 2000b) e.g. foliar Ca2+–spray reduces BER incidence of tomato
(Schmitz–Eiberger, Haefs, and Noga 2002) ; spraying of 0.5% solution of 'Calciogreen' in
glasshouse completely prevents BER incidence of bell pepper variety 'Cecil' though the fruit mass
was reduced(Parađiković et al. 2004) ; spraying of young tomato with CaCl2 limits the development
BER (Schmitz–Eiberger, Haefs, and Noga 2002); spraying of celery with CaCl2 or Ca(NO3)2
completely control blackheart (Geraldson 1952, 1954). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, direct application of Ca2+ can reduce the symptoms of Ca2+–deficiency disorder but does
not remove them completely (Ferguson and Watkins 1989) and exogenous Ca2+ may not bound
with the cell structure tightly that leads to easy leakage of it (Ferguson and Watkins 1983).
Calcium Translocation within Plant
Soil solution Ca2+ enters the root apoplast with mass flow of water (Barber 1995) and is transported
to the xylem via apoplastic or symplastic pathways (White and Broadley 2003). Apoplastic pathway
consists of cell wall and intercellular spaces where Ca2+ moves with water passively across the
gradient of water potential (Karley and White 2009; White 2001). Symplastic pathway consists of
cytoplasm where Ca2+ moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata (Karley and White 2009;
White 2001). Tight regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ at a very low concentration (0.1–0.2 μM) implies
that apoplastic pathway is the main route of Ca2+ translocation across the root cortex (White and
Broadley 2003; Taylor and Locascio 2004; Karley and White 2009). However, presence of
Casparian strip at the root endodermal cells prevents further movement of Ca2+ towards the xylem.
The Casparian strip prevents apoplastic movement of solutes (Clarkson 1993; White 2001) and
suberization restricts the movement of Ca2+ into the endodermal cells(Moore et

Traumatic Brain Disorder (TBI)
1.5 million people in the United State of America have a traumatic brain disorder (TBI). These
disorders have symptoms of memory dysfunction, depression and anxiety; Dr. Byrnes and her team
at the Uniformed Services University have examined mouse models to find the cellular mechanisms
for these symptoms. When the brain experiences a traumatic injury, several cellular–level events
happen quickly. First, there is an increase in supporting cell membrane permeability which leads to a
rise in non–specific ion influx, followed by a rapid increase in glucose uptake. This increased
glucose uptake results in increased in energy generation in an effort to correct the membrane
permeability dysfunction.
The major route neurons use to increase their glucose

Maximal Oxygen Uptake And Vo2max Is The Highest Rate At...
Maximal oxygen uptake or Vo2max is the highest rate at which the oxygen can be taken up and
utilized by the body during severe exercise (Bassett & Howley, 2000). Vo2max is wide–ly used both
in sports and clinical practice and its measurement allows us to assess cardi–orespiratory fitness, one
of the most powerful markers of health (Mayorga–Vega, Aguilar–Soto & Viciana 2015; Bruce,
Kusumi & Hosmer 1973). Vo2max also provides essential di–agnostic and prognostic information
for clinical populations, such as patients with heart failure (Sartor, Vernillo, de Morree, et al., 2013).
The most precise method for the assessment of maximal oxygen consumption is the direct
measurement which is considered the 'gold standard' (Noonan & Dean, 2000). However, the use of
this method is limited in several settings such as in sports clubs, schools, or in large scale research
studies (Pescatello & American College of Sports Medicine, 2014) because it requires appropriate
and expensive equipment, supervision by trained personnel and a max–imal level of exertion which
cannot be achieved by all the individuals and especially those who may be limited by pain, fatigue,
abnormal gait, impaired balance or those with cardio–vascular problems(Evans, Ferrar, Smith, et al.,
2015). As a consequence, many indirect tests have been developed for use in sports, clinical and
home settings but there are sundry fac–tors which must be considered when we select one of them.
Such factors are the population that we

Anne Freadman's Presentation
Lesson plan (Fifteen Dogs Presentation) My presentation will focus on the uptake of the novel, via
Twitter. I will use Anne Freadman's chapter titled "Uptake" to specifically looked at how the novel is
being taken up by Twitter, and turned into a promotional device. My line of research follows the
question: 'How do different twitter users, use the platform to uptake the novel, and turn it into a form
of promotion?' I will start my presentation by looking at the scholarship behind my presentation,
focusing on Freadman's example of the Ryan death penalty case. I will look at the following quote,
"the function of this formal repetition is two fold: it marks the boundary, and it carries – 'translates' –
material from one side of it to the other" (Freadman 44). I will discuss ... Show more content on
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Using hash tags, like #fifteendogs, makes someone visible and/or their products visible, to the
preexisting public of book on twitter. The first example I discuss is concerned with one of the Wheat
Sheaf bar's tweets. The tweet focuses on the idea that the bar's name is mentioned in the novel, and
Apollo and Hermes drink there. The tweet is a clear display of promotion, as it tries to incite the
Fifteen Dogs Twitter public to come to come to the bar. The second example I will discuss is a little
more abstract. It looks at the self–promotion of a freelance entertainment writer, named Renee Gold.
Gold also uses the Fifteen Dog hash tag, but she is not part of the Fifteen Dogs twitter public. I will
discuss why Gold's tweet can be considered a form of self–promotion. I will address the idea that,
Gold's Twitter feed centres around a different genre, of celebrities and fashion. I will also explain
that, this is the only time she has ever tweeted about the novel, and she makes this tweet directly
after Alexis wins the Giller Prize. It becomes evident that she is trying to tap this large public, while
the book is

A Research Study On Service Encounters
Service Encounters The interactions between various people can help explain social and cultural
differences, which overall allow us to gather information on the wide expanse of ideologies that
people from different economic and ethnic backgrounds hold and believe. Throughout this research
project I was able to build off of what I had learned from Benjamin Bailey's study and conduct
something similar to experience firsthand what beneficial information can be obtained from
observing various service encounters. Understanding that not every person feels the same way about
how certain social interactions should be carried out is important. This enables us to realize that
some interactions may come off as disrespectful, ill mannered, or ... Show more content on
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They were both white males of average height and build. Quickly after listening to the beginning of
their conversation, it was clear they knew one another.
Example 1:
1. Attendant: How's it going?
2. Customer: It's going good bro, what about you?
3. Attendant: Going good, how's ASU?
4. Customer: Pretty good, I'm getting through it. *Light chuckle*
5. Attendant: Well I'm glad to hear it, hope you have a good night.
6. Customer: You too man.
It was apparent that they had exchanged conversations maybe several times in the past and were on
more personal terms, where they knew things about one another. That was the first interaction I
witnessed that day, between the attendant and a customer that included a conversation that seemed
more informal and casual. My second example took place in the Mexican restaurant, Los Taquitos,
and the interaction I observed was between a young women and an older male. The attendant looked
around 16–18 and was a Mexican American woman. The customer seemed to be in his late 60's and
was a Native American man who was in a wheelchair. They had a polite conversation and seemed to
be previously acquainted.
Example 2:
1. Attendant: Hey Liam, how are you today?
2. Customer: Hi Alexa, I'm doing fine.
3. Attendant: Lengua burrito?
4. Customer: Of course, and can you add four sides of pico?
5. Attendant: Mhmm, where's your wife today?
6. Customer: Oh she had an old friend

Exploring The Binding Coordination And Uptake Path Of...
Exploring the binding coordination and uptake path of molybdate and tungstate
Molybdenum and tungsten have similar ionic radii and chemical properties. Tungsten is the heaviest
atom and the only third–row transition element that exhibits biological activity in enzymes.
Molybdenum is the only second–row transition metal that exhibits biological activity when it is
present in a cofactor of a metalloenzyme. The natural source of molybdenum is molybdate,
molybdate has 4 oxygens bound to the molybdenum in a tetrahedral coordination and is transported
into the cell by ModA, where it is incorporated into the molybdoenzymes, or in various different
cofactor. Tungsten is also taken up by cells in a similar manner as molybdenum but is bound by a
different protein WtpA. Tungsten occurs naturally as tungstate, just like molybdate it has 4 oxygens
bound a tetrahedral. Humans need molybdenum for molybdoenzymes which are essential for our
growth, in thermophiles the molybdenum is usually substituted for tungsten. (Mukund & Adams,
1991) Not all life form use molybdenum and not all use tungsten, but all use either molybdenum or
tungsten, to current date there has not been a cell found that doesn't use one or the other. The
molybdoenzymes carry out a variety of different reactions in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One
of the most well–known one being nitrogenase as well as nitrate reductase. These work together to
play a major role in our ecosystem. There are a number of other

The Function Of Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is butterfly–shaped organ located in the front of the neck just above the trachea
connected by an isthmus [1]. the major function of thyroid gland is the Production of the T3, T4 and
calcitonin hormones. Dysfunction of thyroid gland causes the shortcoming in the production of
thyroid hormones. Thyroid disorders related to dyshormonogenesis e.g. (Goiter, Thyroiditis,
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Graves ' disease, thyroid cancer, thyroid nodule, thyroid storm)
[2]. For the diagnoses of thyroid disease we use chemical and radiological investigation [3], for a
chemical we use the laboratory test for measuring the concentration of thyroid hormones in the
circulation include total T3 and T4 hormone [4], and for the radiological exam, we use various
modalities (ultrasound, CT, MRI and Nuclear Medicines). Ultrasound is the leading imaging
technique for diagnosis of thyroid diseases [5][6], Computed tomography and magnetic resonance
imaging also have a high important role for assessment the thyroid malignancy [7]. Nuclear
medicine is the imaging of utilization of radioactive compounds in medicine to image and treat
various human diseases. It depends on the 'tracer principle' that studies of the fate of compounds in
vivo using small amounts of radioactive materials [8]. Nuclear medicine used to diagnose major
tissues and organs of the body by using the radiopharmaceuticals.The patient is administered a
radiopharmaceutical that distributes according to a

A Multi System Disease Of Unknown Etiology
Sarcoidosis is a multi–system disease of unknown etiology. The diagnosis is confirmed when non–
caseating granulomas are identified in tissue biopsies, predominantly from the lung parenchyma or
the mediastinal lymph nodes and is supported by compatible clinical and radiological features. [1]
Cardiac manifestations may occur in isolation or may precede, follow or occur concurrently with the
involvement of the lungs and other organs. All components of the heart may potentially be involved.
The most common are conduction abnormalities leading to bradyarrhythmias and syncope,
ventricular tachycardias and the development of congestive heart failure. [2, 3]
The location and extent of granulomatous infiltration accounts for variations in cardiac ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[5, 6] Japanese Ministry of Health (JMH) published criteria are the current established method for
non–invasive clinical diagnosis. [2, 5] Imaging modalities suggested by the JMH criteria include
gallium–67 scintigraphy and late gadolinium–enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE–
CMR). [2] However, only 5–10% of patients with sarcoidosis present with clinical evidence of
myocardial involvement based on the above criteria while autopsy studies indicate that cardiac
involvement is present in up to 25–50% of cases implying that there is a significant proportion of
sub–clinical cardiac sarcoidosis not detected with the existing criteria. [1, 7] Nuclear imaging
modalities have shown significant advances and rapid growth in the field of the diagnosis and
monitoring of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis. Promising results show high sensitivity for
identifying pathophysiological activity at an early stage before structural changes have occurred as
well as value of reproducible activity quantification when emphasizing in therapy monitoring.
Although gallium–67 scintigraphy has traditionally been used in sarcoidosis patients, cardiac
positron emission tomography (PET) along with myocardial perfusion scans have shown superiority
that mostly includes higher sensitivity in detecting active

Examples Of Metalinguistic Feedback
and/or phrases such as "I don't understand" which indicate to the learner that there is a problem with
his or her utterance, and that it needs to be reformulated. For example: S: "His preferit food" T:
"Pardon? I don't understand the word preferit" D) Metalinguistic feedback With metalinguistic
feedback, the teacher does not provide the correct form but "comments, information, or questions
related to the well–formedness of the student's utterance" as Lyster and Ranta (1997: 47) states.
Metalinguistic feedback is a corrective feedback form of implicit correction which implies ways of
negotiation of form without explicitly providing the correct form. It generally provides either some
grammatical metalanguage that refers to the nature of the error or a word definition in the case of
lexical errors. It can also be body language which involves non–verbal cues such as facial
expressions or hand movements to indicate errors about word order or tense. (Lyster and Ranta,
1997). For example: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E) Elicitation Elicitation is a corrective feedback form of implicit correction which implies ways of
negotiation of form. In order to directly elicit the correct form from the learner, teachers can elicit
completion of his own utterance by "pausing to allow students to fill the blank" (Lyster and Ranta
1997:48). Teachers can also elicit the learners' self–repair by using a question in order to elicit the
correct form (e.g. How do we say X in English?) or use intonation in order to indicate that learners
should reformulate their utterance. For example: S: "He likes very much chocolate" T: "He likes

Dental Fluoride: Common Practices
For oral health professionals, administering and recommending fluoride is a common practice.
Using fluoridated toothpaste as a preventive and controlling method for dental caries has been a
common recommendation for over 50 years (Schemehorn, DiMarino, & Movahed, 2014, p.57). Oral
health professionals and researchers have found that although the occurrence of dental caries is
declining, dental fluorosis and other systemic effects are becoming a rising occurrence (p.57).
Therefore, researchers have been looking for a way to improve the fluoride uptake without
increasing the dosage of fluoride due to its systemic risks (p. 57). In this article, a study was
conducted comparing various fluoride toothpastes and gels that are combined with different agents
to enhance the uptake of fluoride without having to increase the dosage of fluoride (Schemehorn,
DiMarino, & Movahed, 2014, p.58). The various fluoride combinations included amorphous
calcium phosphate (ACP), tri–calcium phosphate (TCP), and casein–phosphopeptide–amorphous
calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP). This study was conducted on incipient lesions to see which
combination had the best fluoride uptake and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to ACP having a greater bioavalibility of calcium and phosphate, it is more soluble into the
tooth enamel, which enhances the uptake of fluoride and aids in the enamel uptake to remineralize
the enamel (p.59). The specific product that has this combination with successful results was the
Enamelon Preventive Treatment Gel. This study has opened new doors and options for oral health
care professionals. As patients continue to come in with incipient caries, the recommendation of
fluoride alone is no longer the best option. Fluoride combined with ACP is the best for
remineralization of the enamel with minimal systemic risk for the patient (p.

Azide Lab Report
The antagonistic effect of glutamine on Azide – 1 mediated light production was tested by
increasing the glutamine concentration from 0.1 to 5mM. The results show a dose – dependent
inhibition of BLI signal by L – glutamine in HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2 cells. This reduction
confirms the signal obtained by Azide – 1 was due to the competitive interference with glutamine
uptake. However, a fall in the light intensity could not be observed in 4T1 – RLR cells. This
outcome does not mean that Azide – 1 did not compete with L – glutamine for the transporter
mediated uptake. The reason of no effect observed is because 4T1 – RLR which is a more glucose
dependent cell line doesn't have a good affinity for L – glutamine (Fig. 7A), but binds well ... Show
10A). Hence, this proves that L – glutamine wouldn't have many chances to compete with Azide – 1
for transporter binding.
To confirm the exact potential mechanism involved in the uptake of Azide – 1, a competitive
inhibition was carried out in glutamine dependent cancer cell lines: HT1080 – luc2, U87MG – luc2
and HepG2 – luc2 using the specific inhibitor GPNA for the system ASCT2. The reason for
choosing to test the involvement of this specific type of transporter in the uptake of Azide – 1 is
because the signal produced by Azide – 1 in HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2 cells could be
reduced in the antagonistic effect assay by using L – glutamine which is the natural competitor for
binding to glutamine transporter systems ASC and N. It was also figured out in this study that
HepG2 – luc2, HT1080 – luc2 and U87MG – luc2 express the ASCT2 transporter on the cell
surface. GPNA decreased the signal intensity in HT1080 – luc2 and U87MG – luc2 cells. This
decrease confirms the potential involvement of ASCT2 transporter in Azide – 1 uptake. On the other
hand, an increase in the BLI signal was obtained in HepG2 – luc2 cells. This outcome likely came
from the effect of gamma – glutamyl transferase which is an enzyme found in liver cancer cells (e.g.
HepG2 cell) and catalyses the transfer of the gamma – glutamyl moiety to an acceptor to form

Hpv Vaccination Essay
Q–1 which geographic locations have the highest prevalence of HPV initiation?
A–1
According to the article "geographic variation in human papilloma vaccination uptake among 13–17
year old adolescent girls in the united states" author mention that highest prevalence of HPV
initiation found in the northeast (53.4% and 39.9%), Midwest (51.1% and 33.5%) and west (61.6 %
and 38.7 %) geographic regions of United States (Rahman, 2014).
Q–2 which geographic locations have the lowest prevalence of HPV initiation?
A–2
According to the article "geographic variation in human papillomavirus vaccination uptake among
13–17 year old adolcent girls in the united states" it is mention that low prevalence of HPV initiation
geographically found in south ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Region initiation completion
South 48.4% 30.6%
Northeast 53.4% 39.9%
Midwest 51.1% 33.5%
West 61.6% 38.5%
Respectively. Respondents in the northeast were more likely to be in school graduates and had
somewhat higher HPV immunization mindfulness. Respondents in the northeast and Midwest were
having more awareness to be qualified VFC program. Less inclined have moved from other state
and more inclined to be white and have higher family income, human services scope and history of
occasional influenza vaccination contrasted with their partners. On the other side, respondents in the
south were less likely to be married and more likely to be black age distribution of the teens and
relationship of the respondents in the south were less likely to be married and more likely to be
black age distribution of the teens and relationship of the respondent to the teen did not differ by the
region. Completed (a PR 0.83, 95%cl, 0.74–0.93) the HPV vaccine. Adolescent girls living in the
west were fundamentally more likely to start HPV vaccination with north east and every single
region. No significant communication were seen between race/ ethnicity and area, and income and
region on HPV vaccine uptake. So, this is trends in HPV completion in the United States (Rahman,
2014).
Q–6 the authors review several potential determinants as

Factors Contributing For Orthodontic Treatment Uptake Essay
Factors contributing to orthodontic treatment uptake Introduction: Enhancing form and getting
better psychological and social function seems to play significant tasks in an individual 's choice to
begin Orthodontic treatment.[1] Functional and aesthetic enhancements in occlusion are the
common causes quoted by adults for taking Orthodontic treatment.[2] Previous questionnaire studies
are done among adults and established that, the key fascinating factor for taking orthodontic
treatment was an aspiration to get better dental manifestation, along with facial emergence.[3, 4]
The uptake of Orthodontic treatment has revealed to diverge distinctly in various populations, as of
5% to 60%, depending on the countryside.[5] The research on determining the factors that forecast
undergoing of Orthodontic treatment has spotlighted on young peoples and recognized various
factors such as gender,[6] ethnic background,[7] socioeconomic status,[8] availability of
Orthodontic services,[8] and need of orthodontic treatment.[9] The orthodontic treatment uptake is
greater in females because of favoured self–selection and not essentially larger need.[7] The
socioeconomic class is a noteworthy interpreter for Orthodontic treatment.[8] The incidence of
undergoing orthodontic treatment among younger people is greater in high as well as middle
socioeconomic group but it is lesser in lower socioeconomic group.[8] In the current system of oral
health care, the spotlight

Differential Kinetics And Error Analysis
3.6.3. Adsorption kinetics and error analysis
It is known that converting the non–linear regression to linear form of most kinetic models may lead
to positive or negative effect on determining the kinetic parameters of the adsorption process [34].
In this study non–linear and linear regression (using software Origin 8.6)of pseudo first–order,
pseudo second–order and Elovich kinetic models(Table 1) were used to investigate the kinetic sand
the best fit model for the uptake of MB by ZnO/CR powder at different temperatures(10, 20, 30 and
40 °C).In addition different statistical error analysis functions such as , and SSE (equations 13 – 15)
were used to evaluate the validity of the used models and to investigate the mechanism of the
adsorption process.
3.6.3.1. Effect of converting non–linear to linear form of kinetic models
Kinetic parameters of adsorption of MB onto ZnO/CR Hence the adsorption rate of MB onto
ZnO/CR is proportional to the concentration of MB sorbed, non–linear and linear Lagergren 's
pseudo first–order (equations6 and 7) can be used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The
experimental data of adsorption of MB onto ZnO/CR were treated by the non–linear equation of
pseudo first–order (using fitting function builder of Origin software) to estimate the values of and
from the plot of versus (Figure 9a).Then the values of converted to and plotted versus according to
the linear equation of pseudo first–order equation to calculate the values of and

How Does Salmonella Internalize Bacterial Uptake?
Contamination of produce by bacteria has become an ever increasing concern in recent years.
Unfortunately, the precise route of contamination is not completely understood. While physical
contamination can definitely occur pre or post–harvest, there is also the incidence of internalized
contamination. This specifically has caused the highest number of questions overall, especially in
relation to Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and E. coli O157:H7. It is believed that a primary mode of
transmittance could potentially be through contaminated water, whether irrigation, flooding,
chemigation, or spraying. The following information will review the scientific evidence that has
been found to support this theory.
EXPERIMENTATION
The transfer of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, wild type and mutants, have been utilized
experimentally to display the potential for bacterial uptake in parsley through contaminated water
(Lapidot and Yaron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
low volume) (Bernstein and others 2007). Together these can potentially create a leachate.
Furthermore, the water flow rate in a soil profile at the time of manure application, along with the
amount of moisture present, can also affect the subsurface bacterial transport. Irrigation schemes are
particularly important in bacterial retention regulation. The transportability of bacteria through soil
allows for potential root contamination and uptake (Bernstein and others 2007). Additionally, the
reduced mobility of bacteria in soil with low water movement can lower the environmental
contamination risk, but at the same time can increase the potential for extended bacterial retention at
or near the root zone increasing the potential for crop contamination through internalization.
(Bernstein and others

The Effect Of Calcium On The Contribution Of Calcium...
This research utilized calcium channel blockers to measure the contribution of calcium uptake in
relation to the vesicular glutamate released into the extracellular space. After the calcium channels
were blocked glutamate was applied directly to the extracellular space and the animals ability to
remove the glutamate was measured. The results showed that animals with traumatic brain injuries
had significantly higher levels of extracellular glutamate evidenced by a nearly 80% increase when
compared to the healthy mice (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). This showed that calcium mediated neuronal
glutamate release may contribute to the cytotoxicity experienced by patients affected by traumatic
brain injury. The second part of the study examined the importance of excitatory amino acid
transporters in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. To accomplish this, researchers applied
an EAAT blocker to both injured and normal rats to measure their ability to remove extracellular
glutamate. The data suggested that mice subjected to a traumatic brain injury had a more significant
increase in extracellular glutamate after the EAAT blocker was applied. Additionally, mice in the
traumatic brain injury required a significantly longer time for the extracellular glutamate to return to
pre–study levels (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). As such, it seems that the major mechanism responsible
for the cytotoxic levels of extracellular glutamate in traumatic brain injury is directly related to a

PET/CT Scan Paper
Interpretation of PET/CT scan
There are different methods for assessment of radiotracer uptake by normal and pathologic tissues,
such as visual inspection, the standardized uptake value (SUV) and the glucose metabolic rate.
Visual inspection in analysis of PET–CT results is used by comparing PET and CT data, as well as
viewing fused PET–CT images. SUVs are used for semi–quantification of FDG uptake. Another
method of quantification of dynamic PET results is the more complex glucose metabolic rate
calculation (Kapoor et al, 2004).
Standardized Uptake Value
The SUV is a semi–quantitative assessment of the radiotracer uptake from a static (single point in
time) PET image. The SUV of a given tissue is calculated with the following formula: SUV= tracer
activity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to its physiologic accumulation in different organs, it can accumulate in non–neoplastic
pathologic conditions, including infection, whether acute or chronic infection such as tuberculosis,
granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis , and autoimmune disease such as Grave's disease. In
addition, the 18F–FDG uptake can be enhanced by inflammatory induced changes, which include
post–operative healing scars and post–radiation therapy. A unique example of an inflammatory
condition is the one caused by the atherosclerotic plaque formation that is associated with an
abundance of macrophages known by its avidity to 18F–FDG. The degree of uptake is usually less
than the uptake within the neoplastic tissues. However, there is clearly an overlap between the 2
conditions and, in some cases; the uptake could even exceed the neoplastic uptake. Furthermore; the
image interpreter should be aware of a high accumulation of 18F–FDG in some benign tumors, such
as giant cell tumor, fibrous dysplasia of the bone, and adenomatous polyps in the colon.
Occasionally one will also see breast–related activity. Breast activity will be more obvious in
lactating females (Abouzeid et al,

Analysis of Investigation Regarding Manure and Antibiotics...
Dolliver et al. (2007) investigated the effect of antibiotic usage on concentration of antibiotics due to
manure use in the soil. Many farmers will add manure to their soils; in order to add nutrients to their
crops. The farmer may not be aware that when they are adding the manure they may also be adding
antibiotics. Sulfamethazine, a very important antibiotics used in livestock production, is given to the
livestock and they release the antibiotics in their feces. In 2001, 400 tons of sulfamethazine were
added to livestock yearly. In their experiment they focused on three main food crops; corn, lettuce,
and potato. They wanted to know if the plant would uptake the antibiotics in they were grown in soil
where the antibiotic was found. If the plant did uptake the antibiotics; it could lead to antibiotic
resistance bacteria to be found in the plants. Followed by; an increase amount of antibiotic
resistance bacteria consumed by humans and other animals.
Manure is used extensively in the United State; livestock produce 132 million metric tons yearly for
use in agricultural fields (Dolliver el al. 2007). The antibiotics that are found in the soil can persist
for several hundred days in the soil. Various antibiotics break down at different rates. Phytotoxicity
can be examined to test the effect of antibiotic exposure to the plants. The antibiotic exposure may
reduce the root stalk of the plant or other important features of the plant. Another issue with
antibiotic

Lundgaard Et Al. (2015) Also Recognized The Conflicting
Lundgaard et al. (2015) also recognized the conflicting hypotheses in cerebral metabolism and that
until this uncertainty is removed, the reliability of neuroimaging data interpretations is reduced. To
address this problem, they created a near–infrared 2–deoxyglucose probe (2DG–IR) and used two–
photon microscopy to assess whether it is neurons or astrocytes which are taking up more glucose
during neuronal activation. If the ANLS hypothesis is correct, astrocytes should be observed taking
up more glucose. Whereas, if the parsimonious hypothesis is correct, glucose uptake should be
greater in neurons. First, they assessed their 2DG–IR probe by comparing it to 14C–glucose and
14C–2–deoxyglucose (14C–2DG) uptake in neurons and astrocytes of ... Show more content on
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The analysis performed was ex vivo; results showed neurons in multiple brain regions, including
CA1, took up more 2DG–IR than astrocytes. Next, to determine if anaesthesia affects cerebral
metabolism, 2DG–IR uptake in neurons and astrocytes of GLT1–eGFP reporter mice was
quantitatively analyzed after ketamine/xylazine administration. Anaesthesia decreased glucose
uptake in neurons more so than astrocytes. Next, Lundgaard et al. (2015) introduced the activity–
dependent component to their study by unilaterally stimulating (3 Hz) the whiskers of mice and
observing 2DG–IR uptake and neuronal activation. Local field potentials were measured in the
contralateral barrel cortex during whisker stimulation to ensure neurons were activated; results
confirmed neuronal activation occurred. Further, 2DG–IR uptake was higher in contralateral barrel
cortex, compared to ipsilateral. Specifically, uptake in contralateral neurons was significantly
increased, whereas, astrocytic uptake was not statistically significant between the two hemispheres.
Therefore, stimulation of the sensory system caused activated neurons to take up glucose to a greater
extent than surrounding astrocytes. Finally, Lundgaard et al. (2015) used fluorescence–activated cell
sorting to separate neurons and astrocytes, and then proceeded to use quantitative polymerase chain
reaction to analyze gene expression. Since

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Essay
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) play's a critical role in the function of contraction and relaxation of the
muscle (John Wiley and Sons, 2003). It provides the ability to control and balance the amount of
calcium being released/uptake and for storage (John & Sons, 2003). There is a correlation between
defects in calcium transport by SR and the ability for the heart to function (Alpert, Arai,
MacLennan, and Periasamy, 1993). By alternating the gene expression that encodes SR proteins, it
will show if the abnormalities in calcium uptake and release has a association with heat failure
(Alpert et al., 1993). Defects in the ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to uptake/release calcium
could cause dysfunction in systolic and diastolic rhythm in the heart (Donald M. Bers, David A
Eisner and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Valdivia, 2003). It is considered heart failure if there is an improper function of systolic and diastolic
for the heart to pump blood (Donald et al., 2003). It was difficult to obtain normal healthy hearts to
compare to therefore, looked at levels of mRNA and phospholamban (regulate Ca2+ pump) that
encodes SR to see the rate at which calcium is being uptake/released (Alpert et al., 1993). Patients
with heart failure, showed a delay in the rate of the calcium uptake/release of about 50% decrease in
the right ventricle by SR (Alpert et al., 1993).Furthermore, there was a 48% decrease of messenger
mRNA in binding with ATP and uptake of calcium in the left ventricle (Alpert et al., 1993).
Sarcoplasmic reticulum had a decrease rate in pumping calcium, which caused low rhythm that lead
to heart failure (Alpert et al., 1993). The gene expression mRNA is important for the sarcoplasmic
reticulum to

KN93
I am conducting biomedical research in the laboratory of cardiac physiology under the mentorship
of Dr. Elizabeth Murphy. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in the US; therefore, a
better understanding of the mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte death in ischemia and reperfusion
injury are important. Mitochondrial calcium plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of many
processes, including the regulation of cardiac biochemical pathways and mediating ischemia–
reperfusion injury. The uptake of calcium into the mitochondrial matrix is regulated by the
mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). An endogenous enzyme, Ca2+ Calmodulin Dependent
Kinase II (CaMKII) has shown to regulate cell death and have increased activity during ... Show
To test these hypotheses I am using wild type mouse embryonic fibroblast (WT MEFs) to test
changes in calcium uptake with and without KN93.To test the first hypothesis I am using calcium
retention capacity assay to assess the uptake of calcium on three subgroups WT only, WT and
DMSO, WT and KN93. This assay is used because it effectively compares calcium uptake between
the subgroups. Considering that KN93 inhibits CaMKII I expect the WT+KN93 group to take up
lower amounts of calcium and thus not reach calcium retention capacity. To test the second
hypothesis, I am conducting MTT and propidium iodide testing on four different subgroups (WT,
WT and H202, WT+H202+KN93, and WT+H202+DMSO) to compare the levels of cell viability
and death respectively. I used MTT testing to assess cell viability post–exposure of H202 and I am
also using propidium iodide staining to test for the measurements of cell death among the different
groups. I decided to use propidium iodide staining to better test the cardioprotection of MEFs in
ischemic like conditions that would better account for the confounding variable, cell–growth during
the incubation

Synthesis Of Dha Essay
As previously mentioned the brain is enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularily DHA
and the omega–6 AA. While the brain can synthesize saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, it
must rely on uptake of either the preformed DHA and AA or their dietary precursors, which can be
converted to DHA and ARA within the brain. While the brain does have the capacity to synthsize
DHA its rate of synthesis relative to uptake from the plasma is relatively low suggesting that uptake
from plasma and not synthesis within the brain is the major source. Furthermore, while the liver can
upregulate its ability to synthesize DHA especially under conditions of low dietary omega–3 intake,
the brain does not upregulate DHA synthesis under these conditions. ... Show more content on
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We found that the coefficient of uptake or the rate of uptake from the unesterified pool, alone, was
sufficient to explain the rate of uptake of all the labelled plasma pools upon oral administration. Or
more, simply put, it appeared as if the unesterified pool was the major source, if not the only source,
supplying the brain upon oral administration. We then used another kinetic model to calculate the
rate at which DHA exists the brain and found this rate of DHA exiting the brain to be similar to the
uptake rate from the plasma unesterified pool. Because DHA is no longer accumulating in the rodent
brain, this suggested that unesterified DHA was, again, the major pool supplying the brain.
Importantly, several groups had reported that upon acute administration of labelled unesterified
DHA or DHA esterified to lysophosphatidylcholine, more radioactivity, presumably from DHA, was
present in the brain after several hours. Furthermore, evidence that Mfsd2a a protein that facilicates
the uptake of lsyophosphatidlycholine containing DHA into the brain, knockout had lower brain
DHA levels compared to wildytype controls combined with observation of more radiolabelled DHA
entering the brain was used to suggest that lysophosphosphaticly choline containing DHA was the
major plasma source

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioaccumulation
Industrial development and civilization has improved the living conditions but has also affected the
basic amenities of life; such as air, soil and water; due to the release of large amounts of
contaminants to the environment (Ayres, 1992). Metals are inorganic forms of contaminants whose
extensive use has caused significant environmental pollution (Kasassi et al., 2008). These are
indirect sources of water pollution that enters the water supply from soil/ ground water systems and
from the atmosphere via rain water. Of the important metals, mercury, lead, cadmium and chromium
(VI) are considered as toxic, whereas others such as copper, nickel, cobalt and zinc, are not as toxic;
but their widespread usage and increasing levels in the environment ... Show more content on
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Comparison of the features of biosorption and bioaccumulation (Dhankhar and Hooda, 2011,
Chojnacka, 2010, Vijayaraghavan and Yun., 2008, Ahluwalia and Goyal, 2007)
Features Biosorption Bioaccumulation
Process Single stage passive process Double stage active process
Cost
Usually low as biosorbents used are mainly industrial, agricultural and other type of waste biomass.
Usually high. The process involves living cells and; hence, cell maintenance is cost prone. pH The
solution pH strongly influences the metal uptake capacity of biomass. However, the process can be
operated under a wide range of pH conditions. The living cells are strongly affected under extreme
pH conditions during metal uptake.
Biomass Biomass is usually inactive Biomass is usually alive
Temperature Not influenced as the biomass is inactive. Severely affected due to active

Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake : A Multilevel Analysis
Cervical cancer is one of the rare cancers that has preventive measures that can greatly reduce the
mortality of the disease. In the United States, deaths due to cervical cancer decreased by 50%. There
is a vaccine known as the human papillomavirus vaccine and a screening known as the pap smear.
While these services are offered and have proven to be very effective, there are still barriers to
different groups of women obtaining these medical services. In this paper, I look at two vulnerable
populations: women in low– and middle– income countries as well as immigrant women living in
the developed country of Canada. In the first article: "Underutilization of cervical cancer prevention
services in low and middle income countries: a review of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They looked at the cultural differences between immigrant and native born populations and how
those differences impact cervical cancer screenings taking place.
These kinds of findings are crucial in identifying barriers in immigrant populations so healthcare
professionals and policies can be put in place to increase understanding and awareness. Once
determined, these barriers can be breached for the purpose of reaching the vulnerable populations
and decreasing the incidence of preventable diseases (Newbold and Whitman, 2007) (Chidyaonga–
Maseko, Chirwa and Muula, 2015).
Methods and Sample Size
In looking at women in developing countries and the contributing factors, a six–step research
process was used to gather articles concerning underutilization of cervical cancer screening services:
review questions, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, developing search strategy, selecting
studies, extracting ideas, analyzing and interpreting the results.
The sample size included 31 full text articles containing information about women's barriers to
using cervical cancer prevention services specifically in low– and middle– income countries. Only
articles published between 2001 and 2014 were used. The search for articles came from peer–
reviewed and literature databases. This research was a case–study review of

Lymphoma Case Study
Treatment of lymphoma may cause fibrosis and necrosis in lymph nodes which can limit size–based
response assessments. In 1999, the IWG criteria commonly known as Cheson criteria, defined five
categories of clinical response based on CT imaging of lesion size for non–Hodgkin Lymphoma
(NHL) [36]. Original criteria had limitations such as a high variability, the failure to consider
18FDG–PET, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry and the failure to take into account
non–nodal disease. Revised criteria by the IWG published in 2007, were applied to NHL and also
Hodgkin's disease [37]. It integrates 18FDG–PET, IHC, and flow cytometry into original criteria
which adds more sensitivity to both staging and evaluation of treatment response. ... Show more
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The highlights of Lugano classification include [38]: 18FDG–PET/CT should be used for response
assessment in FDG–avid histologies, using a 5–point scale; CT is preferred for low or variable FDG
avidity. A complete metabolic response even with a persistent mass is considered a complete
remission. A PR requires a decrease by more than 50% in the SPD of up to six representative nodes
or extranodal lesions. Progressive disease by CT criteria only requires ≥50%.increase in the cross
product of the longest diameter and perpendicular diameter of a single

Nursing Theory Of Health-Promoting Behaviour
Behavioral outcome ( Nursing Theory, 2017) is the end goal, as the greater the commitments to a
specific plan of action, the more likely health–promoting behaviors are to be maintained over time (
Nursing Theory, 2017). The model proposes that individuals can modify affect, cognitions and the
physical interpersonal environment to create incentives for health actions. Furthermore, the concept
of intention and identification of a planned strategy leads to implementation of health behavior. The
concept of immediate competing demands and preferences includes competing demands which are
those alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control because there are environmental
contingencies such as

What´s Peak Oxygen Uptake?
Peak oxygen uptake depends on two factors cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen extraction. In
the heart, aging and comorbidities such as coronary artery disease, obesity, and diabetes lead to
systemic, myocardial and endothelial inflammation. This results in impairment of nitric oxide
functions and increased production of pro–fibrotic and anti–angiogenic factors which could lead to
increased fibrosis and stiffness of cardiac tissue, and also lead to reduced microvascular density. The
reduction in microvascular density leads to more fibrosis, and reduced oxygen delivery and
extraction in the heart. All these, ultimately lead to cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension
and edema, diastolic dysfunction, reduces peripheral vascular reserve,

Glutamine Vs Azide
The comparison of Azidoglutamine with Azide – 1 on cell binding gave a clearer picture of the
competition between L – glutamine and glutamine analogues. The activity of Azide – 1 was shown
to be more tremendous than Azidoglutamine although it was not as good as Azide – 2. The
glutamine uptake inhibition was mostly observed in 4T1 – RLR and HepG2 – luc2 cells. These data
suggest a different binding mechanism of Azide – 1 to cells. The good effect on the 4T1 – RLR cell
again indicates the potential involvement of systems A or L in the uptake of Azide – 1. The
difference of Azide – 1 binding affinity between HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2 might propose a
lesser importance of the system ASCT2 in this case. Both of the cell types were found to express ...
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It was shown in section 3.5 that Azide – 2 significantly inhibited the growth of all three cell types:
4T1 – RLR, HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2. Azide – 2 which was shown as the most potent
competitor of glutamine uptake tested in this study also killed the cells with IC50 values at 0.1 –
0.2mM. As previously mentioned, only a very low concentration of Azide – 2 from 5 – 16µM was
effective enough to reduce the glutamine uptake by these cell types to a half of maximal level. The
mechanism by which the cell growth was disrupted quickly is still unclear. However, the extreme
interference of glutamine uptake should be the first point to exploit the action of Azide – 2. Then,
more experiments can be subsequently carried out to investigate the killing effect on the intracellular
environment. In contrast to Azide – 2, Azide – 1 killed the cells slowly with the IC50 value at 0.55 –
3mM which is 5 – 30 fold higher than that of Azide – 2. The mode of Azide – 1's toxicity to cells is
quite consistent with the inhibition trend of glutamine uptake. As Azide – 1 bound and inhibited the
glutamine uptake by 4T1 – RLR and HepG2 – luc2 cells better than HT1080 – luc2 cells, it affects
the growth of the former two cell types more dramatically than the latter. Hence, the working
mechanism on which the compound counted to

Uptake Use And Effectiveness Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis...
The main reliable source of information for this dissertation was secondary data. A research
conducted by international clinical research center, department of Global, university of Washington
formed the basis of this research. The project was determining the uptake, use and effectiveness of
pre–exposure prophylaxis for HIV negative persons with partners living with HIV. Related to this
study was another research conducted by the same researchers but this time they investigated
antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV–1 prevention among heterosexual men and women. In another
study conducted by AIDS (London), the study was based on determining effectiveness and safety of
HIV pre–exposure prophylaxis for all populations. A study conducted by Emory ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operations for the intervention was designed to mirror implementation strategies employed in public
clinics so as to develop a scalable delivery approach.
The clinics recruited HIV serodiscordant couples through referrals from voluntary counselling and
testing centers, antenatal clinics and ART clinics. Community outreach events were also conducted
and this promoted couples–based HIV testing.
The couples were of ≥ 18 years of age. Besides this they were sexually active and were to remain as
a couple for at least one year. When the couples were being enrolled, the HIV–negative partners had
never used PrEP before. They also had a normal renal function, were not pregnant or breast feeding
and were not infected with hepatitis B virus. For the HIV positive partners, they were not using ART
at the time of enrollment. If the HIV positive partner had WHO stage III or HIV disease condition
that required immediate need for ART, the couples were excluded.
STUDY PROCEDURE
The couples were to attend study visits together for a period of 24 months whereby a series of
couples–based HIV prevention counselling, including condoms use and management of sexually
transmitted infections were delivered.
Participants were required to undergo monthly visits, which included dispensation of 30 days of
study medication, collection of the previous month's unused mediation, assessment of any side

What Is The Availability And Patterns Of Nutrient Uptake...
The availability and patterns of nutrient uptake in biofilms differs from that of planktonic cells. The
bacterial cells in biofilms exchange nutrients and metabolites by means of water channels between
the micro–colonies (Kokare et al., 2009). The microbes living deep within natural biofilms may
often receive low nutrition due to restricted rates of diffusion of nutrients through the biofilm
(Petroff et al., 2011). Biofilms are also known to provide a suitable environment for syntrophic
relationships between the two metabolically distinct bacteria for the exchange of substrates/nutrients
(Kokare et al., 2009).
Genetic transfer. The bacteria in biofilms readily take part in gene transfer or exchange of extra–
chromosomal DNA (Donlan, 2002). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Few hypotheses have emerged to explain the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in biofilms. For
example, slow and incomplete penetration of biofilm, presence of resistant phenotype of some
bacteria, formation of persister cells and altered environment within biofilms antagonize antibiotic
action (Dufour et al., 2010; Stewart & William Costerton, 2001)
Altered stress response. Bacteria in biofilms can express stress–responsive genes in greater amount
and switch to forms that are more tolerant. The existence of common regulators, the presence of
extracellular polymeric substances, and biofilm heterogeneity are major factors by which biofilms
show tolerance against various stressors such as, starvation, heat or cold shock, cell density, pH, and
osmolarity (Dufour et al., 2010; Gambino & Cappitelli, 2016).
Quorum sensing. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell to cell communication mechanism, in which a small
diffusible signal molecule is produced, released, sensed and responded to, by bacterial cells (and &
Bassler, 2001; Cvitkovitch, Li, & Ellen, 2003; Li & Tian, 2012; Waters & Bassler, 2005). Different
QS signaling molecules and mechanisms have been explored in various bacterial genera over the
years (Irie & Parsek, 2008). When the bacterial population reaches a threshold or quorum level, QS
signaling initiates and the auto–inducers bind and trigger functions of target genes

Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide On The Southern Ocean Essay
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Uptake and Physical Transport Mechanisms in the Southern Ocean
Introduction
One–third of the carbon dioxide (CO2) that is in the atmosphere as a result of human activity has
been absorbed by oceans where it can remain as carbon for tens to hundreds of years (Ma et al.,
2015). Anthropogenic CO2 (ACO2) primarily enters the ocean though differences in partial pressure
between the atmosphere and ocean boundary, although uptake by marine organisms is also a
significant dissolved carbon contributor (Millero, 1995). Once the ACO2 is dissolved into seawater
however, the path it takes from dissolution to sequestration is less clear. Millero (1995) found that
ACO2 in the ocean is often transported to a different area of the ocean through physical mechanisms
that include wind–driven Ekman transport, eddy fluxes, and lateral transport. Each of these
mechanisms contribute to the transportation of masses of water, and therefore dissolved ACO2,
around the Southern Ocean (Millero, 1995).
Carbon Uptake
Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide is taken up into the ocean in numerous ways, like non–
anthropogenic carbon, and ACO2 is considered a component of the total global CO2 (Millero,
1995). The mechanism of uptake of CO2 is through the differences in partial pressure between the
atmosphere and ocean interface. The flux of CO2 across the atmosphere–ocean boundary is largely
controlled by the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere compared to the CO2 in the ocean

Work Rate and Oxygen Uptake
The Relationship Between Work Rate And Oxygen Uptake During Incremental Submaximal
Exercise
Introduction
Oxygen uptake () describes the rate at which oxygen is utilized by tissues (Burton et al, 2004). is
determined by heart rate (heart beats each minute), stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped
from one ventricle each beat) and arteriovenous oxygen difference (difference in blood–oxygen
content between arterial and venous blood). Oxygen is needed for respiration, the chemical process
that produces energy in the form of ATP. Several sources agree that oxygen uptake increases linearly
with exercise, this is due to the skeletal muscles requirement for more oxygen for the production of
more ATP. Hanson et al (1998) measured ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the participant in this trial to sustain 60rpm, their muscles must produce progressively more
force after each increment, as 0.5kg resistance is applied to the flywheel each time, therefore the
energy demands of the muscle progressively increase. A deviation from the trend during the middle
of the trial was not expected as most sources agree the relationship is linear (Burton, Özyener,
Glassford), however Astrand (1961) found a non–linear steeper increase in during the middle stages.
Astrand's non–linear pattern may be explained by production of power increasing to a point beyond
the lactate threshold, the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in the blood. A slowly
developing increase in during constant–work–rate exercise performed above the lactate threshold
produces a curvilinear relationship and is known as the slow component of kinetics (Jones et al,
2011). The cause for the steep increase at the final stage of the trial is supported by the research of
Bernard et al (1996), who measured the effects of increasing exercise intensities recording oxygen
consumption and heart rate simultaneously. Findings revealed a significant correlation with the best
predictions of from work rate observed at higher intensities. Bernard's findings support results in
table 1 that

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